You can navigate through the knowledge base repository using the filtering options below. You may also copy, print or export the entries of the repository. By clicking on the ‘Columns’ option below, you can select the fields (Theme, Author, Title, Publication, etc.) that you want to view, copy, print or export.
All data below are available under a CC-BY license.
| THEME | AUTHOR | TITLE | PUBLICATION | YEAR | ABSTRACT | KEY WORDS | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Public service value co creation | Say J.-B. | Traité d’économie politique | [1821] A treatise on the political Economy, Boston, Wells and Lilly | 1803 | Traité d’économie politique | http://www.institutcoppet.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Traite-deconomie-politique-Jean-Baptiste-Say.pdf | |
| Social Innovation | Bastiat, F. | Selected Essays on Political Economy | Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nordstrand. | 1848 | The Foundation for Economic Education translation of some of Bastiat’s most famous pamphlets, written as part of his opposition to the growth of socialism in France in the 1840s. The volume contains “What is Seen and What is Not Seen”, “The Law”, and “The State”. Several of these essays are available in a new translation by Liberty Fund. | Bastiat, essays translations | https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/bastiat-selected-essays-on-political-economy |
| Social Innovation | Wilson W. | The study of public administration. | Political Science Quarterly | 1887 | I suppose that no practical science is ever studied where there is no need to know it. The very fact, therefore, that the eminently practical science of administration is finding its way into college courses in this country would prove that this country needs to know more about administration, were such proof of the fact required to make out a case. It need not be said, however, that we do not look into college programmes for proof of this fact. It is a thing almost taken for granted among us, that the present movement called civil service reform must, after the accomplishment of its first purpose, expand into efforts to improve, not the personnel only, but also the organization and methods of our government offices: because it is plain that their organization and methods need improvement only less than their personnel. It is the object of administrative study to discover, first, what government can properly and successfully do, and, secondly, how it can do these proper things with the utmost possible efficiency and at the least possible cost either of money or of energy. On both these points there is obviously much need of light among us; and only careful study can supply that light. | public administration | https://www.jstor.org/stable/2139277?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents |
| Public service value co creation | Frederickson, H.G. | Towards a New Public Administration | In 'Towards a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective', Scanton: Chandler | 1917 | What is New Public Administration? Organization theory and New Public Administration: The distributive process, The integrative process, The boundary-exchange process, The socioemocional process. | organization theory, new public administration | https://archive.org/details/towardnewpublica00mari/page/n403 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Fourastié J. | Le grand espoir du XXème siècle | Presse Universitaire de France, Paris | 1949 | Grand espoir, XXème siècle | https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/reco_0035-2764_1964_num_15_3_407611_t1_0485_0000_000.pdf | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Erdõs P, Rényi A. | On the evolution of random graphs | Publications of the Mathematical Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, vol. 5 pp. 17-61 | 1960 | Evolution, random graphs | https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.348.530&rep=rep1&type=pdf | |
| Public service value co creation | Smith A. | The Wealth of Nations | The Modern Library, Random House, New York | 1960 | Wealth, nations | https://www.ibiblio.org/ml/libri/s/SmithA_WealthNations_p.pdf | |
| Public Sector Innovation | R.M. Cyert and J.G. March. | A Behavioral theory of the Firm | Blackwell Publishers | 1963 | Behavioral, theory, firm | https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=qqZ_FDFoDcMC&oi=fnd&pg=PA60&dq=A+Behavioral+theory+of+the+Firm&ots=9X_IOnDy6O&sig=bRa8aJm0flISvyV9dX2GgoKS6Ds#v=onepage&q=A%20Behavioral%20theory%20of%20the%20Firm&f=false | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Baumol W.J., Bowen W. | Performing arts: the economic dilemma | Twentieth Century Fund, New York | 1966 | Performing arts, economic dilemma | https://archivesofthecentury.org/myportfolio/performing-arts-the-economic-dilemma/ | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Baumol W.J. | Macroeconomics of unbalanced growth: the anatomy of an urban crisis | American Economic Review, vol. 57 pp.415–426 | 1967 | Macroeconomics, unbalanced growth, urban crisis | http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Baumol1967.pdf | |
| Digital Transformation | Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. | The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualita- tive research | New Brunswick, NJ: Adeline Transaction | 1967 | Various studies of domestic work have identified close personal relationships between domestic workers and employers as a key instrument in the exploitation of domestic workers, allowing employers to solicit unpaid services as well as a sense of superiority (Rollins, 1985; Romero, 2002; Glenn, 1992; Hondagneu-Sotelo, 2001). Likewise, other scholars have pointed out that close employee-employer relationships may actually empower domestic workers, increasing job leverage (Thorton-Dill, 1994). Ultimately, these lines are blurry and ever changing as employers continuously redefine employee expectations. Drawing from a larger study involving thirty interviews with white upper middle class women who currently employ domestic workers (mostly housecleaners) this paper explores employers’ interactions with domestic workers. Through these interviews this research elaborates on how employers and employees interact, how employers feel about these interactions, and explores to what extent these interactions are informed by the widely reported maternalistic tendencies of the past, while also considering the consequences of this. | Discovery grounded, strategies qualita- tive | https://phd-proposal.ir/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/The_Discovery_of_Grounded_Theory__Strategies_for_Qualitative_Research.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Glaser B. G. and Strauss A. L. | The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research | Chicago: Aldine Publ. Co. | 1967 | Most writing on sociological method has been concerned with how accurate facts can be obtained and how theory can thereby be more rigorously tested. In The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss address the equally Important enterprise of how the discovery of theory from data―systematically obtained and analyzed in social research―can be furthered. The discovery of theory from data―grounded theory―is a major task confronting sociology, for such a theory fits empirical situations, and is understandable to sociologists and laymen alike. Most important, it provides relevant predictions, explanations, interpretations, and applications. In Part I of the book, "Generation Theory by Comparative Analysis," the authors present a strategy whereby sociologists can facilitate the discovery of grounded theory, both substantive and formal. This strategy involves the systematic choice and study of several comparison groups. In Part II, The Flexible Use of Data," the generation of theory from qualitative, especially documentary, and quantitative data Is considered. In Part III, "Implications of Grounded Theory," Glaser and Strauss examine the credibility of grounded theory. The Discovery of Grounded Theory is directed toward improving social scientists' capacity for generating theory that will be relevant to their research. While aimed primarily at sociologists, it will be useful to anyone Interested In studying social phenomena―political, educational, economic, industrial― especially If their studies are based on qualitative data. | qualitative rigor, inductive research, grounded theory, new concept development | https://www.amazon.es/Discovery-Grounded-Theory-Strategies-Qualitative/dp/0202302601 |
| Digital Transformation | Hirschman, A. O. | The Principle of the Hiding Hand | National Affairs 6 (Winter), 10–23 | 1967 | Introduced by Albert O. Hirschman in the 1960s to describe development programs at the time, the principle of the Hiding Hand describes the systematic discrepancy between what proponents propose when seeking permission for projects and what processes actually lead to certain outcomes. This chapter explores the recent renaissance of the principle and elaborates on its distinctness among related concepts in (organizational) sociology, organizational psychology and economics. By examining multiple combinations of two critical dimensions in project planning – estimation of complexity and overall awareness of planners – a typology of four hands is proposed: the Hiding Hand, the Protecting Hand, the Malevolent Hand and the Passive Hand. Each hand is associated with advantages leading to potential benefits, as well as disadvantages leading to potentially detrimental outcomes and unintended consequences. The Hiding Hand is offered as an argument in support of planning beyond purely rationalist approaches. | Principle, hiding hand | https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1509/1509.01526.pdf |
| Digital Transformation | Arnstein, S. A. | A ladder of citizen participation? | Journal of the American Institute of Planners | 1969 | The heated controversy over “citizen participation,” “citizen control”, and “maximum feasible involvement of the poor,” has been waged largely in terms of exacerbated rhetoric and misleading euphemisms. To encourage a more enlightened dialogue, a typology of citizen participation is offered using examples from three federal social programs: urban renewal, anti-poverty, and Model Cities. The typology, which is designed to be provocative, is arranged in a ladder pattern with each rung corresponding to the extent of citizens' power in determining the plan and/or program. | service delivery, New Public Management, Citizen shops, institutional structure | https://www.participatorymethods.org/sites/participatorymethods.org/files/Arnstein%20ladder%201969.pdf |
| Digital Transformation | Simon, Herbert A. | The sciences of the artificial | Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T. | 1969 | The Sciences of the Artificial reveals the design of an intellectual structure aimed at accommodating those empirical phenomena that are “artificial” rather than “natural.” The goal is to show how empirical sciences of artificial systems are possible, even in the face of the contingent and teleological character of the phenomena, their attributes of choice and purpose. Developing in some detail two specific examples—human psychology and engineering design—Professor Simon describes the shape of these scientists as they are emerging from developments of the past 25 years. “Artificial” is used here in a very specific sense: to denote systems that have a given form and behavior only because they adapt (or are adapted), in reference to goals or purposes, to their environment. Thus, both man-made artifacts and man himself, in terms of his behavior, are artificial. Simon characterizes an artificial system as an interface between two environments—inner and outer. These environments lie in the province of “natural science,” but the interface, linking them, is the realm of “artificial science.” When an artificial system adapts successfully, its behavior shows mostly the shape of the outer environment and reveals little of the structure or mechanisms of the inner. The inner environment becomes significant for behavior only when a system reaches the limits of its rationality and adaptability, and contingency degenerates into necessity. Separating the contributions of the two environments, Simon identifies the complexity in human behavior as a reflection primarily of the outer environment: a man, he asserts, viewed as a behaving system, is quite simple. The apparent complexity of his behavior is largely a reflection of the complexity of the environment in which he finds himself. Examining this thesis in the light of evidence from recent work in cognitive psychology and linguistics, Simon sets forth an information-processing theory of man's thinking processes that provides an operational, empirically based alternative to behaviorism. He then uses this description of an information-processing system, combining it with other developments in computer science and optimization theory, to propose a curriculum for the emerging science of engineering design. Beyond his specific examples, the author indicates how the sciences of the artificial are relevant to economics, management and administration, medicine, education, architecture, art..., to all fields that create designs to perform tasks or fulfill goals and functions. | artificial systems, natural sciences, empirical phenomena, "empirical science of the artificial" | https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/sciences-artificial |
| Digital Transformation | Hirschman A.O. | Exit, voice and loyalty: responses to decline in firms, organizations and states | Cambridge: Harvard University Press | 1970 | An innovator in contemporary thought on economic and political development looks here at decline rather than growth. Albert O. Hirschman makes a basic distinction between alternative ways of reacting to deterioration in business firms and, in general, to dissatisfaction with organizations: one, “exit,” is for the member to quit the organization or for the customer to switch to the competing product, and the other, “voice,” is for members or customers to agitate and exert influence for change “from within.” The efficiency of the competitive mechanism, with its total reliance on exit, is questioned for certain important situations. As exit often undercuts voice while being unable to counteract decline, loyalty is seen in the function of retarding exit and of permitting voice to play its proper role. The interplay of the three concepts turns out to illuminate a wide range of economic, social, and political phenomena. As the author states in the preface, “having found my own unifying way of looking at issues as diverse as competition and the two-party system, divorce and the American character, black power and the failure of ‘unhappy’ top officials to resign over Vietnam, I decided to let myself go a little.” | innovation, dissatisfaction, organization, customer-citizen, competition, involvement | https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=heb04043.0001.001 |
| Social Innovation | Friedland, E. | Comment: the pursuit of relevance | In 'Toward a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective', Scanton: Chandler | 1971 | The search for an integrated theory. Some issues of scientific theory. Observations of the Minnowbrook perspective. | public administration, theory | https://archive.org/details/towardnewpublica00mari/page/n403 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Marini, F. | Introduction: A New Public Administration | In 'Toward a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective', Scanton: Chandler | 1971 | The Dialectical Agenda. Small-group Sessions. The wider context. The Minnowbrook papers. | public administration, Minnowbrook | https://archive.org/details/towardnewpublica00mari/page/n403 |
| Social Innovation | Meade, M. | Participative Administration – emerging reality or wishful thinking? | In 'Public Administration in a time of turbulence', Chandler: Scranton | 1971 | Most of the essays are revisions of panel presentations made at the 1969 convention of the American Political Science Association. | public administration, participation, governance | https://www.worldcat.org/title/public-administration-in-a-time-of-turbulence/oclc/205437 |
| Service Design | White, O. | Social change and administrative adaptation | In 'Toward a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective', Scanton: Chandler | 1971 | Patterns of social change and Impacts on the political system. The ideological focal point in patterns of social change. The emerging alternative reflected in major institutions. Impacts on the political system. The traditional conceptualization of administrative adaptation: Adaptation as a conflict. An alternative conceptualization: Adaptation as confrontation. Toward the teaching of administrative politics as confrontation. The problem of transition. | social change, political system, adaptation, administrative politics | https://archive.org/details/towardnewpublica00mari/page/n403 |
| Social Innovation | Waldo, D. | Some thoughts on alternatives, dilemmas, and paradoxes in a time of turbulence | In 'Public Administration in a time of turbulence', Chandler: Scranton | 1971 | Most of the essays are revisions of panel presentations made at the 1969 convention of the American Political Science Association. | public administration | https://www.worldcat.org/title/public-administration-in-a-time-of-turbulence/oclc/205437 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Levitt T. | Production line approach to service | Harvard Business Review, 50, September-October, p. 41-52 | 1972 | All industries are, effectively, service industries. Some industries merely have greater service components than others. Many so-called service industries such as fast food, mutual funds, and credit cards have applied manufacturing solutions to people-intensive service problems. To gain benefits, managers should consider the problems and desired output; how to redesign the process and install new tools that automate the job; and how to control people's behavior and channel their choices. The primary objective is to serve the customer's needs efficiently and effectively, and to make customer service an integral part of what the customer buys. McKinsey Award Winner. | Production line, service | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1999.tb00920.x |
| Digital Transformation | Rittel, H. W., & Webber, M. M. | Dilemmas in a general theory of planning | Policy Sciences, 4(2), 155-169 | 1973 | The search for scientific bases for confronting problems of social policy is bound to fail, becuase of the nature of these problems. They are “wicked” problems, whereas science has developed to deal with “tame” problems. Policy problems cannot be definitively described. Moreover, in a pluralistic society there is nothing like the undisputable public good; there is no objective definition of equity; policies that respond to social problems cannot be meaningfully correct or false; and it makes no sense to talk about “optimal solutions” to social problems unless severe qualifications are imposed first. Even worse, there are no “solutions” in the sense of definitive and objective answers. | General Theory, Public Good, Economic Policy, Social Policy, Scientific Basis | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01405730 |
| Service Design | Geertz, C. | The interpretation of cultures. | Basic books. Vol. 5019. | 1973 | In The Interpretation of Cultures, the most original anthropologist of his generation moved far beyond the traditional confines of his discipline to develop an important new concept of culture. This groundbreaking book, winner of the 1974 Sorokin Award of the American Sociological Association, helped define for an entire generation of anthropologists what their field is ultimately about. | anthropology, society, culture | https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/330006.The_Interpretation_of_Cultures |
| Service Design | Granovetter M. | The strength of weak ties | American Journal of Sociology | 1973 | Analysis of social networks is suggested as a tool for linking micro and macro levels of sociological theory. The procedure is illustrated by elaboration of the macro implications of one aspect of small-scale interaction: the strength of dyadic ties. It is argued that the degree of overlap of two individuals' friendship networks varies directly with the strength of their tie to one another. The impact of this principle on diffusion of influence and information, mobility opportunity, and community organization is explored. Stress is laid on the cohesive power of weak ties. Most network models deal, implicitly, with strong ties, thus confining their applicability to small, well-defined groups. Emphasis on weak ties lends itself to discussion of relations between groups and to analysis of segments of social structure not easily defined in terms of primary groups. | social networks, sociological theory, interaction, dyadic ties | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124424500500250 |
| Public Sector Innovation | J.H. Holland. | Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems | The Univer- sity of Michigan | 1975 | Genetic algorithms are playing an increasingly important role in studies of complex adaptive systems, ranging from adaptive agents in economic theory to the use of machine learning techniques in the design of complex devices such as aircraft turbines and integrated circuits. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems is the book that initiated this field of study, presenting the theoretical foundations and exploring applications.In its most familiar form, adaptation is a biological process, whereby organisms evolve by rearranging genetic material to survive in environments confronting them. In this now classic work, Holland presents a mathematical model that allows for the nonlinearity of such complex interactions. He demonstrates the model's universality by applying it to economics, physiological psychology, game theory, and artificial intelligence and then outlines the way in which this approach modifies the traditional views of mathematical genetics.Initially applying his concepts to simply defined artificial systems with limited numbers of parameters, Holland goes on to explore their use in the study of a wide range of complex, naturally occuring processes, concentrating on systems having multiple factors that interact in nonlinear ways. Along the way he accounts for major effects of coadaptation and coevolution: the emergence of building blocks, or schemata, that are recombined and passed on to succeeding generations to provide, innovations and improvements.John H. Holland is Professor of Psychology and Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan. He is also Maxwell Professor at the Santa Fe Institute and is Director of the University of Michigan/Santa Fe Institute Advanced Research Program. | Adaptation, natural, artificial systems | https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=wS0LEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Adaptation+in+Natural+and+Artificial+Systems&ots=PCQG5tx8aq&sig=vZ0oymfkpGdqLL47gUlWOgnnQX8#v=onepage&q=Adaptation%20in%20Natural%20and%20Artificial%20Systems&f=false |
| Public Sector Innovation | J.G. March and J.P. Olsen. | The uncertainty of the past: Organizational learning under ambiguity | European Journal of Political Research, 3:147– 171 | 1975 | Classical theories of omniscient rationality in organizational decision-making have largely been replaced by a view of limited rationality, but no similar concern has been reflected in the analysis of organizational learning. There has been a tendency to model a simple complete cycle of learning from unambiguous experience and to ignore cognitive and evaluative limits on learning in organizations. This paper examines some theoretical possibilities for assuming that individuals in organizations modify their understanding in a way that is intendedly adaptive even though faced with ambiguity about what happened, why it happened, and whether it is good. To develop a theory of learning under such conditions, we probably require ideas about information exposure, memory, and retrieval; learning incentives; belief structures; and the micro development of belief in organizations. We exhibit one example by specifying a structural theory of the relations among liking, seeing, trusting, contact, and integration in an organization. The argument is made that some understanding of factors affecting learning from experience will not only be important to the improvement of policy making in an organizational context, but also a necessary part of a theory of organizational choice. | Organizational learning | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1975.tb00521.x |
| Service Design | Shostack, G. L. | Breaking Free from Product Marketing | Journal of Marketing | 1977 | It is dangerous to take the marketing concepts that apply to products, and try to transfer them to services. Products are tangible; services are not-and that makes a lot of difference in how you market them. | marketing, services, products | https://www.jstor.org/stable/1250637 |
| Service Design | Hill P. | On Goods and Services | The Review of Income and Wealth, 4(23), p. 315-338 | 1977 | The paper is concerned with the concept, definition and measurement of a service. Although services are often dismissed as immaterial goods, they are not special kinds of goods and belong in a quite different logical category from goods. The search for appropriate units of quantity in which to measure services is not an idle metaphysical pursuit. Without quantity units there can be no prices, and most economic theory becomes irrelevant. Indeed, large parts of economic theory may be irrelevant to the analysis of services anyway, precisely because they are not goods which can be exchanged among economic units. Services are as important as goods in modern developed economies and they need to be identified and quantified properly if the measurement of economic growth and inflation is to have any meaning for the economy as a whole. The concept of a service is explained in some detail in the paper, and various ways in which services can be classified for purposes of economic analysis are elaborated. The distinction between private and public goods, or rather between private and collective services, is re‐examined in the light of the general concept of a service proposed in the paper. Externalities are shown to be simply special kinds of services. | services, measurement, economic theory | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1977.tb00021.x |
| Digital Transformation | Brief, A. P., & Aldag, R. J. | The intrinsic-extrinsic dichotomy: Toward conceptual clar- ity | Academy of Management Review, 2, 496-500 | 1977 | In this article the authors examine and define the concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation as well as intrinsic and extrinsic outcome. They examine these concepts in the context of employee motivation, noting that intrinsically motivated employees attend to their work due to feelings of self-fulfillment where as extrinsically motivated employees go about their jobs while being driven by factors or events whose delivery is dependent on a source outside of the immediate task. The authors note that the debate will surely continue over this subject and its application in social psychology and urge researchers to continue examining organizational behavior. | Intrinsic-extrinsic dichotomy, conceptual clarity | https://doi.org/10.2307/257706 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Gershuny J. | After Industrial Society? The Emerging Self-Service Economy | London: Mac Millan | 1978 | This book is a record of research in progress. When the first three chapters were written the author had no very clear position on the questions they ask. The empirical research that forms the substance of the book was informed by a number of simple questions: How has the sectoral pattern of employment changed over the last two decades? In what ways have the nature of the jobs changed? How have consumption patterns altered over the period? Out of the answers to this question came the particular view of the likely future that is suggested here; the book describes the author's sequence of investigation. The result of this way of organising the writing is inevitably an untidy book. The first half of the book opens broad issues which are only considered rather narrowly in the second. | self-service, service industries, durable goods, consumer, western world Economic conditions, theories | https://books.google.com.mx/books/about/After_Industrial_Society.html?id=u14fAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y |
| Public service value co creation | Frederickson, H.G. | The New Public Administration | Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press | 1980 | Based on lectures sponsored by the Bureau of Public Administration and presented at the University of Alabama in October 1977. | public administration | https://www.questia.com/library/1279060/new-public-administration |
| Public service value co creation | Sharp, EB | Toward a New Understanding of Urban Services and Citizen Participation: The Coproduction Concept | The American Review of Public Administration | 1980 | This article attempts to define "coproduction" in a manner useful to policy makers and to academics concerned with measuring the concept. Coproduction is considered the critical mix of activities that service agents and citizens contribute to the provision of public services. The involvement of the former consists of their work as professionals, or "regular producers," in the service process. Citizen coproductive activities, or "consumer production," are voluntary efforts of individuals or groups to enhance the quality and/or quantity of services they receive. Based on this definition, three types of coproduction are distinguished according to the nature of the benefits achieved: individual, group, and collective. | Urban services, citizen participation, coproduction | https://doi.org/10.1177%2F027507408001400203 |
| Public service value co creation | Parks, R. B., P. C. Baker, L. Kiser, R. Oakerson, E. Ostrom, V. Ostrom, S. L. Percy, M. B. Vandivort, Whitaker, G. P. and Wilson, R. | Consumers as co-producers of public services: some economic and institutional considerations | Policy Studies Journal, 9(7): 1001-1011 | 1981 | The concept of coproduction of public services has captured increased attention as a potential means of increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of local government. In this article we explore the concept of coproduction in an effort to sharpen the definition of that concept and add rigor to our understanding of the effects of coproduction in local service delivery and the processes by which coproductive activity occurs. | co-production, public services, local government | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1981.tb01208.x |
| Social Innovation | Biernacki P. and Waldorf D. | Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. | Sociological Methods & Research, 10(2), 141–163 | 1981 | In spite of the fact that chain referral sampling has been widely used in qualitative sociological research, especially in the study of deviant behavior, the problems and techniques involved in its use have not been adequately explained. The procedures of chain referral sampling are not self-evident or obvious. This article attempts to rectify this methodological neglect. The article provides a description and analysis of some of the problems that were encountered and resolved in the course of using the method in a relatively large exploratory study of ex-opiate addicts. | referral sampling, researh methodology | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/004912418101000205 |
| Public Sector Innovation | R.R. Nelson and S.G. Winter. | An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change | Harvard University Press | 1982 | This book contains the most sustained and serious attack on mainstream, neoclassical economics in more than forty years. Richard R. Nelson and Sidney G. Winter focus their critique on the basic question of how firms and industries change overtime. They marshal significant objections to the fundamental neoclassical assumptions of profit maximization and market equilibrium, which they find ineffective in the analysis of technological innovation and the dynamics of competition among firms. To replace these assumptions, they borrow from biology the concept of natural selection to construct a precise and detailed evolutionary theory of business behavior. They grant that films are motivated by profit and engage in search for ways of improving profits, but they do not consider them to be profit maximizing. Likewise, they emphasize the tendency for the more profitable firms to drive the less profitable ones out of business, but they do not focus their analysis on hypothetical states of industry equilibrium. The results of their new paradigm and analytical framework are impressive. Not only have they been able to develop more coherent and powerful models of competitive firm dynamics under conditions of growth and technological change, but their approach is compatible with findings in psychology and other social sciences. Finally, their work has important implications for welfare economics and for government policy toward industry. | Evolutionary theory, economic change | https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=6Kx7s_HXxrkC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=An+Evolutionary+Theory+of+Economic+Change+R.R.+Nelson+and+S.G.+Winter.&ots=7x-RMJF4FA&sig=esUZRcgNjtHaL9PFL_ZuqBAclmI#v=onepage&q=An%20Evolutionary%20Theory%20of%20Economic%20Change%20R.R.%20Nelson%20and%20S.G.%20Winter.&f=false |
| Digital Transformation | Mosher, F. C. | Democracy and the public service. Vol. 2. | New York: Oxford University Press. | 1982 | This revised edition, like the original, concerns the problems of harmonizing effective governmental administration with the requirements of a democracy. | public services, governance, public administration, democracy | https://www.amazon.com/Democracy-Public-Service-Administration/dp/0195030184 |
| Service Design | Shostack, G. L. | How to Design a Service | European Journal of Marketing, 16(1), 49-63 | 1982 | Suggests that behavioural hypothesis, which rearranges or alters any element, by design or accident, will change the overall entity, just like changing bonds or atoms in a molecule creates a new substance, and this is known as molecular modelling — and this can help the marketer to better understand any market entity. States that the first step towards rational service design is a system for visualizing this phenomenon, enabling services to be given proper position and weight in the market entity context. Proposes that people are essential evidence of a service and how they are dressed or act has a bearing on this. Identifies benefits, standards and tolerances, and discusses modifications using tables and figures for emphasis. Concludes that modelling and blueprinting offer a system for marketers which can lead to the kind of experimentation and management necessary to service innovation and development. | Marketing planing, Modelling, Services marketing, Task description | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/EUM0000000004799/full/html |
| Social Innovation | Gershuny J. | Social Innovation and the Division of Labour | Oxford: Oxford University Press | 1983 | Social innovation, division of labour | https://doi.org/10.1080/08109028508629012 | |
| Public Sector Innovation | DiMaggio, P., & Powell, W. W. | The iron cage revisited: Collective rationality and institutional isomorphism in organizational fields. | American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147–160 | 1983 | What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes--coercive, mimetic, and normative--leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change. | corporate bureaucracy, nonprofit organizations, capitalism, normativity, organizational change, socialization, ambiguity, social structures, corporations, early adopters | https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095101?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |
| Public Sector Innovation | Gershuny J., Miles I. | The new service economy | London: Frances Pinter | 1983 | Service economy | ||
| Public service value co creation | Wass, D. | The public service in modern society | Public Administration | 1983 | This was the post‐Annual General Meeting address given to the Royal Institute of Public Administration on 2 December 1982. | public service | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1983.tb00498.x |
| Public service value co creation | Brudney, J.L. and England, R.E. | Toward a definition of the co-production concept | Public Administration Review | 1983 | This article attempts to define "coproduction" in a manner useful to policy makers and to academics concerned with measuring the concept. Coproduction is considered the critical mix of activities that service agents and citizens contribute to the provision of public services. The involvement of the former consists of their work as professionals, or "regular producers," in the service process. Citizen coproductive activities, or "consumer production," are voluntary efforts of individuals or groups to enhance the quality and/or quantity of services they receive. Based on this definition, three types of coproduction are distinguished according to the nature of the benefits achieved: individual, group, and collective. | citizen participation, government officials, government bureaucracy, municipal governments, municipal services, health care delivery, patient compliance, police | https://www.jstor.org/stable/975300?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |
| Service Design | Saviotti P.P. and Metcalfe J.S. | A theoretical approach to the construction of technological output indicators | Research Policy, 13, p. 141-151 | 1984 | In this paper a framework potentially useful for the development of indicators of the output of technological innovation is described. The approach is based on a characteristics description of product technology. A product is considered a combination of three sets of characteristics, one describing the technical features of the product, one describing the services performed by the product, and one describing the methods of its production. These sets of characteristics are related by patterns of mapping. The potential applications of the framework to the development of indicators of the output of technological innovation and to the analysis of diffusion and technological substitution are outlined. Also, the relationship of this framework to the concepts of technological regimes, technological guide posts and dominant design is described. | technology innovation, indicators, product, framework | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0048733384900222 |
| Living Labs | Levine, C. and Fisher, G. | Citizenship and service delivery: The promise of coproduction | Public Administration Review | 1984 | At the heart of the citizenship issue is the stake citizens have in their community, its government, and its policies. In a similar vein, intergovernmentalizing service delivery adds little to providing a structure to support citizenship. "Sweat equity" in producing a service or maintaining a physical space promises to build commitment and a more cohesive view of the neighbourhood and citizens' role in it. Perhaps the most significant thing about Nathan Glazer's observation is that he sees voluntarism, self-help, and coproduction as more than a financial panacea for fiscally strapped governments. Coproduction has obvious implications for the equitable distribution of government burdens and benefits. The equity problem also can be compounded by social and economic stratification. Successful coproduction must involve experimentation and innovation in the methods used for making decisions and delivering services. The prospects for enhanced citizenship through citizen participation in coproduction arrangements are generally favourable. | citizenship, crime prevention, police, government bureaucracy, neighborhoods, economic models, income taxes, self interest, government officials | https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/975559.pdf?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |
| Service Design | Shostack G.L. | Service Design in the Operating Environment | George W., Marshall | 1984 | Since its introduction into the marketing literature by Martilla and James, the Importance-Performance Analysis has proven multiple times to be a cost-effective technique for measuring attribute importance and performance of services for the customer. Additionally, it gives managers valuable hints in order to improve their products and services. However, despite a long list of successful applications overtime one critical aspect remains—the validation of the importance values by direct measurement. Besides the limitations and critics that accompanied with stated importance techniques, a lot of research results show that it is better to use direct methods in place of indirect measures. Some researchers suggest measuring the customers’ priority structure to compensate the critical points within the direct questioning. This study shows how the critical incident technique can be helpful for the validation of such results. | Service design, operating environment | https://strategicdesignthinking.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/hbr-shostackpdf.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Normann, R. | Service Management. Strategy and Leadership in Service Businesses | New York: John Wileyand Sons | 1984 | Examines the special characteristics that make services and the management of service organizations successful. Provides a comprehensive framework for service oriented businesses that stresses a streamlined service management system, the key components of which are market segment, service concept, service delivery system, image, and culture. Growth strategies and the nature of innovation are analyzed and amply illustrated. The role and principles of good leadership in service organizations form a crucial area of discourse. Topics such as the use of image and culture as management instruments, effective and persuasive communications, and ``high social technology'' are also explored. | management, service business, service organizations, social technology | https://www.amazon.com/Service-Management-Strategy-Leadership-Business/dp/0471928852 |
| Digital Transformation | Clark, D. | The citizen and the administration in France – the Conseil D’etat versus ombudsman debate revisited | Public Administration | 1984 | The purpose of this article is to reappraise, in the light of recent French experience with the ‘Ombudsman’, the prevailing orthodoxy, shared by élite opinion in both France and Britain in the 1960s’ that the Ombudsman and a system of administrative courts applying ‘droit administratif’ (a body of autonomous rules separate from private law), were mutually exclusive modes of securing redress for citizens aggrieved by administrative action. The thesis is advanced that in the contemporary welfare state, irrespective of particular political, administrative and legal traditions, a system of administrative law and an Ombudsman are complementary not competitive institutions. | public administration, citizens, France | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1984.tb00554.x |
| Service Design | Zeithaml, V. A., Parasuraman, A., & Berry, L. L. | Problems and Strategies in Services Marketing | Journal of Marketing, 49(2), 33-46 | 1985 | This article compares problems and strategies cited in the services marketing literature with those reported by actual service suppliers in a study conducted by the authors. Discussion centers on several broad themes that emerge from this comparison and on guidelines for future work in services marketing. | services, marketing, strategies, service marketing literature | https://www.jstor.org/stable/1251563?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |
| Digital Transformation | Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. | The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality | Journal of Research in Personality, 19, 109-134 | 1985 | This paper describes the development and validation of a general causality orientations scale. Causality orientations are conceptualized as relatively enduring aspects of people that characterize the source of initiation and regulation, and thus the degree of self-determination, of their behavior. Three orientations—autonomy, control, and impersonal—are measured by the three subscales of the instrument. Individuals are given a score on each orientation, thus allowing the use of the theoretically appropriate subscale (or, in some cases, a combination of subscales) to predict affects, cognitions, and behaviors. The scale was shown to have internal consistency and temporal stability. The orientations were shown to fit appropriately into a nomological network of constructs and to relate to various behaviors that were hypothesized to be theoretically relevant. | Orientations scale, self-determination | https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Baumol W.J., Blackman S., Wolff E. | Unbalanced growth revisited: asymptotic stagnancy and new evidence | American Economic Review, vol. 75 pp. 806–817 | 1985 | Unbalanced growth, asymptotic stagnancy | https://www.jstor.org/stable/1821357 | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Kline S., Rosenberg G. | An overview of innovation | Landau R., Rosenberg N. (eds), The Positive Sum Strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth, Washington, DC, National Academy Press, p. 275-305 | 1986 | Models that depict innovation as a smooth, well-behaved linear process badly misspecify the nature and direction of the causal factors at work. Innovation is complex, uncertain, somewhat disorderly, and subject to changes of many sorts. Innovation is also difficult to measure and demands close coordination of adequate technical knowledge and excellent market judgment in order to satisfy economic, technological, and other types of constraints—all simultaneously. The process of innovation must be viewed as a series of changes in a complete system not only of hardware, but also of market environment, production facilities and knowledge, and the social contexts of the innovation organization. | Overview, innovation | https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814273596_0009 |
| Digital Transformation | Kraemer, K. L., & King, J. L. | Computing and public organizations | Public Administration Review | 1986 | The widespread and expanding use of computing by government and business is a phenomenon of the last three decades. This rapid increase in use of computing raises questions about the kind of social world emerging from the expanding permeation of organizational life by computing. Research on computing in organizations provides an interesting window on the effects of computing on organizations and society. Findings are reviewed with respect to organizational structure, employment, work life, decision making, organizational politics, and the management of computing. These findings strain conventional theories about the evolution of computing and suggest new theoretical approaches to the study of computing in organizations. | local government, computer technology, work life, automatic control, decision making, work environments, information storage and retrieval systems, management policies, data processing | https://www.jstor.org/stable/975570?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |
| Public service value co creation | Von Hippel E. | Lead Users: A Source of Novel Product Concepts | Management Science, 32 (7), p. 791-805 | 1986 | Accurate marketing research depends on accurate user judgments regarding their needs. However, for very novel products or in product categories characterized by rapid change—such as “high technology” products—most potential users will not have the real-world experience needed to problem solve and provide accurate data to inquiring market researchers. In this paper I explore the problem and propose a solution: Marketing research analyses which focus on what I term the “lead users” of a product or process. Lead users are users whose present strong needs will become general in a marketplace months or years in the future. Since lead users are familiar with conditions which lie in the future for most others, they can serve as a need-forecasting laboratory for marketing research. Moreover, since lead users often attempt to fill the need they experience, they can provide new product concept and design data as well. In this paper I explore how lead users can be systematically identified, and how lead user perceptions and preferences can be incorporated into industrial and consumer marketing research analyses of emerging needs for new products, processes and services. | market research, user, product, experience | https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.32.7.791 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Bozeman, B., & Bretschneider, S. I. | Public management information systems | Public Administration Review | 1986 | The existing theoretical framework for research in Management Information Systems (MIS) is criticized for its lack of attention to the external environment of organizations, and a new framework is developed which better accommodates MIS in public organizations: Public Management Information Systems (PMIS). Four models of publicness which reflect external organizational environments are integrated into a single model. The basic model of publicness is then used to develop a series of propositions/prescriptions which differentiate management of information systems between public and private organizations. Real examples are used to illustrate these propositions. | information management, private life, economic models, public sector, private sector, management science, political authority, business management, private mortgage insurance, management information systems | https://www.jstor.org/stable/975569?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |
| Social Innovation | Eiglier P. et Langeard E. | Servuction, le marketing des services | Editions Mac Graw Hill. | 1987 | Servuction? It is the system necessary for a company to manufacture the service it puts on the market. The servuction, key concept of this book, constitutes one of the many specificities of the services that are attached to identify the authors. In this respect, they take the opposite view of most marketing work that considers products and services as identical concepts that are managed in the same way. This book combines the solidity and the depth of the concepts with the rigor and the concrete of the managerial consequences that it is necessary to draw from it. These concepts and their consequences are illustrated by a very large number of examples from the life of business, which facilitate reading. | business, concept | https://www.eyrolles.com/Entreprise/Livre/servuction-9782840740339/ |
| Service Design | Gorb, P., & Dumas, A. | Silent design | Design Studies, 8(3), 150-156 | 1987 | This paper describes the outcomes of a one-year pilot research study and outlines the routes for the two-year wider study to follow. The research was prompted by the growing interest in the UK in design and its contribution to business performance, and the need to replace anecdote about ‘best practice’ in organizing and utilizing design, with information about more ‘general’ practice. After defining design as ‘a course of action for the development of an artefact’ and suggesting that design activity pervades organizations, the paper describes the methodology used to examine how design is organized. Using matrices to explore the interaction of design with other business functions the report suggests that ‘silent design’ (that is design by people who are not designers and are not aware that they are participating in design activity) goes on in all the organizations examined, even those which have formal design policies and open design activities. It is the scope and nature of ‘silent design’, and its conflict and/or cooperation with formal design activity, which will form the basis for the hypothesis on which the wider investigation will be built. | design activity, methodology, interaction with non-designers | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0142694X87900378 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Freeman C | Technology policy and economic performance: lessons from Japan | Pinter, London | 1987 | The author argues that technical and related social innovations are the main source of dynamism and instability in the world economy and that technological capacity is the competitive strength of firms and nations. The book starts by comparing international long-term trends in R & D, technology and basic science, and permits the Case of Japan to be evaluated, especially technology gaps and institutional innovations. The experience with technological forecasting in Japan and the international field provides for a description of the Japanese national system of innovation and the information technology paradigm. Chapter 4 identifies Technology Gaps and their effects on International Trade and Long Waves in economic performance leading to the fmal chapter which instances Technology Policies in the United Kingdom. There are comprehensive references and an Index. | social innovation, world economy, technology, Japan, United Kingdom | https://books.google.com/books/about/Technology_policy_and_economic_performan.html?id=rA20AAAAIAAJ |
| Public Sector Innovation | Hughes T.P. | The evolution of large technological systems | Bijker W.E., Hughes T.P., Pinch T. (Eds.) The Social Construction of Technological Systems. New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology, MIT Press, pp. 51-82 | 1987 | For the last two decades the study of technical innovation systems has been a regular practice. It has thus become a specific field in which different approaches are constantly emerging. Its importance derives not only from the needs of the productive sector in its search for new markets and opportunities, but also from the fact that the formulation of public policies that will foster growth, employment and income depends on its comprehension. In spite of the efforts made to understand innovation systems as socio-technical systems, emphasis was laid on how to create new market opportunities and improve competitiveness, disregarding a proper understanding of the global dynamics of growth. This was pushed into the background by the belief that only good microeconomic results will lead to good macroeconomic ones. Thus, the complex and eVolutionary perspective of the relationship between urbanization, growth, technological change and macroeconomic structural changes has been ignored. This paper attempts to further explore and analyse this topic by dealing with a series of issues: firstly, the effects of the decline in urban population growth on the use of productive capacity in several important sectors; secondly, structural changes in product composition caused by the saturation of urbanization processes and its effect on the behavior of productive units, and finally, the effects of shorter lifecycles of products on income distribution. The whole perspective is useful to outline the global context in which socio-technical systems develop and the challenges faced when testing their capacity to provide solutions for labor and poverty-related problems. | Evolution, large technological, systems | https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=SUCtOwns7TEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA51&dq=The+evolution+of+large+technological+systems&ots=RxwCWObn-s&sig=2dRl5rJsMvLCaiTyZvLHletkMmw#v=onepage&q=The%20evolution%20of%20large%20technological%20systems&f=false |
| Service Design | M.J. Lanning and E.G. Michaels. | A business is a value delivery system | McKinsey Staff Paper, 41 | 1988 | A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) - Fifth Edition (PMI, 2013) states, “through the effective use of portfolio, program, and project management, organizations will possess the ability to employ reliable, established processes to meet strategic objectives and obtain greater business value from their project investments.” In other words, the whole purpose for project management (as well as portfolio and program management) is to execute work that provides increased “value” to the business or customer. If an organization does not realize increased business value as a result of sponsoring a project, then the project will not (or should not) be pursued. Thus, the most important aspect of project management is “delivering business value to the customer.” As a means to realize this aspect, a project manager must foster a project environment that focuses on delivering the identified business value. This paper explores the necessity of identifying and ultimately delivering value to the customer of the project. Although the author recognizes that some projects are humanitarian in nature and deliver value that cannot be measured in business terms, this paper will focus on business-related projects. Recognize, however, that a project (business-related or not) must always deliver “value” to the customer; otherwise, that project should not be performed. For this reason, consider the premise of this paper valid for all types of projects. Additionally, the author recognizes that measuring business value is as unique as the organization; therefore, this paper will not attempt to identify a specific technique for measuring increased business value that a project produces. | Business, value delivery system | https://indico.cern.ch/event/761333/attachments/1739512/2815925/EMU_VP.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Potter, J | Consumerism and the public sector: how well does the coat fit? | Public administration (London) | 1988 | Consumerism attempts to redress the imbalance of power that exists between those who produce goods and services, and those for whom they are provided. To achieve this end, five basic principles have been evolved which seek to improve consumers' access, choice, information, redress and representation. The article examines the relevance of these principles to services provided by local government and the health service. Its conclusion – that they are useful but not necessarily enough – is perhaps surprising, given the author's concern to place consumers' interests centre stage in discussions about what public services are for, and how they should be run. The article then considers whether the messages of consumerism are reaching their mark, and finally points to those issues which managers of public services – both politicians and professionals – must face if consumerism is to leave a legacy of real value. | citizens' power, consumerism, service access, local government, health | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1988.tb00687.x |
| Public Sector Innovation | Lundvall B.A. | National systems of innovation: towards a theory of innovation and interactive learning | Lundvall B.A. (Ed.) The Learning Economy and the Economics of Hope, Anthem Press, pp. 85-106 | 1988 | In this paper, we establish a framework for analyzing knowledge integration across organizations in the context of innovation clustering. In order to pinpoint the process of national innovation clustering and the internal process of knowledge integration, we view innovation clustering project from a systematic perspective. Based on multiple case studies of typical innovation clustering projects, this study identified multi-dimensional innovation clustering capacity of dominant firm, and established process model of innovation clustering involving innovation capability and knowledge integration. The results show that the perfect matching of innovation clustering capacity and the process of knowledge integration in the whole life cycle of innovation clustering is the key to innovation performance, and the dominant firm centered national innovation system needs the synergy of innovation clustering capability of dominant firm and efficient process of knowledge integration to integrate resources of all subjects and enhance innovative capability of whole system. | National systems , theory innovation, interactive learning | https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1gxp7cs |
| Social Innovation | Jarillo, C. | On strategic networks | Strategic Management Journal, 9, p. 31-41 | 1988 | In parallel with a theoretical acceptance of the importance of the laws of competition to formulate strategy, the realization is growing that cooperative behavior among firms is at the root of many success stories in today's management. This situation calls for an effort to develop a theoretical framework to study both aspects of firm behavior (cooperative and competitive) as compatible, complementary aspects of a unique reality. Indeed, the cooperative relationships of a firm can be the source of its competitive strength. This paper develops the concept of strategic network, as a tool to understand those cooperative relationships and their role in the strategy of the firm. There are three main tasks of the paper: first, to show that strategic networks are but a ‘mode of organization’; second, to study the economic conditions of existence of a network; finally, to analyze the conditions of existence of a network from the point of view of its internal consistency. In a final section some of the most obvious strategic implications of the framework are outlined. | Strategic networks | https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250090104 |
| Service Design | B. Levitt and J.G. March. | Organizational learning | Annual Review of Sociology, 14:319–340 | 1988 | This paper reviews the literature on organizational learning. Organizational learning is viewed as routine-based, history-dependent, and target-oriented. Organizations are seen as learning by encoding inferences from history into routines that guide behavior. Within this perspective on organizational learning, topics covered include how organizations learn from direct experience, how organizations learn from the experience of others, and how organizations develop conceptual frameworks or paradigms for interpreting that experience. The section on organizational memory discusses how organizations encode, store, and retrieve the lessons of history despite the turnover of personnel and the passage of time. Organizational learning is further complicated by the ecological structure of the simultaneously adapting behavior of other organizations, and by an endogenously changing environment. The final section discusses the limitations as well as the possibilities of organizational learning as a form of intelligence. | Organizational learning | https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.so.14.080188.001535 |
| Service Design | Levitt B. and March J.G. | Organizational Learning | Annual Review of Sociology | 1988 | This paper reviews the literature on organizational learning. Organizational learning is viewed as routine-based, history-dependent, and target-oriented. Organizations are seen as learning by encoding inferences from history into routines that guide behavior. Within this perspective on organizational learning, topics covered include how organizations learn from direct experience, how organizations learn from the experience of others, and how organizations develop conceptual frameworks or paradigms for interpreting that experience. The section on organizational memory discusses how organizations encode, store, and retrieve the lessons of history despite the turnover of personnel and the passage of time. Organizational learning is further complicated by the ecological structure of the simultaneously adapting behavior of other organizations, and by an endogenously changing environment. The final section discusses the limitations as well as the possibilities of organizational learning as a form of intelligence. | organizational learning, behavior, experience, paradigms | https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.so.14.080188.001535 |
| Public service value co creation | Hood, C, Dunsire, A, & Thomson, L | Rolling Back The State: Thatcherism, Fraserism and Bureaucracy | Governance | 1988 | This article compares the efforts of two right-of-center governments to cut back public bureaucreacy, by looking at some indices which show us how these attempts worked out in practice. | public cut, state | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-0491.1988.tb00065.x |
| Social Innovation | Vandermerwe S. and Rada J. | Servitization of Business: Adding Value by Adding Services | European Management Journal, 6 (4), p. 314-24 | 1988 | More and more corporations throughout the world are adding value to their core corporate offerings through services. The trend is pervading almost all industries, is customer demand-driven, and perceived by corporations as sharpening their competitive edges. Modern corporations are increasingly offering fuller market packages or “bundles” of customer-focussed combinations of goods, services, support, self-service, and knowledge. But services are beginning to dominate. This movement is termed the “servitization of business” by authors Sandra Vandermerwe and Juan Rada, and is clearly a powerful new feature of total market strategy being adopted by the best companies. It is leading to new relationships between them and their customers. Giving many real-life examples, the authors assess the main motives driving corporations to servitization, and point out that its cumulative effects are changing the competitive dynamics in which managers will have to operate. The special challenge for top managers is how to blend services into the overall strategies of the company. | business, services, value | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0263237388900333 |
| Public service value co creation | Glendinning, R | The Concept of Value for Money | International Journal of Public Sector Management | 1988 | The Concept of Value for Money (VFM) in everyday life is easily understood: not paying more for a good or service than its quality or availability justify. In relation to public spending it implies a concern with economy (cost minimisation), efficiency (output maximisation) and effectiveness (full attainment of the intended results). But what values are realised by the activities of public sector organisations? Whose values are they and how are they to be measured? The practical conclusion is that policy makers must frame precise aims so that at least there are some criteria with which to compare results. | Concept, value, money | https://doi.org/10.1108/eb002926 |
| Digital Transformation | Simon, Herbert A. | The science of design: creating the artificial | Design Issues, 67-82 | 1988 | Science of design, artificial | https://doi.org/10.2307/1511391 | |
| Digital Transformation | Hakansson H. | Corporate technological behavior, cooperation and networks | London: Routledge | 1989 | Efficient technological strategy relies on an understanding of the networks, both formal and informal between suppliers, producers and customers. This book provides the first, detailed study of these cooperation profiles. | Corporate technological behavior, cooperation, networks | https://www.nttdocomo.co.jp/english/binary/pdf/corporate/technology/rd/technical_journal/bn/vol9_3/vol9_3_062en.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Frederickson, H.G. | Special Issue: Minnowbrook II: changing epochs of Public Administration | Public Administration Review | 1989 | Minnowbrook II was designed to compare and contrast the changing epochs of public administration. | public administration | https://www.jstor.org/stable/i240039 |
| Public service value co creation | Wallace Ingraham, P. and Rosenbloom, D.H. | The new public personnel and the new public service | Public Administration Review | 1989 | The New Public Administration sought a public service whose legitimacy would be based, in part, on its promotion of “social equity.” Since 1968, several personnel changes congruent with the New Public Administration have occurred: traditional managerial authority over public employees has been reduced through collective bargaining and changes in constitutional doctrines; the public service has become more socially representative; establishing a representative bureaucracy has become an important policy goal; more emphasis is now placed on employee participation in the work place; and legal changes regarding public administrators’ liability have promoted an “inner check” on their behavior. At the same time, however, broad systemic changes involving decentralization and the relationship between political officials and career civil servants have tended to undercut the impact of those changes in personnel. The theories of Minnowbrook I, therefore, have proven insufficient as a foundation for a new public service. Grounding the public service's legitimacy in the U.S. Constitution is a more promising alternative and is strongly recommended. The New Public Administration, like other historical calls for drastic administrative change in the United States, sought to develop a new basis for public administrative legitimacy. Earlier successful movements grounded the legitimacy of the public service in high social standing and leadership, representativeness and close relationship to political parties, or in putative political neutrality and scientific managerial and technical expertise. To these bases, the New Public Administration sought to add “social equity.” As George Frederickson explained, “Administrators are not neutral. They should be committed to both good management and social equity as values, things to be achieved, or rationales. “(1) Social equity was defined as “includ[ing] activities designed to enhance the political power and economic well being of … [disadvantaged] minorities.” It was necessary because “the procedures of representative democracy presently operate in a way that either fails or only very gradually attempts to reverse systematic discrimination against” these groups.(2) Like the Federalists, the Jacksonians, and the civil service reformers and progressives before it, the New Public Administration focused upon administrative reform as a means of redistributing political power.(3) Also, like these earlier movements, the New Public Administration included a model of a new type of public servant. This article sets forth that new model and considers the extent to which the major changes that have actually taken place in public personnel administration since 1968 are congruent with it. We find that while contemporary public personnel reflects many of the values and concerns advanced by the New Public Administration, substantial changes in the political environment of public administration have frustrated the development of a new public service that would encompass the larger goals and ideals expressed at Minnowbrook I. Building on the trends of the past two decades, this article also speculates about the future. Our conclusion is that ultimately the public service's legitimacy must be grounded in the Constitution. Although its focus is on macro-level political and administrative developments, the broad changes it discusses provide the framework from which many contemporary personnel work-life issues, such as pay equity and flexitime, have emerged. | New Public Administration, legitimacy, public servants, public services, | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01900699808525330 |
| Service Design | Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. | Basics of qualitative research. | Sage publications. | 1990 | Offering immensely practical advice, Basics of Qualitative Research, Fourth Edition presents methods that enable researchers to analyze, interpret, and make sense of their data, and ultimately build theory from it. Authors Juliet Corbin and Anselm Strauss (late of the University of San Francisco and co-creator of grounded theory) walk readers step-by-step through the research process—from the formation of the research question through several approaches to coding, analysis, and reporting. Packed with definitions and illustrative examples, this highly accessible book concludes with chapters that present criteria for evaluating a study, as well as responses to common questions posed by students of qualitative research. New end-of-chapter “Insider Insights” contributed by qualitative researchers give readers a sense of what it’s like to work in the field. Significantly revised, this Fourth Edition remains a landmark volume in the study of qualitative methods | qualitative research, methodology, data, approaches | https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/basics-of-qualitative-research/book235578 |
| Service Design | T.K. Lant and S.J. Mezias. | Managing discontinuous change: A simu- lation study of organizational learning and entrepreneurship | Strategic Management Journal, 11:147–179 | 1990 | Established firms face the challenge of managing entrepreneurial strategies in order to respond effectively to major environmental changes. This paper uses a simulation methodology to explore the effectiveness of several entrepreneurial strategies in established organizations when they are faced with a fundamental restructuring of their environment. The simulated organizations are characterized by high and low levels of entrepreneurial activity and three types of entrepreneurial strategies fixed, imitative, and adaptive. The behavior of these organizations is guided by the assumptions of an organizational learning model. The results of the simulation indicate that, given the assumptions of a learning model, there are several lessons that established organizations should consider in managing entrepreneurial strategy. First, there are important organizational implications under different levels of ambiguity Second, lessons learned from past experience can often result in learning traps when the environment changes. Finally, conceptualizing organizations as characterized by different entrepreneurial strategies and different levels of entrepreneurship provides a theoretically useful description of differential outcomes in terms of performance, growth, and the probability of failure. | Discontinuous change, organizational learning, entrepreneurship | https://www.jstor.org/stable/2486675 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Powell, W.W. | Neither market nor hierarchy: network forms of organization | Research in Organizational Behavior 12: 295-336 | 1990 | Article du périodique annuel Research in Organizational Behavior qui traite d'essais analytiques et de revues critiques dans le domaine des organisations. Il correspond au volume 12 publié en 1990. | Market, hierarchy, network forms of organization | |
| Digital Transformation | Perry, J. L., & Wise, L. R. | The motivational bases of public service | Public Administration Review, 50, 367-373 | 1990 | Motivational bases, public service | https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Patricia-Ingraham/publication/229476704_Performance_Promises_to_Keep_and_Miles_to_Go/links/5eee604d92851ce9e7f52f27/Performance-Promises-to-Keep-and-Miles-to-Go.pdf | |
| Public service value co creation | Hood, C. | A public management for all seasons? | Public Administration | 1991 | This article discusses: the doctrinal content of the group of ideas known as ‘new public management’(NPM); the intellectual provenance of those ideas; explanations for their apparent persuasiveness in the 1980 s; and criticisms which have been made of the new doctrines. Particular attention is paid to the claim that NPM offers an all‐purpose key to better provision of public services. This article argues that NFM has been most commonly criticized in terms of a claimed contradiction between ‘equity’ and ‘efficiency’ values, but that any critique which is to survive NPM's claim to ‘infinite reprogrammability’ must be couched in terms of possible conflicts between administrative values. The conclusion is that the ESRC'S Management in Government’ research initiative has been more valuable in helping to identify rather than to definitively answer, the key conceptual questions raised by NPM. | New, public management, public services, public value | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00779.x |
| Public Sector Innovation | J.H. Holland and J.H. Miller. | Artificial adaptive agents in economic theory | The American Economic Review, 81:365–370 | 1991 | Build assessments you can really use | Unlock the how, when, what, and why Watch your system become greater than its parts by building local capacity through common language and deeper knowledge of assessment components. For years, educators have turned to the Hess Cognitive Rigor Matrices (CRM). Now for the first time, the modules are packaged into one resource to help you evaluate the quality and premise of your current assessment system. Designed as a professional development guide for long-term use by school leaders, five content-rich, topic-based modules: • Offer field-tested, teacher-friendly strategies for local school test development • Can be used for individual or professional development opportunities • Allow for sequential or non-sequential use | Artificial adaptive agents, economic theory | https://www.jstor.org/stable/2006886 |
| Social Innovation | Holland J.H. Miller J.H. | Artificial Adaptive Agents in Economic Theory | American Economic Review, vol. 81, pp. 365-370 | 1991 | A theory of complex adaptive systems based on artificial adaptive agents (AAA) makes possible the development of well-defined, yet flexible, models that exhibit emergent behavior. Such models can capture a wide range of economic phenomena precisely, even though the development of a general mathematical theory of complex adaptive systems is stil in its early stage. The AAA models complement current theoretical directions; they are not intended as a substitute. Many of the most interesting questions concern points of overlap between AAA models and classical theory, it must include verified results of that theory in a way reminiscent of the way in which the formalism of general relativity includes the powerful results of classical physics. | adaptive systems, models, economics, mathematical theory | https://www.jstor.org/stable/2006886?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |
| Service Design | Friedland R. and Alford R.R. | Bringing society back in: symbols, practices, and institutional contradictions | In 'The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. University of Chicago Press'; Chicago | 1991 | The social sciences are in the midst of a theoretical retreat from society. The retreat has taken two paths, one toward the utilitarian individual and the other toward the power-oriented organization. In this chapter we argue to the contrary, that it is not possible to understand individual or organizational behavior without locating it in a societal context. But to posit the exteriority of society in a nonfunctionalist, nondeterminist manner requires an alternative conception of society as an interinstitutional system. We conceive of institutions as both supraorganizational patterns of activity through which humans conduct their material life in time and space, and symbolic systems through which they categorize that activity and infuse it with meaning. | social sciences, individual, organization, context, system | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238198697_Bringing_Society_Back_In_Symbols_Practices_and_Institutional_Contradictions |
| Public service value co creation | Meuser M. and Nagel U. | Expertlnneninterviews—vielfach erprobt wenig bedacht. | In 'Qualitativ-empirische sozialforschung'; Springer. | 1991 | In various research projects, we have worked with the open-ended, guide-oriented interview with experts and found that we had to operate methodically on a less well-tended terrain. This almost completely applies to evaluation problems. In the - sparse - literature on expert interviews, questions of field access and interviewing are mainly dealt with. The question of how "methodically controlled understanding of others" (see Schütze et al 1973) can be accomplished in the context of expert interviews remains completely open. The purpose of this article is to address some questions regarding the methodology of the expert interview. The empirical material to which we refer comes from research projects that we have carried out or are currently working on. The evaluation process that we will present (see Chapter 4) has been developed from our own research practice, which in turn has its origin in the literature on qualitative and interpretive social research. | expert interviews, methodology, research, empirical evidence | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-322-97024-4_14 |
| Service Design | J.G. March. | Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning | Organization Science, 2:71–87 | 1991 | This paper considers the relation between the exploration of new possibilities and the exploitation of old certainties in organizational learning. It examines some complications in allocating resources between the two, particularly those introduced by the distribution of costs and benefits across time and space, and the effects of ecological interaction. Two general situations involving the development and use of knowledge in organizations are modeled. The first is the case of mutual learning between members of an organization and an organizational code. The second is the case of learning and competitive advantage in competition for primacy. The paper develops an argument that adaptive processes, by refining exploitation more rapidly than exploration, are likely to become effective in the short run but self-destructive in the long run. The possibility that certain common organizational practices ameliorate that tendency is assessed. | Exploration, exploitation, organizational learning | https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2.1.71 |
| Social Innovation | Gagon C. and Klein J.L. | Le partenariat dans le développement local : tendances actuelles et perspectives de changement social | Cahiers de Géographie du Québec | 1991 | In a context of globalization of the economic sphere and of territorialisation of the social, the concept of partnership has a new meaning. After the era of consultation, partnership at the local level is increasingly becoming one of the social forms of social change. This change would be characterized by a refocusing of social relations around the territory, by a consensus of all the social actors around the local partnership. At least this is an hypothesis that the authors develop from a regulatory approach. The review of about a hundred writings on the partnership allows the authors to draw some examples of partnership in post-industrial societies, to define the role of social actors, to make a typology of forms of partnership at the local level and finally set the conditions for a fair partnership. Finally, the authors describe the challenges posed by this "partnership" management of the social for policy makers and for local development policies. | regulation, social relations, social contract, social change, forms of partnership, local development | https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/cgq/1991-v35-n95-cgq2667/022177ar.pdf |
| Social Innovation | DeBresson C. and F. Amesse. | Networks of innovators: A review and introduction to the issue | Research Policy 20 (5): 363-379 | 1991 | Networks of innovators, review, introduction | https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(91)90063-V | |
| Social Innovation | Freeman, C. | Networks of innovators: a synthesis of research issues | Research Policy 20 (5): 499-514 | 1991 | This paper will first summarise some key findings of empirical research in the 1960s on the role of external sources of scientific, technical and market information in successful innovation by business firms. This work demonstrated unambiguously the vital importance of external information networks and of collaboration with users during the development of new products and processes. Moreover, the dilemmas of cooperative research in competitive industries were recognised and studied long ago [35,62,76]. What then is new about the present wave of interest in “networks of innovators”? Are there new forms of organisation or new technologies or new policies which justify renewed research efforts since they go beyond those developments already analysed in earlier empirical and theoretical work? Section 2 reviews the evidence of new developments in the 1980s in industrial networks, regional networks and government-sponsored innovative activities. It shows that there has indeed been a major upsurge of formal and semi-formal flexible “networks” in the 1980s, including some new types of network. It also shows that some older forms of research cooperation have been modified and transformed. The papers at Montreal largely concentrated on the role of regional supplier networks, which are a good example of such “new wine in old bottles”. This paper attempts to locate the regional network discussion within a wider context of new developments in networking. Section 3 discusses the causes of these new developments and whether they are likely to remain a characteristic of national and international innovation systems for a long time to come, or prove to be a temporary upsurge to be overtaken later by a wave of take-overs and vertical integration. Finally, section 4 sums up some of the other key issues which require further research and debate, and the implications for social science theory. | Networks of innovators, synthesis, research issues | https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(91)90072-X |
| Digital Transformation | Carlsson B. and Stankiewicz R. | On the nature function and composition of technological system | Journal of evolutionary economics, 1 (2), p. 93-118 | 1991 | This paper suggests that the economic growth of countries reflects their developmental potential which, in turn, is a function of the technological systems in which various economic agents participate. The boundaries of technological systems may or may not coincide with national borders and may vary from one techno-industrial area to another. The central features of technological systems are economic competence (the ability to develop and exploit new business opportunities), clustering of resources, and institutional infrastructure. A technological system is defined as a dynamic network of agents interacting in a specific economic/industrial area under a particular institutional infrastructure and involved in the generation, diffusion, and utilization of technology. Technological systems are defined in terms of knowledge/competence flows rather than flows of ordinary goods and services. In the presence of an entrepreneur and sufficient critical mass, such networks can be transformed into development blocks, i.e. synergistic clusters of firms and technologies which give rise to new business opportunities. | technology, innovation systems, development blocks, networks, economic competence | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01224915 |
| Service Design | Hollins, G., & Hollins, B. | Total Design: managing the design process in the service sector | Pearson Education; London. | 1991 | Explaining how service products should be designed and how this design process should be managed, the author identifies areas where problems most commonly occur. The book includes the findings of the first research undertaken on the step-by-step process of the design management of service products. | design process, services, management | https://www.amazon.es/Total-Design-Managing-Process-Service/dp/0273033387 |
| Service Design | Hollins, G., & Hollins, B. | Total Design: managing the design process in the service sector | London: Pitman | 1991 | Design, service sector | https://article-lib.bitbucket.io/01-willy-hoppe-10/9780273033387-total-design-managing-the-design-process-in-the--ebook.pdf | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Lovelock C. | A basic toolkit for service managers | Lovelock C. (ed) Managing services, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall International editions, p. 17-30 | 1992 | This article argues that political participation is shaped by locally distinctive ‘rules-in-use’, notwithstanding the socio-economic status or level of social capital in an area. It recognizes that the resources available to people, as well as the presence of social capital within communities, are potential key determinants of the different levels of local participation in localities. However, the article focuses on a third factor – the institutional rules that frame participation. Levels of participation are found to be related to the openness of the political system, the presence of a ‘public value’ orientation among local government managers, and the effectiveness of umbrella civic organizations. Whereas resources and social capital are not factors that can be changed with any great ease, the institutional determinants of participation are more malleable. Through case study analysis, the article shows how actors have shaped the environment within which citizens make their decisions about engagement, resulting in demonstrable effects upon levels of participation | Basic toolkit, service managers | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2006.00601.x |
| Service Design | T.K. Lant and S.J. Mezias. | An organizational learning model of conver- gence and reorientation | Organizational Science, 3:47–71 | 1992 | A critical challenge facing organizations is the dilemma of maintaining the capabilities of both efficiency and flexibility. Recent evolutionary perspectives have suggested that patterns of organizational stability and change can be characterized as punctuated equilibria (Tushman and Romanelli 1985). This paper argues that a learning model of organizational change can account for a pattern of punctuated equilibria and uses a learning framework to model the tension between organizational stability and change. A simulation methodology is used to create a population of organizations whose activities are governed by a process of experiential learning. A set of propositions is examined that predict how patterns of organizational change are affected by environmental conditions, levels of ambiguity, organizational size, search rules, and organizational performance. Implications of this learning model of convergence and reorientation for theory and research are discussed. | Organizational learning model, convergence, reorientation | https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.3.1.47 |
| Living Labs | Grupp, H. & U. Schmoch. | At the Crossroads in Laser Medicine and Polyimide Chemistry. Patent Assessment of the Expansion of Knowledge | Pp 269-302 in H. Grupp (Ed.). Dynamics of Science-based Innovation. Berlin, Germany: Springer | 1992 | Investments in R&D are always precarious, because both the technological and even more the commercial success are not certain. On the other hand, not investing in R&D involves the risk of a complete failure of an enterprise. There is a great need to develop tools for strategic R&D management. One of the difficult problems of R&D planning is the question, under which circumstances the results of basic research are needed and, if so, how are they successfully transferred into a broader technical application. In order to work on these particular problems, both the previous and this chapter describe the knowledge interface between science and technology by bibliometric and patent indicators, wherein the bibliometric studies were presented in chapter 8 and the patent analysis in this chapter (for a more detailed treatment of methods and results see Grupp, Reiss & Schmoch (1990); a methodological stand-alone version not referring to the other chapters of this volume has been published by Schmoch (1991)). | Crossroads medicine, polyimide chemistry, expansion knowledge | http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/769279376.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Niosi J., Bellon B., Saviotti P., Crow M. | Les systèmes nationaux d’innovation : à la recherche d’un concept utilisable | Revue Française d’Economie, vol. 7 pp. 215-250 | 1992 | Bertrand Bellon, Jorge Niosi, Paolo Saviotti, Michael Crow Les systèmes nationaux d'innovation : à la recherche d'un concept utilisable. Cet article vise à établir les fondements du concept de système national d'innovation. Le développement économique actuel est marqué par la contradiction entre, d'un côté l'ouverture des frontières nationales entraînant l'égalisation relative des règles de la concurrence ; de l'autre, la différenciation croissante, entre espaces économiques, des stratégies et des résultats qui en découlent. Les comportements des acteurs sont, en effet, d'abord orientées vers la valorisation des spécificités existantes, bien au-delà de l'alignement sur des standards internationaux. La dimension technologique, ou plutôt innovative, redevient une des sources des avantages construits. Le concept de système national d'innovation participe aux théories évolutionnistes, ou plus précisément aux approches cybernétiques, au sens des sciences de la régulation et de la communication entre les hommes ou entre l'homme et la machine. Cet article cherche non seulement à fonder le concept sur le plan théorique, mais propose une méthodologie d'analyse concrète des différents systèmes nationaux d'innovation. [eng] Bertrand Bellon, Jorge Niosi, Paolo Saviotti, Michael Crow National system of innovation: an attempt to determine a concept. This article tends to develop the national system of innovation (NIS) concept. The current worldwide economic game is two folded. On one side, frontiers are increasingly open, which spread out more eavenly among countries the laws of competitiveness. On the other side, economic efficiency heavily depends on the specificities of each territory. Strategies are fully orientated towards the valorization of such specificities. Technology is back as a corner stone of built advantages among nations. The NSI concept is part of the evolutionnist theories. More precisely it belongs to the cybernetic approach of relations between men and between man and the machine. This article does not limit its attempt to the funding of a concept; it proposes an applied methodology for the analysis of specific NSIs. | Systèmes nationaux d’innovation, concept utilisable | DOI:10.3406/rfeco.1992.1305 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Delaunay J.C., Gadrey J. | Services in Economic Thought | Kluwer Academic Publishers | 1992 | The growth of the services sector has profoundly transformed developed societies, their economic characteristics, their occupational structures, and even their political priorities and value systems. No comprehensive theory of his growth exists, but for three centuries a number of major economists and social scientists have sought to analyze and explain its characteristics, dimensions and consequences. This book is the first to survey and evaluate these theoretical contributions on services growth, from the mercantillists and classicists to contemporary works, those beginning with Fisher, Clark and Fourasite, and further developed by Fuchs, Bell, Baumol, Stanback, Gershuny, among others. Throughout this critical survey the major issues raised by the ongoing development of the services are pointed out: Are services a new engine for economic growth or nonproductive' deadweights? How should services be classified in order to better understand their social functions? What about their productivity and possible industrialization? Are services the basis for new social and human relationships? This book helps to shed theoretical light on these current controversies, which are among the most important at the present stage of our economic development. | Services, economic thought | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Kingman-Brundage J. | The ABCs of Service System Blueprinting | Lovelock C. (ed), Managing services, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall International Editions, p. 96-102 | 1992 | Service is a complex process that too difficult to display in written mode due to its intangibility and abstract. The 3 Ps— People, Process, and Physical evidence—which are called the “service evidence”, this research will use these 3 Ps as the dimensions to measure the service evidence. Froehle and Roth [1] presented five different types of technology role used in the process of customer contact, this research also regard these different types as the different “types of technology role”. Whether it is opportunity or threat for the service organization after the technology used in the service process will be determined by customer’ perception; therefore, this study will measure the value based on the whole perception of customers to service quality (i.e., the five dimensions of service quality for PZB). In other words, the five types of technology role will be regarded as the situational variable, the customers’ value perception to service evidence as the independent variable, and the customers’ perception to whole service quality as the dependent variable in this study. This study is a qualitative exploratory research. The data were collected through the review of mass articles and the discussion of Focus Group members, and then analyzed and inferred the data by induction and deduction methods. Some important research results as followings: 1) A conceptual model of the relationships among “types of technology role”, “service evidence”, and “service quality” is constructed; 2) There are differences existing in different types of technology role which are perceived by customers; 3) Four propositions are submitted based on the implications of the model. Related Articles: | ABCs, service system, blueprinting | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.05.008 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Sanger M. B., Levin M. A. | Using Old Stuff in New Ways: Innovation as a Case of Evolutionary Tinkering | Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 11(1), p. 88-115 | 1992 | We analyze more than 25 successful innovations and innovators and draw three principle lessons. First, innovation does not spring from systematic policy analysis nor is it generally a revolutionary breakthrough. Innovation more often depends upon evolutionary tinkering with existing practices. It results, therefore, from a process of trial and error and experimential learning in the field. Its novelty arises from the assemblage of familiar stuff in new ways. Second, analysis is more useful in shaping effective policy by evaluating it as it develops rather than in choosing between competing policies ahead of time. Third, innovative public managers are entrepreneurial; they take risks with this old stuff, with an opportunistic bias toward action and a conscious underestimating of the bureaucratic and political obstacles their innovations face. We conclude with prescriptions for how public managers ought to be trained and how they ought to behave. | innovation, public management, evolution, entrepreneurship | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2307/3325134 |
| Digital Transformation | Boynton, A. C., Jacobs, G. C., & Zmud, R. W. | Whose responsibility is IT management. | Sloan Management Review, 33(4), 32–38 | 1992 | Line managers are increasingly assuming responsibility for planning, building and running information systems that affect their operations. This is forcing organizadons to evaluate how they allocate IT decision-making responsibilities. This paper describes a conceptual framework and an intervention process that can help firms devise and implement an effective IT management architecture. The authors illustrate their methods with real world examples. | information technologies, management, methods, framework | https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrew_Boynton2/publication/262233228_Managing_information_technology_just_whose_responsibility_is_it/links/56ec021608aefd0fc1c71fec/Managing-information-technology-just-whose-responsibility-is-it.pdf |
| Service Design | Buchanan, R. (1992). | Wicked Problems in Design Thinking | Design Issues | 1992 | Despite efforts to discover the foundations of design thinking in the fine arts, the natural sciences, or most recently, the social sciences, design eludes reduction and remains a surprisingly flexible activity. No single definition of design, or branches of professionalized practice such as industrial or graphic design, adequately covers the diversity of ideas and methods gathered together under the label. Indeed, the variety of research reported in conference papers, journal articles, and books suggests that design continues to expand in its meanings and connections, revealing unexpected dimensions in practice as well as understanding. This follows the trend of design thinking in the twentieth century, for we have seen design grow from a trade activity to a segmented profession to a field for technical research and to what now should be recognized as a new liberal art of technological culture. | industrial design, graphic design, design engineering, liberal arts education, architectural design, technology, urban design | http://web.mit.edu/jrankin/www/engin_as_lib_art/Design_thinking.pdf |
| Digital Transformation | Ubar, R. | Elektroonika ja Arvutustehnika Vabariiklik Sihtprogramme | 1993 | Estonia’s transition to free-market capitalism and liberal democracy is marked by three distinct features: economic success, digital transformation of its public sector, and a rapid increase and persistence of social inequality in Estonia. Indeed, Estonia has become one of the most unequal societies in Europe. Economic success and increasing social inequality can be explained as different sides of the same coin: a neoliberal policy mix opened markets and allowed globalization to play out its drama on a domestic stage, creating winners and losers. Yet Estonia has been highly successful in its digital agenda. Particularly interesting is how the country’s public sector led the digital transformation within this highly neoliberal policy landscape. While within economic policy, Estonia did indeed follow the famed invisible hand in rapidly liberalizing markets, in ICT, Estonia seems to have followed an entirely different principle of policymaking. In this domain, policy has followed the principle of the hiding hand, coined by Albert Hirschman: policy-makers sometimes take on tasks they think they can solve without realizing all the challenges and risks involved— and this may result in unexpected learning and creativity. The success of Estonia’s e-government has much to do with the principle of the hiding hand: naïvety and optimism propelled initial ‘crazy ideas’ in the early 1990s to become ingrained in ICT policy, enabling the creation of multiple highly cooperative and overlapping networks that span public–private boundaries. | Elektroonika ja arvutustehnika, vabariiklik sihtprogramme | http://www.ene.ttu.ee/elektriajamid/oppeinfo/materjal/IN660/ELEKTROONIKA%20ja%20j6upooljuhttehnika.pdf | |
| Social Innovation | Dodgson, M. | Learning, trust and technological collaboration | Human Relations 46: 77-95 | 1993 | Companies increasingly collaborate in their technological activities. Collaboration enables firms to learn about uncertain and turbulent technological change, and enhances their ability to deal with novelty. A number of studies reveal the importance for successful collaboration of high levels of inter-personal trust between scientists, engineers, and managers in the different partners. However, these individual relationships are vulnerable to labor turnover and inter-personal difficulties. Using two examples of highly successful technological collaborations, it is argued that the survival of such relationships in the face of these inevitable inter-personal problems requires the establishment of interorganizational trust. Such trust is characterized by community of interest, organizational cultures receptive to external inputs, and widespread and continually supplemented knowledge among employees of the status and purpose of the collaboration. | Learning, trust, technological collaboration | https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679304600106 |
| Digital Transformation | Amabile, T. M. | Motivational synergy: Toward new conceptualizations of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the workplace | Human Resource Management Review, 3, 185-201 | 1993 | The foundation for a model of motivational synergy is presented. Building upon but going beyond previous conceptualizations, the model outlines the ways in which intrinsic motivation (which arises from the intrinsic value of the work for the individual) might interact with extrinsic motivation (which arises from the desire to obtain outcomes that are apart from the work itself). In a modification of the prevailing psychological view that extrinsic motivation undermines intrinsic motivation, this conceptualization proposes that certain types of extrinsic motivation can combine synergistically with intrinsic motivation, particularly when initial levels of intrinsic motivation are high. Such synergistic motivational combinations should lead to high levels of employee satisfaction and performance. Two mechanisms are proposed for these combinations: extrinsics in service of intrinsics, and the motivation-work cycle match. Personality and work-environment influences on motivation are discussed, and implications are outlined for management practice and management development. | Motivational synergy, intrinsic, extrinsic, motivation, workplace | https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(93)90012-S |
| Digital Transformation | Schuler, Douglas & Namioka, Aki (Ed.). | Participatory design: Principles and practices | CRC Press | 1993 | The voices in this collection are primarily those of researchers and developers concerned with bringing knowledge of technological possibilities to bear on informed and effective system design. Their efforts are distinguished from many previous writings on system development by their central and abiding reliance on direct and continuous interaction with those who are the ultimate arbiters of system adequacy; namely, those who will use the technology in their everyday lives and work. A key issue throughout is the question of who does what to whom: whose interests are at stake, who initiates action and for what reason, who defines the problem and who decides that there is one. The papers presented follow in the footsteps of a small but growing international community of scholars and practitioners of participatory systems design. Many of the original European perspectives are represented here as well as some new and distinctively American approaches. The collection is characterized by a rich and diverse set of perspectives and experiences that, despite their differences, share a distinctive spirit and direction -- a more humane, creative, and effective relationship between those involved in technology's design and use, and between technology and the human activities that motivate the technology. | Participatory design, principles, practices | https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/28277/SpinuzziTheMethodologyOfParticipatoryDesign.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Bacot, H., McCabe, A.S., Fitzgerald, M.R., Bowen, T. and Folz, D.H. | Practicing the politics of inclusion: citizen surveys and the design of solid waster recycling programs | American Review of Public Administration | 1993 | This study presents a framework for applying and interpreting citizen surveys to formulate community recycling programs. Viewed as a coproduced service, a recycling program's success depends on strong and sustained public support and participation. We find that knowing citizen opinions and attitudes toward recycling can help public managers maximize citizen participation in recycling. This analysis supports the value of conducting citizen opinion surveys as part of the recycling program design. Furthermore, such surveys are useful management tools for learning local opinions and attitudes that can be used to improve program design and sustain citizen participation in a community recycling program. | co-production, participation, opinion surveys | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/027507409302300103 |
| Public Sector Innovation | DeMaio et al. | Protocol for pretesting demographic surveys at the Census Bureau | Bureau of the Census, Washington D.C | 1993 | The Census Bureau is interested in increasing the amount of pretesting performed on the surveys it conducts and also encouraging the use of recent innovations in pretesting activities. To this end, an interdivisional committee was established within the Bureau to experiment with alternative pretesting activities for surveys in the demographic area and to produce a monograph that develops guidelines for pretesting questionnaires, and specifies a range of pretesting options based on the amount of time and resources available. This monograph covers the following pretest methods: cognitive interviewing techniques, focus groups, behavior coding and analysis, respondent debriefing, interviewer debriefing, split panel tests, and item nonresponse and response distribution analysis. It provides overviews of the methods themselves as well as a discussion of issues involved in their use (e.g., time and cost, study design, reporting of results). It also presents three case studies of the use of these methods in pretesting demographic surveys. | Demographic, census bureau | https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/1993/adrm/sm93-04.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Osborne D. and Gaebler T. | Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector | Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley | 1993 | "Reinventing government" details the most revolutionary idea of our time-an idea whose time has come. Its authors give proof positive that government does not have to be a gigantic and inefficient bureaucracy. Instead, it can govern in the true sense of the word, by tapping the tremendous power of the entrepreneurial process and the force of the free market. In case after case, the authors show how this approach already has proven its worth all over the country-in schools, in slums, in sanitation, in a host of other areas where enterprising and innovative public officials have delivered a far bigger public service bang for every budgeted buck. To cut taxes and improve services at the same time may seem too good to be true. Yet now we have in our hands a way to make it come true-if we and politicians of all parties and persuasions read it and use it. | governance, entrepreneurial process, public services | https://books.google.com.mx/books/about/Reinventing_Government.html?id=7qyp_EcJuZoC&redir_esc=y |
| Service Design | Cross, N. | Science and design methodology: a review. | Research in Engineering Design, 5(2) | 1993 | Design methodology has always seemed to have a problematic relationship with science. The “design methods movement” started out with intentions of making design more “scientific”, but the more mature field of design methodology has resulted in clarifying the differences between design and science. This paper reviews the relatively short history of design methodology and its relationship with science, maps out some of the major themes that have sustained it, and tries to establish some agreed understanding for the concepts of scientific design, design science and the science of design. | Design methodology, Design science, Science of design | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02032575 |
| Service Design | D.H. Kim. | The link between individual and organizational learning | Sloan Management Review, pages 37–50 | 1993 | The relationship between individual and organizational learning remains one of the contested issues in organizational learning debates. This article provides new evidence about the relationship between individual and organizational learning and presents empirical findings exploring the learning practices of individual managers. The discussion reveals the psychosocial dimensions of learning as a process that transcends across multiple levels and units of analysis. The analysis of the relationship between individual and organizational learning highlights the multiple and interlocking contexts that define the content and process of learning in organizations, the politics of learning at work and the institutional identity of individuals’ learning as a reflection of organizational learning (or lack of it). The article concludes with a review of the implications of the findings for future research on learning in organizations and the way we study the relationship between individual and organizational learning | Link, individual learning, organizational learning | https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1350507606070220 |
| Service Design | D.A. Levinthal and J.G. March. | The myopia of learning | Strategic Man- agement Journal, 14:95–112 | 1993 | Organizational learning has many virtues, virtues which recent writings in strategic management have highlighted. Learning processes, however, are subject to some important limitations. As is well-known, learning has to cope with confusing experience and the complicated problem of balancing the competing goals of developing new knowledge (i.e., exploring) and exploiting current competencies in the face of dynamic tendencies to emphasize one or the other. We examine the ways organizations approach these problems through simplification and specialization and how those approaches contribute to three forms of learning myopia, the tendency to overlook distant times, distant places, and failures, and we identify some ways in which organizations sustain exploration in the face of a tendency to overinvest in exploitation. We conclude that the imperfections of learning are not so great as to require abandoning attempts to improve the learning capabilities of organizations, but that those imperfections suggest a certain conservatism in expectations. | Myopia of learning | https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250141009 |
| Social Innovation | Hakansson H. and J. Johanson. | The network as a governance structure: interfirm cooperation beyond market and hierarchies | Grabher G. ed. The embedded firm: on the socio-economics of industrial networks, 35-52, London: Routledge | 1993 | Article raises an issue on the differences between the production and retail networks. Taking an account of a network internationalization, these differences become even more profound. Paper provides a literature overview of the scientific approaches to differentiate and typologize the periods of retail internationalization in Europe, as well as the strategies adopted by the respective retail chains. The study provides a comparative analysis of the development process of retail networks in different groups of European countries, with an emphasis on internationalization processes. Results of a comparative study suggest that the Russian retail market in still being at the stage of a rapid development featuring a highly heterogeneous spatial dispersion of retail chains and a diversity of trade formats. The inward internationalization as well as intra-regional networking is rather underdeveloped, while the outward internationalization of the national retail chains requires an active participation in the global distribution channels. | Network, governance structure, cooperation | https://www.oecd.org/science/inno/2100807.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Kauffman S. | The Origins of Order. Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution | Oxford University Press | 1993 | This article is written as a prolegomena, both to a research program, and a forthcoming book discussing the same issues in greater detail (Kauffman, 1991). The suspicion that evolutionary theory needs broadening is widespread. To accomplish this, however, will not be easy. The new framework I shall discuss here grows out of the realization that complex systems of many kinds exhibit high spontaneous order. This implies that such order is available to evolution and selective forces for further molding. But it also implies, quite profoundly, that the spontaneous order in such systems may enable, guide and limit selection. Therefore, the spontaneous order in complex systems implies that selection may not be the sole source of order in organisms, and that we must invent a new theory of evolution which encompasses the marriage of selection and self-organization. | Self-organization, selection evolution | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8054-0_8 |
| Public Sector Innovation | S.J. Mezias and M.A. Glynn. | The three faces of corporate renewal: Insti- tution, revolution, and evolution | Strategic Management Journal, 14:77– 101 | 1993 | We examine corporate renewal by taking a structural approach and focusing on the routines and rules that are part of large, established, bureaucratic organizations. We characterize approaches to the management of innovation in terms of three different themes–institutional, revolutional, and evolutional strategies. The first two approaches involve intentional efforts to encourage innovation, either within the current organizational paradigm (institutionalizing innovation) or moving away from it (revolutionary innovation), while the evolutional approach involves less conscious efforts to manage what is viewed as a random, probabilistic process. This paper uses simulation methodology to explore the effectiveness of these strategies on organizational innovation, performance, and resources. The behavior of the simulated organizational units is guided by assumptions of a learning model. Results indicate that innovation strategies sometimes have unintended effects that are both positive and negative in nature. Several lessons on managing innovation are offered. | Faces, corporate renewal, institution, revolution, evolution | https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250140202 |
| Digital Transformation | Wistow, G. and Barnes, M. | User involvement in community care: origins, purposes and applications | Public Administration | 1993 | Whilst the drive towards public sector consumerism is intensifying, it is also evident that somewhat different ‘brands’ of consumerism are currently being marketed. This article develops a framework to assist in the disaggregation and understanding of the range of approaches to consumerism currently being pursued in the field of health and social care. Its principal elements concern the ideological origins of consumerism in this field; their purposes; and the forms through which consumer preference are expressed. This framework is applied to the Birmingham Community Care Special Action Project, a major developmental initiative which the authors have been studying. An important area for further investigation is the extent to which users and carers seek to exercise greater collective control over services as opposed to influencing the development of services more responsive to their individual needs. | consumerism, health, social care, services | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1993.tb00975.x |
| Public Sector Innovation | Arthur W.B. | Why Do things become More complex? | Scientific American, May | 1993 | Things, complex | http://tuvalu.santafe.edu/~wbarthur/Papers/SciAm_Essay1.pdf | |
| Public service value co creation | Terry, L.D. | Why we should abandon the misconceived quest to reconcile public entrepreneurship with democracy | Public Administration Review | 1993 | The author's concept of civic-regarding entrepreneurship is grounded in the notion that a strong theory of citizenship is essential if we are to make public entrepreneurship compatible with democratic principles. Thus, public administrators have an obligation to search for opportunities that allow the citizenry to activerly participate in the public policy process. | citizenship, entrepreneurship, democracy, participation | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c69e/9ad43660a7b599eac3a1ffb9b94c62fe2176.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Gallouj F. | Economie de l’innovation dans les services | L’Harmattan, Paris | 1994 | Cet ouvrage propose une réflexion sur l'articulation entre deux champs importants de l'analyse économique : l'économie des services et l'économie de l'innovation. Si l'innovation technologique, dans son rapport à la production industrielle, est un champ d'étude qui a fait et continue de faire l'objet de travaux nombreux et importants, tel n'est pas le cas de l'innovation relative aux services. Tout se passe comme si le caractère prétendument "immatériel" de ces activités interdisait que l'on se penche sur leur processus d'innovation avec des méthodes d'observation et d'analyse quelque peu fondées. Ainsi, les services continuent-ils d'être perçus négativement en termes d'innovation, de même qu'ils le furent longtemps en tant que secteur économique résiduel. Quand la littérature économique s'intéresse à l'innovation dans les services, c'est, le plus souvent, sur celle d'un autre secteur économique qu'elle porte son attention. L'innovation est en effet définie dans le sens restrictif de l'adoption d'innovations technologiques par les services.Or, l'efficacité de ces activités et leur avenir dépen-dent de ces processus d'innovation. La meilleure compréhen-sion de ceux-ci est un enjeu d'autant plus important que le trait majeur de l'économie contemporaine est sans doute la montée en puissance des activités de service, qui sont désormais largement majoritaires dans l'emploi et la valeur ajoutée. | Economie, services | |
| Digital Transformation | Estonia’s Roadmap to Information Society. | Estonia’s Informatics Council | Estonian | 1994 | Estonia’s , informatics, council | ||
| Digital Transformation | Forrest S. and Jones T. | Modeling complex adaptive systems with echo | In 'Complec systems: mechanisms of adaptation'; IOS Press: Amsterdam. | 1994 | Complex adaptive systems (CAS) consist of many interacting and adapting components. Echo is a computational CAS model in which evolving agents are situated in a resource-limited environment. Different views of the notion of species within Echo are compared to biological experiments on relative species abundance, specifically to Preston's "canonical" lognormal distribution. | CAS, echo, evolving agents, environment | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/74f8/9c83c59567552053f49625fe016fe3707133.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Gibbons M., Limoges C., Nowotny H., Schwartzman S., Scott P. and Trow M. | The new production of knowledge: the dynamics of science and research in contemporary societies | Sage, London | 1994 | In this provocative and broad-ranging work, the authors argue that the ways in which knowledge - scientific, social and cultural - is produced are undergoing fundamental changes at the end of the twentieth century. They claim that these changes mark a distinct shift into a new mode of knowledge production which is replacing or reforming established institutions, disciplines, practices and policies. Identifying features of the new mode of knowledge production - reflexivity, transdisciplinarity, heterogeneity - the authors show how these features connect with the changing role of knowledge in social relations. While the knowledge produced by research and development in science and technology is accorded central concern, the authors also outline the changing dimensions of social scientific and humanities knowledge and the relations between the production of knowledge and its dissemination through education. | knowledge, change, science knowledge, humanities knowledge | https://www.amazon.es/New-Production-Knowledge-Contemporary-Societies/dp/0803977948 |
| Digital Transformation | Amabile, T. M., Hill, K. G., Hennessey, B. A., & Tighe, E. M. | The Work Preference Inventory: Assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations | Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 950-967 | 1994 | The Work Preference Inventory (WPI) is designed to assess individual differences in intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations. Both the college student and the working adult versions aim to capture the major elements of intrinsic motivation (self-determination, competence, task involvement, curiosity, enjoyment, and interest) and extrinsic motivation (concerns with competition, evaluation, recognition, money or other tangible incentives, and constraint by others). The instrument is scored on two primary scales, each subdivided into 2 secondary scales. The WPI has meaningful factor structures, adequate internal consistency, good short-term test-retest reliability, and good longer term stability. Moreover, WPI scores are related in meaningful ways to other questionnaire and behavioral measures of motivation, as well as personality characteristics, attitudes, and behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) | Work inventory, assessing intrinsic, extrinsic motivational, orientations | |
| Public service value co creation | Babin, B, J, Darden, W, R, & Griffin, M | Work and/or Fun: Measuring Hedonic and Utilitarian Shopping Value | Journal of Consumer Research | 1994 | Consumer researchers' growing interest in consumer experiences has revealed that many consumption activities produce both hedonic and utilitarian outcomes. Thus, there is an increasing need for scales to assess consumer perceptions of both hedonic and utilitarian values. This article describes the development of a scale measuring both values obtained from the pervasive consumption experience of shopping. The authors develop and validate the scale using a multistep process. The results demonstrate that distinct hedonic and utilitarian shopping value dimensions exist and are related to a number of important consumption variables. Implications for further applications of the scale are discussed. | Hedonic, Utilitarian, value | https://doi.org/10.1086/209376 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Kauffman S. | At Home in the Universe | Oxford University Press | 1995 | A major scientific revolution has begun, a new paradigm that rivals Darwin's theory in importance. At its heart is the discovery of the order that lies deep within the most complex of systems, from the origin of life, to the workings of giant corporations, to the rise and fall of great civilizations. And more than anyone else, this revolution is the work of one man, Stuart Kauffman, a MacArthur Fellow and visionary pioneer of the new science of complexity. Now, in At Home in the Universe, Kauffman brilliantly weaves together the excitement of intellectual discovery and a fertile mix of insights to give the general reader a fascinating look at this new science--and at the forces for order that lie at the edge of chaos. We all know of instances of spontaneous order in nature--an oil droplet in water forms a sphere, snowflakes have a six-fold symmetry. What we are only now discovering, Kauffman says, is that the range of spontaneous order is enormously greater than we had supposed. Indeed, self-organization is a great undiscovered principle of nature. But how does this spontaneous order arise? Kauffman contends that complexity itself triggers self-organization, or what he calls "order for free," that if enough different molecules pass a certain threshold of complexity, they begin to self-organize into a new entity--a living cell. Kauffman uses the analogy of a thousand buttons on a rug--join two buttons randomly with thread, then another two, and so on. At first, you have isolated pairs; later, small clusters; but suddenly at around the 500th repetition, a remarkable transformation occurs--much like the phase transition when water abruptly turns to ice--and the buttons link up in one giant network. Likewise, life may have originated when the mix of different molecules in the primordial soup passed a certain level of complexity and self-organized into living entities (if so, then life is not a highly improbable chance event, but almost inevitable). Kauffman uses the basic insight of "order for free" to illuminate a staggering range of phenomena. We see how a single-celled embryo can grow to a highly complex organism with over two hundred different cell types. We learn how the science of complexity extends Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection: that self-organization, selection, and chance are the engines of the biosphere. And we gain insights into biotechnology, the stunning magic of the new frontier of genetic engineering--generating trillions of novel molecules to find new drugs, vaccines, enzymes, biosensors, and more. Indeed, Kauffman shows that ecosystems, economic systems, and even cultural systems may all evolve according to similar general laws, that tissues and terra cotta evolve in similar ways. And finally, there is a profoundly spiritual element to Kauffman's thought. If, as he argues, life were bound to arise, not as an incalculably improbable accident, but as an expected fulfillment of the natural order, then we truly are at home in the universe. Kauffman's earlier volume, The Origins of Order, written for specialists, received lavish praise. Stephen Jay Gould called it "a landmark and a classic." And Nobel Laureate Philip Anderson wrote that "there are few people in this world who ever ask the right questions of science, and they are the ones who affect its future most profoundly. Stuart Kauffman is one of these." In At Home in the Universe, this visionary thinker takes you along as he explores new insights into the nature of life. | Home, universe | https://www.amazon.com/At-Home-Universe-Self-Organization-Complexity/dp/0195111303 |
| Public service value co creation | Moore, M | Creating public value: Strategic management in government | Cambridge: Harvard university press | 1995 | A seminal figure in the field of public management, Mark Moore presents his summation of fifteen years of research, observation, and teaching about what public sector executives should do to improve the performance of public enterprises. Useful for both practicing public executives and those who teach them, this book explicates some of the richest of several hundred cases used at Harvard's Kennedy School and illuminates their broader lessons for government managers. Moore addresses four questions that have long bedeviled public administration: What should citizens and their representatives expect and demand from public executives? What sources can public managers consult to learn what is valuable for them to produce? How should public managers cope with inconsistent and fickle political mandates? How can public managers find room to innovate? Moore’s answers respond to the well-understood difficulties of managing public enterprises in modern society by recommending specific, concrete changes in the practices of individual public managers: how they envision what is valuable to produce, how they engage their political overseers, and how they deliver services and fulfill obligations to clients. Following Moore’s cases, we witness dilemmas faced by a cross-section of public managers: William Ruckelshaus and the Environmental Protection Agency; Jerome Miller and the Department of Youth Services; Miles Mahoney and the Park Plaza Redevelopment Project; David Sencer and the swine flu scare; Lee Brown and the Houston Police Department; Harry Spence and the Boston Housing Authority. Their work, together with Moore’s analysis, reveals how public managers can achieve their true goal of producing public value. | public enterprise, management, public value, services, innovation | https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674175587 |
| Digital Transformation | Drechsler, W. | Estonia in Transition | World Affairs 157(3), 111–17 | 1995 | Estonia, transition | https://www.jstor.org/stable/20672420 | |
| Public service value co creation | Phelps C. | Les fondements de l’économie de la santé | Editions Publi Union (édition originale : Phelps C. (1992), Health Economics, Harper-Collins Publishers Inc., New- York) | 1995 | La santé représente aujourd'hui un enjeu financier de taille pour les pays riches, au point d'avoir donné naissance à une nouvelle discipline : l'Economie de la santé. Elle concerne désormais tous les acteurs du système : corps médical, cadres hospitaliers, responsables d'assurance maladie... Quel est le rôle et le poids de chacun ? Comment l'action des uns se répercute-t-elle sur l'ensemble ? De quels facteurs dépend la demande de santé ? Comment analyser l'intervention de l'Etat ? De pays à pays les systèmes sont-ils comparables ? Autant de questions fondamentales auxquelles répond cet ouvrage. Charles Phelps dresse un panorama complet de toutes les variables du système. Partant de données concrètes, il propose une démonstration économique claire et irréprochable. Le raisonnement est étayé par de nombreuses études lourdes menées sur le long terme aux Etats-Unis, qui permettent de dégager des conclusions universelles. Véritable outil de compréhension et de prospective, ce livre s'adresse à ceux qui souhaitent pouvoir imaginer l'avenir du système de santé dans nos économies développées. | Fondements, économie, santé | |
| Public service value co creation | Ross, K. | Speaking in tongues: involving users in day care services | British Journal of Social Work | 1995 | The new focus on the importance of user involvement within a range of public services, as witnessed by legislation and policy such as the NHS and Community Care Act (1990) and the Citizen's and other Charters, has significant implicaions for the way in which users will be encouraged to have a voice in service planning and delivery. A crucial factor in the success of participative strategies is training for both users and workers, to enable involvement and participation to be something more than token. This paper is based on a study which set out to explore the reality behind the rhetoric of user involvement in day care services. It found that the most significant factor in determining the extent of user involvement in day centres was the organizational culture of individual establishents. Empowering strategies were more likely to exist in those centres where staff felt valued and where senior officers were committed to the principle of power-sharing and partnership between users and workers: training was rarely provided for users and workers as a matter of routine. A number of suggestions are made as to ways forward, in the light of research findings. | day care, mental health, inservice training, communities, social work, physical disabilities, learning, adult care services, research studies, committee meetings | https://www.jstor.org/stable/23710510?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |
| Service Design | Stake, R. E. | The art of case study research | Sage | 1995 | This book presents a disciplined, qualitative exploration of case study methods by drawing from naturalistic, holistic, ethnographic, phenomenological and biographic research methods. Robert E. Stake uses and annotates an actual case study to answer such questions as: How is the case selected? How do you select the case which will maximize what can be learned? How can what is learned from one case be applied to another? How can what is learned from a case be interpreted? In addition, the book covers: the differences between quantitative and qualitative approaches; data-gathering including document review; coding, sorting and pattern analysis; the roles of the researcher; triangulation; and reporting. | The art, study research | https://acovilon.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/art-of-case-study-research-by-stake-robert-e-textbook-pdf-download.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Frederickson, H G | Comparing the Reinventing Government Movement with the New Public Administration | Public Administration Review, 56.3 (1996) : 263-270 | 1996 | In this article, the reinventing government movement is compared with the new public administration along six dimensions. A strongly felt need to change bureaucracy differently. Both movements seek relevantrly and responsiveness, but in different ways. Issues of rationality, methodology, and epistemology are more important in the new public administration than in the reinventing government movement. Both movements conceptualize organization similarly. The reinventing government movement has a stronger commitment to market approaches for the provision of public services and to mecahnisms for public choice. Reinventing government is popular electoral politics for executives (presidents, governors, mayors) and is more radical than new public administration. The new public administration prompted subtle, incremental shifts toward democratic management practices and social equity. The results of reinventing government, so far, are short-run increases in efficiency purchased at a likely long-range cost in administrative capacity and social equity. | governance, bureaucracy, organization, market approah | https://sites.duke.edu/niou/files/2011/05/Frederickson-Comparing-the-Reinventing-Government-Movement-with-the-New-Public-Administration.pdf |
| Digital Transformation | Ostrom, E. | Crossing the Great Divide: Copro- duction, Synergy, and Development | World Deve- lopment 24 (6), S. 1073-1087 | 1996 | Coproduction is a process through which inputs from individuals who are not “in” the same organization are transformed into goods and services. Two cases are presented — one from Brazil and one from Nigeria — where public officials play a major role. In Brazil, public officials actively encourage a high level of citizen input to the production of urban infrastructure. In Nigeria, public officials discourage citizen contributions to primary education. The third section of the paper provides a brief overview of the theory of coproduction and its relevance for understanding the two cases. The last section addresses the implications of coproduction in polycentric systems for synergy and development. | Crossing great divide, coproduction, synergy, development | https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00023-X |
| Public Sector Innovation | Beyers W.B., Lindahl. | Explaining the demand for producer services: is cost-driven externalization the major factor? | Papers in Regional Science, vol. 75 pp. 351-374 | 1996 | Producer services employment has grown rapidly within advanced economies in recent years. The bases of demand related to this growth are not well understood by regional scientists. A common view is that this growth is largely attributable to cost-driven factors and vertical disintegration processes on the part of producer service users. This paper demonstrates that cost-driven externalization is not the most important force underlying growth in demand for producer services. The need for specialized knowledge is by far the most important factor behind producer services demand, combined with a variety of other cost, quasi-cost, and non-cost-driven forces. | Demand for producer services, cost-driven externalization | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1996.tb00669.x |
| Public Sector Innovation | J.M. Epstein and R. Axtell. Growing Artificial Societies, Social Science from the Bottom Up. | Growing Artificial Societies, Social Science from the Bottom Up. | Brookings Institution Press | 1996 | How do social structures and group behaviors arise from the interaction of individuals? Growing Artificial Societies approaches this question with cutting-edge computer simulation techniques. Fundamental collective behaviors such as group formation, cultural transmission, combat, and trade are seen to "emerge" from the interaction of individual agents following a few simple rules. In their program, named Sugarscape, Epstein and Axtell begin the development of a "bottom up" social science that is capturing the attention of researchers and commentators alike. The study is part of the 2050 Project, a joint venture of the Santa Fe Institute, the World Resources Institute, and the Brookings Institution. The project is an international effort to identify conditions for a sustainable global system in the next century and to design policies to help achieve such a system. | Growing artificial societies, social science | https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=xXvelSs2caQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Growing+Artificial+Societies,+Social+Science+from+the+Bottom+Up.&ots=_iJ02FYIuu&sig=Z08Hgz1ALcBLPHaZ6TExO_rrYhs#v=onepage&q=Growing%20Artificial%20Societies%2C%20Social%20Science%20from%20the%20Bottom%20Up.&f=false |
| Social Innovation | Gadrey J. | L’économie des services | Collection Repères, La découverte, Paris | 1996 | L’économie des services | https://excerpts.numilog.com/books/9782707121615.pdf | |
| Digital Transformation | Perry, J. L. | Measuring public service motivation: An assessment of construct reliability and validity | Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 6(1), 5-22 | 1996 | The public administration literature makes many assertions that the motivations of individuals who pursue public service careers differ in important ways from other members of American society. This research advances the study of these assertions by creating a scale to measure public service motivation. Public service motivation (PSM) represents an individual's predisposition to respond to motives grounded primarily or uniquely in public institutions. The construct is associated conceptually with six dimensions: attraction to public policy making, commitment to the public interest, civic duty, social justice, self-sacrifice, and compassion. Likert-type items are developed for each dimension to create the PSM scale. The measurement theory for the scale is tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The present study reports initial reliability and validity results. | Public service, motivation, assessment | DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024303 |
| Public Sector Innovation | E. Bruderer and J.V. Singh. | Organizational evolution, learning, and se- lection: A genetic-algorithm-based model | The Academy of Management Journal, 39:1322–1349 | 1996 | This study proposes a relatively simple computational model of organizational evolution based on the genetic algorithm. The model includes three organizational processes: variation, adaptation, and selection of routines. We use the model to demonstrate theoretically that environmental selection influences adaptation and adaptation, in turn, influences the selection process in a Darwinian model of evolution. Results of computer simulations are consistent with empirical observations, including the existence of three distinct phases of organizational evolution and the emergence of a dominant organizational design. | Organizational evolution, learning, selection | https://doi.org/10.5465/257001 |
| Public service value co creation | Ravald, A, & Gronroos, C | The value concept and relationship marketing | European Journal of Marketing | 1996 | The value concept is a basic constituent of relationship marketing. The ability to provide superior value to customers is a prerequisite when trying to establish and maintain long-term customer relationships. Stresses the fact that the underlying construct of customer satisfaction is more than a perception of the quality received. What must be taken into account as well is the customer’s need of quality improvements and his willingness to pay for it. From a relationship perspective these aspects are fundamental, since they are both related to the costs of the parties involved. Suggests that a reduction in customer-perceived costs may be a most recommendable method of providing value to the customer, since, done properly, it can improve the internal cost efficiency as well. It is then possible to establish and maintain mutually profitable customer relationships, which is of prime concern in relationship marketing. | Value, concept, marketing | DOI:10.1108/03090569610106626 |
| Public service value co creation | Roberts N. C. and King P. J. | Transforming Public Policy: Dynamics of Policy Entrepreneurship and Innovation | San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. | 1996 | Transforming Public Policy shows how to influence and fundamentally redirect public policy through the strategic use of policy entrepreneurship and innovation. Using the example of a single in-depth study "public school choice in Minnesota" the authors provide specific guidelines for achieving large-scale system change. The case illustrates the entire process of entrepreneur-driven radical change by following the issue of public school choice from its beginning, as an innovative idea, through its four-year legislative process, to its implementation into practice within the Minnesota school system. Includes personal profiles of six change agents who worked toward this large-scale transformation and chronicles their activities, strategies, and tactics, providing an insightful analysis of what it takes to be a successful policy entrepreneur. | public policy, entrepreneurship, innovation, change | https://www.amazon.com/Transforming-Public-Policy-Entrepreneurship-Administration/dp/0787902020 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Hastings, A. | Unravelling the process of Partnership in urban regeneration policy | Urban Studies 33 (2): 253-268 | 1996 | In the UK, there is a political consensus that a multi-sectoral partnership approach is essential to achieve urban regeneration. As a term, however, 'partnership' is overused, ambiguous and politicised. The Conservative government has inscribed 'partnership' with a complex political agenda. It is not clear whether the politics of partnership are still dominated by a Thatcherite agenda of privatising and centralising urban policy or whether a new, more democratic era has been entered. The paper explores how the stakeholders in the central government-led Scottish Urban Partnerships conceive of the nature of their interrelationships within this political context. It also presents a conceptualisation of partnership processes which extends and refines the framework put forward by Mackintosh (1992). The paper concludes that the Urban Partnerships are essentially limited applications of the potential of the partnership approach. | UK, partnership, stakeholders, political agenda | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00420989650011997 |
| Public service value co creation | Clary, EG, Snyder, M, & Stukas, A | Volunteers' Motivations: Findings from a National Survey | Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly | 1996 | The present investigation used responses to Independent Sector's 1992 national survey of giving and volunteering in the United States to address several questions about the motivations of volunteers. Drawing on the functional approach to volunteers' motivations, and its operationalization in the Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI), relations between motivations and various aspects of volunteer behavior were examined, along with associations of motivations and demographic variables. Analyses revealed that current volunteers and nonvolunteers differed on motivations; people with different volunteering histories revealed different motivational patterns; unique combinations of motivations were associated with different types of volunteering activities; and motivational differences were associated with different demographic groups. The implications of these findings for understanding the nature and function of the motivations to volunteer, and the applications to the practice of volunteerism, are discussed. | Volunteers' motivations | https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0899764096254006 |
| Service Design | D.A. Levinthal. | Adaptation on rugged landscapes | Management Science, 43:934–950 | 1997 | A simple model is developed to explore the interrelationship between processes of organizational level change and population selection forces. A critical property of the model is that the effect on organizational fitness of the various attributes that constitute an organization's form is interactive. As a result of these interaction effects, the fitness landscape is “rugged.” An organization's form at founding has a persistent effect on its future form when there are multiple peaks in the fitness landscape, since the particular peak that an organization discovers is influenced by its starting position in the space of alternative organizational forms. Selection pressures influence the distribution of the organizational forms that emerge from the process of local adaptation. The ability of established organizations to respond to changing environments is importantly conditioned by the extent to which elements of organizational form interact in their effect on organizational fitness. Tightly coupled organizations are subject to high rates of failure in changing environments. Furthermore, successful “reorientations” are strongly associated with survival for tightly coupled organizations, but not for more loosely coupled organizations that are able to engage in effective local adaptation. | Adaptation, rugged landscapes | https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.43.7.934 |
| Social Innovation | Scott, P. G. | Assessing determinants of bureaucratic discretion: An experiment in street-level decision making. | Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 7(1), 35–58 | 1997 | This article reports findings from an experimental analogue that examined the influence of several potential determinants of bureaucratic discretion in street-level bureaucracies. The findings showed that two factors, the level of organizational control and client characteristics, played an influential role in the awarding of benefits and services to clients seeking public assistance. A third factor, professional field, was also a determinant of award, although the level of its influence was far less than organizational and client-related factors. In contrast to several prior studies, individual decision-maker attributes were found to be among the least influential determinants of award. Together these findings show how factors extraneous to client need contribute to differential judgments and treatment of clients, and they serve to qualify traditional role conceptions of the front line service provider as described in the literature on street-level bureaucracy. | bureaucratic discretion, organization/client-related factors, street-level bureaucracy | https://academic.oup.com/jpart/article-abstract/7/1/35/1500882/ |
| Social Innovation | Amable B., Barré R. and Boyer R. | Diversity coherence and transformation of innovation systems | Science in tomorrow’s Europe', Paris, Economica International, p. 33- 49 | 1997 | There is a paradox of European innovation - namely, the discrepancy between Europe's great scientific capacities and its relatively feeble technological performance overall. European countries have difficulty adjusting their scientific research to meet emerging social demands and economic opportunities. Demands in health, education, the environment, and the need to keep their industries technologically competitive are at stake. Under what conditions will scientific research produce knowledge that is apt to meet social needs? How fast can scientific research in the European Union adapt to the new economic configurations and stimulate industrial innovation for greater competitiveness? Can member states overcome their diversity and find a path towards genuine cooperation, including in such fields as defence? But who has the authority to set up research agendas? How might the accountability of scientists be increased? When and how can citizens be involved in the shaping of future technologies? What are the respective roles of regions, national governments and the European Commission in the shaping of the European research system on the 21st century? Such crucial questions are addressed by prominent European specialists in science and technology policy. They examine the diverse facets of scientific research and innovation systems and their relationships with society and the economy, both at national and European levels, in view of the challenges ahead. | innovation, competitiveness, cooperation, government, European Commission | https://www.iberlibro.com/Science-Tomorrows-Europe-Barr%C3%A9-R%C3%A9mi-eds/1597930700/bd |
| Public Sector Innovation | Gallouj, F. and O. Weinstein. | Innovation in Services | Research Policy, 26 (4-5): 537-556 | 1997 | The purpose of this article is to lay the foundations of a theory that can be used to interpret innovation processes in the service sector. The hypothesis underpinning this article is based on Lancaster's definition of the product (in both manufacturing and services) as a set of service characteristics [Lancaster, K.J., 1966. A New Approach to Consumer Theory. J. Political Economy 14, 133–156.]. The article follows the example of those who have sought to apply Lancaster's work to technological phenomena. Various modes of innovation in the service sectors are highlighted and illustrated. | Innovation, services | DOI:10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00030-9 |
| Service Design | McSwite O.C. | Legitimacy in public administration: A discourse analysis. | SAGE | 1997 | In this "postmodern, end-of-the-century" moment, the question of what role public administration can legitimately play in a democratic society has deepened and taken on increased urgency. At the same time the movement toward global marketization has gained enormous momentum, traditional prejudices and racial and ethnic violence have appeared with a renewed virulence, presenting unprecedented challenges to democratic governments. Legitimacy in Public Administration reveals how the issue of administrative legitimacy is directly implicated, indeed central, to this broader issue. It argues that legitimacy hinges at the generic level on the question of alterityùhow to regard and relate to "different others." This book reviews the history of the legitimacy issue in the literature of American public administration with the purpose of demonstrating that this discourse has been distorted by an underlying and undisclosed commitment to an elitist "Man of Reason" model of the public administratorÆs role. Current attempts to reformulate administration to meet the challenge of new conditions will fail, the author argues, because they have not escaped the grip of this implicit distortion. Legitimacy in Public Administration includes a challenging concluding chapter that uses insights from gender theory and demonstrates the connection between the legitimacy question and the critical problem of alterity. The author also offers a new way to fundamentally reframe the legitimacy question, so as not only to help the field of public administration resolve it, but to show how this resolution can create a new understanding of the problem of racial and ethnic prejudice. | public administration, democracy, legitimacy, societal challenges | https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=d4M2D5MVCKkC&dq=Legitimacy+in+public+administration:+A+discourse+analysis.&lr=&hl=es&source=gbs_navlinks_s |
| Public Sector Innovation | Mulroy, E.A. and S. Shay. | Nonprofit organizations and innovation: A model of neighborhood-based collaboration to prevent child maltreatment | Social Work 42 (5): 515-524 | 1997 | Public policymakers increasingly are contracting with nonprofit organizations (NPOs) for innovations in the creation of new service systems in low-income communities. Interorganizational collaboration and cooperation are essential to such innovation. Neighborhood-based institutional arrangements require social work practitioners to work across multiple systems simultaneously—skills that most are not trained to possess. This article develops a theoretical and conceptual framework for neighborhood-based collaboration by NPOs; analyzes the main concepts of innovation in the design and implementation of a collaboration to prevent child maltreatment in an undervalued neighborhood; and draws implications for social policy, social work practice, and social work research. | Nonprofit organizations, innovation, child maltreatment | https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/42.5.515 |
| Public service value co creation | Kickert, W JM, and Koppenjan, JF | Public Management and Network Management: An Overview | Managing Complex Networks, London: Sage | 1997 | In this article we address the elaboration of the central concepts of a theory of networks and of network management. We suggest that the network approach builds on several theoretical traditions. After this we clarify the theoretical concepts and axioms of the policy network approach and argue that this framework has important explanatory power both on the level of strategic interaction processes as well as on the level of institutional relations. We argue that government's special resources and its unique legitimacy as representative of the common Interest make it the outstanding candidate for fulfilling the role of network manager, a role which means arranging and facilitating interaction processes within networks In such a way that problems of under or non representation are properly addressed and interests are articulated and dealt with in an open, transparent and balanced manner | Public management, network management | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030000000007 |
| Public service value co creation | Stahel W. | The Functional Economy: Cultural and Organizational Change | In 'The industrial green game: implications for environmental design and management'; Washington DC, National Academy Press | 1997 | A functional economy is one that optimizes the use (or function) of goods and services and thus the management of existing wealth (goods. knowledge, and nature). The economic objective of the functional economy is to create the highest possible use value for the longest possible time while consuming as few material resources and energy as possible. This functional economy is therefore considerably more sustainable, or dematerialized, than the present economy, which is focused on production and related material flows as its principal means to create wealth. One aim of this chapter is to sketch out a functional economy. The other is to show the social, cultural, and organizational change that may arise in shifting from a production-oriented economy toward a functional or service-oriented economy. | functional economy, value, resources, change, service-oriented | http://www.product-life.org/fr/node/153 |
| Service Design | D.J. (ed) | The industrial green game: implications for environmental design and management | Washington DC, National Academy Press, p. 91-100 | 1997 | Overview: the industrial green game - implications for environmental design and management. Concepts: industrial ecology - closing the loop on waste materials industrial ecology - metrics, systems and technological choices energetics concepts drawn from electricity production and consumption the functional economy - cultural and organizational change environmental constraints and the evolution of the private firm. Examples of environmental design and management: the industrial symbiosis at Kalundborg, Denmark environmental prioritization improving environmental performance through effective measurement Hydro Aluminium's experience with industrial ecololgy Europipe Development Project managing a pipeline project in a complex and sensitive environment environmental strategies in the mining industry - one company's experience. Some analytical tools: accounting for environmental cost industrial ecology - some issues of public perception, understanding and values consumer perception of environmentalism in the triad a critique of life-cycle analysis - paper products Japan's changing environmental policy, government initiative and industry responses. | Industrial green game, environmental design, management | https://dpotmkm8y6ob6.cloudfront.net/6bccd7abea3c08de9b6138cf020c5b.pdf |
| Service Design | Frederickson, H.G. | The Spirit of Public Administration | San Francisco: Jossey-Bass | 1997 | In this field-defining, broad approach to the study and practice of public administration, H. George Frederickson, one of the field's most respected scolars, carefully measures the meets and bounds of public administration and fixes its place in the context of changing politics, values, and ethics. He describes a robust and exciting public administration that includes, but is much more than, effective government management. The Spirit of Public Administration defines an ethic for the field that illustrates: What the differences are between public administration and government administration, and how these differences redefine the field. How to practice ethical and energetic public administration in the context of contemporary politics. Why fairness and benevolence are as important as efficiency and economy. What implications are evident in the transition from government to governance. Frederickson strongly defAnds broad grants of discretion to public administrators and then lays out the proper norms and ethic which should inform that discretion. And he firmly argues that the effectiveness of democratic government and modern governance, not just for the majority of but for all citizens, depAnds on the energetic exercise of bureaucratic discretion. The book concludes with seven principles that should guide everyone who works in public settings. Students and scholars will find The Spirit of Public Administration an exhilarating and challenging perspective. | public administration, value, ethics, governance, economy | https://www.amazon.com/Spirit-Public-Administration-George-Frederickson/dp/0787902950 |
| Public service value co creation | Rhodes, R, A, W | Understanding governance : policy networks, governance, reflexivity and accountability | Maidenhead: Open University Press | 1997 | Understanding Governance asks: * What has changed in British government over the past two decades, how and why? * Why do so many government policies fail? * What does the shift from government to governance mean for the practice and study of British government? This book provides a challenging reinterpretation which interweaves an account of recent institutional changes in central, local and European Union government with methodological innovations and theoretical analysis. It emphasizes: the inability of the 'Westminster model', with its accent on parliamentary sovereignty and strong executive leadership, to account for persistent policy failure; the 'hollowing out' of British government from above (the European Union), below (special purpose bodies) and sideways (to agencies); and the need to respond to the postmodern challenge, rethinking the methodological and theoretical assumptions in the study of British government. | Governance, policy networks, accountability | https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00107 |
| Service Design | Rhodes, R.A.W. | Understanding governance: policy networks, governance, reflexivity and accountability | Maidenhead: Open University Press | 1997 | Understanding Governance asks: * What has changed in British government over the past two decades, how and why?. * Why do so many government policies fail?. * What does the shift from government to governance mean for the practice and study of British government? This book provides a challenging reinterpretation which interweaves an account of recent institutional changes in central, local and European Union government with methodological innovations and theoretical analysis. It emphasizes: the inability of the 'Westminster model', with its accent on parliamentary sovereignty and strong executive leadership, to account for persistent policy failure; the 'hollowing out' of British government from above (the European Union), below (special purpose bodies) and sideways (to agencies); and the need to respond to the postmodern challenge, rethinking the methodological and theoretical assumptions in the study of British government. | governance, UK government, policy, institutional set-up, theory | https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/336524/ |
| Public service value co creation | Kelly, R.M. | An Inclusive Democratic Policy, Representative Bureaucracies, and the New Public Management | Public Administration Review | 1998 | Total Quality Management and New Public Management (NPM) offers elements that could help raise governmental performance levels. NPM can operate effectively when government works within the framework of the U.S. Constitution. The NPM promotes equitable distribution of public resources. | public management, governance, norm | https://www.jstor.org/stable/976560?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |
| Digital Transformation | M. Mitchell. | An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms | MIT Press | 1998 | Genetic algorithms (GAs) are search and optimization tools, which work differently compared to classical search and optimization methods. Because of their broad applicability, ease of use, and global perspective, GAs have been increasingly applied to various search and optimization problems in the recent past. In this paper, a brief description of a simple GA is presented. Thereafter, GAs to handle constrained optimization problems are described. Because of their population approach, they have also been extended to solve other search and optimization problems efficiently, including multimodal, multiobjective and scheduling problems, as well as fuzzy-GA and neuro-GA implementations. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers to the concept of GAs and their scope of application. | Introduction, genetic algorithms | https://www.whitman.edu/Documents/Academics/Mathematics/2014/carrjk.pdf |
| Living Labs | King, C.S. and Strivers, C. | Citizens and administrators: roles and relationships | In 'Government is us: Public Administration in an anti-government era', Sage: California | 1998 | Examines the current anti government climate in USA, and its effect on the working lives of administrators and their relationships with citizens. | governance, public administration, citizens, participation | https://books.google.com.mx/books/about/Government_Is_Us.html?id=QeVBVVdZCmcC&redir_esc=y |
| Social Innovation | Potter G. | Collaborative critical reflection and interpretation in qualitative research. | Working Paper | 1998 | This paper focuses on the role of collaboration in facilitating critical reflection and interpretation of data in a collaborative research project undertaken by school-based and university-based researchers. The popular image of research in the natural and social sciences has long been dominated by the figure of the lone researcher, but this image is contrary to the very social nature of the research process and renders invisible the researcher's connections to the participants and others who make valuable contributions. As researchers begin to deconstruct their own research practices, they begin to see how the social and collaborative interactions shape their outcomes. This paper provides an overview of the nature of the collaborative research project, discusses the reality of collaborative research, and explores the role of collaboration in critical reflection, interpretation, and the co-construction of professional knowledge. The research project that provides the context for the discussion was a qualitative and collaborative study of four early-years teacher-researchers who work with children from diverse family contexts. The ongoing research project is exploring teachers' talk about and critical reflections on their own investigations of the home literacies and "funds of knowledge" of a small group of students. The study also brought the power of collaboration in the generation of new professional knowledge into the foreground. (Contains 52 references.) (SLD) | cooperation, data analysis, educational research, qualitative research, social science research, teacher researchers | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED441853 |
| Service Design | Gallouj F. | Innovating in reverse: services and the reverse product cycle | European Journal of Innovation Management, 1 (3), 123-138 | 1998 | As they account for the largest share of employment and value added, services do not (or cannot) lie outside a Schumpeterian view of innovation phenomena. Of the various attempts at shedding more light on the mechanisms of innovation in service industries and firms, we consider the “reverse product cycle” to warrant special attention because of its highly thought‐provoking nature and its theoretical ambition. This article has two objectives: first, to present this interesting and still neglected theoretical study, and second, to evaluate on a theoretical and empirical level the extent to which Barras’ model meets the objective of a “theory of innovation in services”. | innovation, models, service industries | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/14601069810230207/full/html |
| Public service value co creation | King, C.S. and Strivers, C. | Introduction: the anti-government era | In 'Public Administration in an anti-government era', Sage: California | 1998 | Examines the current anti government climate in USA, and its effect on the working lives of administrators and their relationships with citizens. | governance, public administration, citizens, participation | https://www.worldcat.org/title/government-is-us-public-administration-in-an-anti-government-era/oclc/37594178/viewport |
| Social Innovation | Podolny J.M., Page K. L. | Network forms of organization | Annual Review of Sociology, 24, p. 57-76 | 1998 | Initial sociological interest in network forms of organization was motivated in part by a critique of economic views of organization. Sociologists sought to highlight the prevalence and functionality of organizational forms that could not be classified as markets or hierarchies. As a result of this work, we now know that network forms of organization foster learning, represent a mechanism for the attainment of status or legitimacy, provide a variety of economic benefits, facilitate the management of resource dependencies, and provide considerable autonomy for employees. However, as sociologists move away from critiquing what are now somewhat outdated economic views, they need to balance the exclusive focus on prevalence and functionality with attention to constraint and dysfunctionality. The authors review work that has laid a foundation for this broader focus and suggest analytical concerns that should guide this literature as it moves forward. | networks, organization, alliances, governance, trust | https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.57 |
| Digital Transformation | de Sousa Santos, B. | Participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre: toward a redistributive democracy | Politics & Society, 26 (4), S. 461-510 | 1998 | Porto alegre, redistributive, democracy | https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329298026004003 | |
| Digital Transformation | Principles of Estonian Information Policy. | Principles of Estonian Information Policy | Estonian | 1998 | The current principles serve as basis for an action plan for establishing an information society. The publication is compiled by Estonian Information Centre and PHARE Public Administration Development Program. Into elaborating process of the principles were engaged Ivar Tallo and Arvo Ott from eGA. | Principles, information policy | https://ega.ee/publication/principles-of-estonian-information-policy/ |
| Social Innovation | Ventriss, C. | Radical democratic thought and contemporary American public administration: a substantive perspective | American Review of Public Administration | 1998 | This article argues that radical democratic thought, although to a large extent theoretically ignored in public administration, has an important role to play in raising critical issues that are interwoven with the political and economic fabric of society itself. Specifically, it contends that radical thought challenges the field to reconceptualize the role of democratic citizenship in a modern polity and to rethink the theoretical and intellectual development of public administration theory. | radical thought, citizenship, democracy, public administration | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/027507409802800301 |
| Service Design | Breitling, M., Heckmann, M., Luzius, M., & Nüttgens, M. | Service Engineering in der Ministerialverwaltung | Information Management & Consulting (IM) | 1998 | In addition to local authorities, or-ganizations of higher governmenttogether with their subordinateauthorities have to think about newways of working. This includes re-thinking their organization andtheir processes. Legally laid downresponsibilities require a specialproceeding in engineering newservices compared to private enter-prises. | Product, Public Sector, CustomerOrientation, Service Center,technology transfer | https://www.bwl.uni-hamburg.de/harcis/zentrum/team/chair/markus-nuettgens/publikationen/serviceengineering-ministerialverwaltung.PDF |
| Public Sector Innovation | Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. | Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. | Academy of Management Review | 1998 | Scholars of the theory of the firm have begun to emphasize the sources and conditions of what has been described as “the organizational advantage,” rather than focus on the causes and consequences of market failure. Typically, researchers see such organizational advantage as accruing from the particular capabilities organizations have for creating and sharing knowledge. In this article we seek to contribute to this body of work by developing the following arguments: (1) social capital facilitates the creation of new intellectual capital; (2) organizations, as institutional settings, are conducive to the development of high levels of social capital; and (3) it is because of their more dense social capital that firms, within certain limits, have an advantage over markets in creating and sharing intellectual capital. We present a model that incorporates this overall argument in the form of a series of hypothesized relationships between different dimensions of social capital and the main mechanisms and processes necessary for the creation of intellectual capital. | theory of the firm, organizational advantage, social capital, intellectual capital, organizations | https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amr.1998.533225 |
| Public service value co creation | Ingraham, PW, & Rosenboom, DH | The new public personnel and the new public service | International journal of public administration | 1998 | The New Public Administration sought a public service whose legitimacy would be based, in part, on its promotion of “social equity.” Since 1968, several personnel changes congruent with the New Public Administration have occurred: traditional managerial authority over public employees has been reduced through collective bargaining and changes in constitutional doctrines; the public service has become more socially representative; establishing a representative bureaucracy has become an important policy goal; more emphasis is now placed on employee participation in the work place; and legal changes regarding public administrators’ liability have promoted an “inner check” on their behavior. At the same time, however, broad systemic changes involving decentralization and the relationship between political officials and career civil servants have tended to undercut the impact of those changes in personnel. The theories of Minnowbrook I, therefore, have proven insufficient as a foundation for a new public service. Grounding the public service's legitimacy in the U.S. Constitution is a more promising alternative and is strongly recommended. | Public personnel, public service | https://doi.org/10.1080/01900699808525330 |
| Social Innovation | King, C.S., Feltey, K. and Susel, B.O. | The question of participation: toward authentic public participation in Public Administration | Public Administration Review | 1998 | How can the processes of public participation be improved? This study uses interviews and focus-group discussions to look for some answers. The results suggest that improving public participation requires changes in citizen and administrator roles and relationships and in administrative processes. Specifically, we need to move away from static and reactive processes toward more dynamic and deliberative processes. The article suggests some practical steps to achieve these changes | public administration, participation, focus-groups, process | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242278760_The_Question_of_Participation_Toward_Authentic_Public_Participation_in_Public_Administration |
| Public Sector Innovation | M.M. Crossan, H.W. Lane, and R.E. White. | An organizational learning framework: From intuition to institution | The Academy of Management Review | 1999 | Although interest in organizational learning has grown dramatically in recent years, a general theory of organizational learning has remained elusive. We identify renewal of the overall enterprise as the underlying phenomenon of interest and organizational learning as a principal means to this end. With this perspective we develop a framework for the process of organizational learning, presenting organizational learning as four processes—intuiting, interpreting, integrating, and institutionalizing—linking the individual, group, and organizational levels. | Organizational learning | https://doi.org/10.2307/259140 |
| Social Innovation | B. McKelvey. | Avoiding complexity catastrophe in coevolutionary pockets: Strategies for rugged landscapes | Organization Science, 10:294–321 | 1999 | Can firms and coevolutionary groups suffer from too much interdependent complexity? Is complexity theory an alternative explanation to competitive selection for the emergent order apparent in coevolutionary industry groups? The biologist Stewart Kauffman suggests a theory of complexity catastrophe offering universal principles explaining phenomena normally attributed to Darwinian natural selection theory. Kauffman's complexity theory seems to apply equally well to firms in coevolutionary pockets. Based on complexity theory, four kinds of complexity are identified. Kauffman's "NK[C] model" is positioned "at the edge of chaos" between complexity driven by "Newtonian" simple rules and rule-driven deterministic chaos. Kauffman's insight, which is the basis of the findings in this paper, is that complexity is both a consequence and a cause. Multicoevolutionary complexity in firms is defined by moving natural selection processes inside firms and down to a "parts" level of analysis, in this instance Porter's value chain level, to focus on microstate activities by agents. The assumptions of stochastically idiosyncratic microstates and coevolution in firms are analyzed. Competitive advantage, as a dependent variable, is defined in terms of Nash equilibrium fitness levels. This allows a translation of Kauffman's theory to firms, paying particular attention to (1) how value chain landscapes might be modeled, (2) assumptions underlying Kauffman's models making them amenable to firms, and (3) a delineation of seven of Kauffman's computational experiments. As part of the translation, possible parallels between the application of complexity catastrophe theory to coevolutionary pockets and studies by institutional theorists and social network analysts are discussed. The models derive from spin-glass microstate models resulting in Boolean games. Kauffman's Boolean statistical mechanics is introduced in developing the logic underlying the somewhat simplified NKM[C] model. The model allows the use of computational experiments to better understand how the dependent variable-value chain fitness-is affected by changes in the number of internal interdependencies K, the number of coevolutionary links with opponents C, the size of the coevolutionary pocket S, and the number of simultaneous adaptive changes, among other things. Various computational experiments are presented that suggest strategic organizing approaches most likely to foster competitive advantage. High or low Nash equilibrium fitness levels are shown to result from internal and external coevolutionary densities as a function of links among value chain competencies within a firm and between a firm and an opponent. Complexity phenomena appear to suggest a number of expected (and thus validating) and surprising strategies with respect to complex organizational interdependencies. For example, moderate complexity fares best and external coevolutionary complexity sets an upper bound to advantages likely to be gained from internal complexity. Various complexity "lessons" are discussed. Models such as the NK[C] could offer insights into strategic organizing. | Catastrophe, coevolutionary pockets, strategies, rrugged landscapes | DOI:10.1287/orsc.10.3.294 |
| Social Innovation | Hendricks, F. and Tops, P. | Between democracy and efficiency: trends in local government reform in the Netherlands and Germany | Public Administration | 1999 | In this article attention is drawn to a striking difference between recent attempts to reform local government in the Netherlands and in Germany. What has been the prime focus of attention in the Netherlands in the 1980s is being emphasized in Germany in the 1990s, and what is being emphasized in the Netherlands in the 1990s has been the prime focus of attention in Germany in the 1980s. Trends in local goverment reform in the Netherlands have been going from a focus on more efficiency to a focus on more democracy, while trends in local government reform in Germany have been going the other way around. Likely explanations for these intersecting reform trends are built on four pillars: financial crises, legitimacy crises, formal institutions and informal institutions | local government, reform, institutional set-up | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9299.00147 |
| Service Design | Sanders, E., & Dandavate, U. | Design for Experiencing: New Tools | First International Conference on Design and Emotion, TU Delft | 1999 | We propose that designers consider a mindset that allows them to derive inspiration for ideation from empathy for the emotional experiences of the people who will live with their design. We believe that end-users can and should be the most important players in the design process. | design, experience, user centered | http://echo.iat.sfu.ca/library/sanders_99_newTools.pdf |
| Service Design | Gaver, B., Dunne, T., & Pacenti, E. | Design: cultural probes. interactions | The Design Journal, 17(4), 606-623 | 1999 | As the local site coordinator finished his introduction to the meeting, our worries were increasing. The group had taken on a glazed look, showing polite interest, but no real enthusiasm. How would they react when we presented them with our packages? Would disinterest deepen to boredom, or even hostility? Cultural Probes Homo ludens impinges on his environment: He interrupts, changes, intensifies; he follows paths and in passing, leaves traces of his presence everywhere. | design, culture | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Design%3A-Cultural-probes-Gaver-Dunne/6ae8b855704dd60df8b186037dd38b43d92c40cd#paper-header |
| Public service value co creation | Atkinson R. | Discourses of partnership and empowerment in contemporary British urban regeneration | Urban Studies, 36 (1), p. 59-72 | 1999 | Drawing upon the work of Bourdieu, Foucault and Fairclough, this paper focuses on the discursive construction of partnership and empowerment in the official discourse of contemporary British urban regeneration. The paper argues that partnership and empowerment are not neutral terms but are discursive constructs, the meaning assigned to these terms is thus the result of the exercise of power, which in turn has a crucial role in structuring the discursive context within which urban regeneration partnerships operate. The paper's emphasis on official discourse constructs a top-down view of the regeneration process and the community's role in that process. These issues are investigated through a narrative which focuses on a key official document, Involving Communities in Urban and Rural Regeneration, providing guidance on community participation in urban regeneration partnerships. The paper concludes that the operation of these discursive constructs in urban regeneration reinforces existing social relations. | partnership, empowerment, discourse, community | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0042098993736 |
| Service Design | Barabasi A.L. and Albert R. | Emergence of Scaling in random Networks | Science | 1999 | Systems as diverse as genetic networks or the World Wide Web are best described as networks with complex topology. A common property of many large networks is that the vertex connectivities follow a scale-free power-law distribution. This feature was found to be a consequence of two generic mechanisms: (i) networks expand continuously by the addition of new vertices, and (ii) new vertices attach preferentially to sites that are already well connected. A model based on these two ingredients reproduces the observed stationary scale-free distributions, which indicates that the development of large networks is governed by robust self-organizing phenomena that go beyond the particulars of the individual systems. | networks, topology, vertices, organizations | https://science.sciencemag.org/content/286/5439/509.full |
| Living Labs | Thornton P. H. and Ocasio W. | Institutional logics and the historical contingency of power in organizations: Executive succession in the higher education publishing industry, 1958–1990 | American Journal of Sociology | 1999 | This article examines the historical contingency of executive power and succession in the higher education publishing industry. We combine interview data with historical analysis to identify how institutional logics changed from an editorial to a market focus. Event history models are used to test for differences in the effects of these two institutional logics on the positional, relational, and economic determinants of executive succession. The quantitative findings indicate that a shift in logics led to different determinants of executive succession. Under an editorial logic, executive attention is directed to author‐editor relationships and internal growth, and executive succession is determined by organization size and structure. Under a market logic, executive attention is directed to issues of resource competition and acquisition growth, and executive succession is determined by the product market and the market for corporate control. | institutional logics, executive succesion, organization | https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/210361 |
| Public service value co creation | Abrahamson, E., & Fairchild, G. | Management fashion: Lifecycles, triggers, and collective learning processes. | Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 708–740 | 1999 | This theory-development case study of the quality circle management fashion focuses on three features of management-knowledge entrepreneurs' discourse promoting or discrediting such fashions: its lifecycle, forces triggering stages in its lifecycle, and the type of collective learning it fostered. Results suggest, first, that variability in when different types of knowledge entrepreneurs begin, continue, and stop promoting fashions explains variability in their lifecycles; second, that historically unique conjunctions of forces, endogenous and exogenous to the management-fashion market, trigger and shape management fashions; and third, that emotionally charged, enthusiastic, and unreasoned discourse characterizes the upswings of management fashion waves, whereas more reasoned, unemotional, and qualified discourse characterizes their downswings, evidencing a pattern of superstitious collective learning. | management fashion, quality circle, learning, entrepreneur | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2307/2667053 |
| Public service value co creation | Box, R.C. | Running government like a business: implications for Public Administration theory and practice | American Review of Public Administration | 1999 | The public sector faces increasing demands to run government like a business, importing privatesector concepts such as entrepreneurism, privatization, treating the citizen like a “customer,” and management techniques derived from the production process. The idea that government should mimic the market is not new in American public administration, but the current situation is particularly intense. The new public management seeks to emphasize efficient, instrumental implementation of policies, removing substantive policy questions from the administrative realm. This revival of the politics-administration dichotomy threatens core public-sector values of citizen selfgovernance and the administrator as servant of the public interest. The article examines the political culture that encourages expansion of market-like practices in the American public sector, explores the issues of the purpose and scope of government and the role of the public-service practitioner, and offers a framework for the study and practice of public administration based on citizenship and public service. | public administation, New Public Management, public sector, policy | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02750749922064256 |
| Public service value co creation | Hansen, M. T. (1999). Search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in transferring | Search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in transferring knowledge across organization subunits | Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 82–111 | 1999 | This paper combines the concept of weak ties from social network research and the notion of complex knowledge to explain the role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits in a multiunit organization. I use a network study of 120 new-product development projects undertaken by 41 divisions in a large electronics company to examine the task of developing new products in the least amount of time. Findings show that weak interunit ties help a project team search for useful knowledge in other subunits but impede the transfer of complex knowledge, which tends to require a strong tie between the two parties to a transfer. Having weak interunit ties speeds up projects when knowledge is not complex but slows them down when the knowledge to be transferred is highly complex. I discuss the implications of these findings for research on social networks and product innovation. | Weak ties, knowledge, organization subunits | https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2667032 |
| Social Innovation | Jones O., Conway S., and F. Steward. | Social Interaction & Organisational Change: An Analytical Review of Innovation Networks | Working paper, RP 9934, Aston Business School Research Institute | 1999 | In recent years the term innovation network has been utilised by writers from a number of disciplinary areas including actor network theory, regional networks, policy networks and supply chain management. Our own interest in the topic is primarily concerned with the way in which business organisations manage the innovation process. Therefore, we carry out an analytical review of literature which concentrates on the way in which networks (internal and external) contribute to the effective management of innovation. Fifty papers are categorised in terms of the underlying theoretical perspective, the methodological approach, the nature of the analysis and the sample size. We conclude that too many contributions to the literature are little more than crude empiricism and suggest that our own approach based on social network analysis provides a deeper understanding of the way in which ‘networking’ contributes to innovatory activity. | Social Interaction, organisational change, innovation networks | http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.199.47&rep=rep1&type=pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Pine J. and Gilmore J. | The Experience Economy | Harvard Business School Press, Boston | 1999 | In 1999, Joseph Pine and James Gilmore offered this idea to readers as a new way to think about connecting with customers and securing their loyalty. As a result, their book The Experience Economy is now a classic, embraced by readers and companies worldwide and read in more than a dozen languages. And though the world has changed in many ways since then, the way to a customer's heart has not. In fact, the idea of staging experiences to leave a memorable--and lucrative--impression is now more relevant than ever. With an ongoing torrent of brands attacking consumers from all sides, how do you make yours stand out? Welcome to the new Experience Economy. With this fully updated edition of the book, Pine and Gilmore make an even stronger case that experience is the missing link between a company and its potential audience. It offers new rich examples--including the U.S. Army, Heineken Experience, Autostadt, Vinopolis, American Girl Place, and others--to show fresh approaches to scripting and staging compelling experiences, while staying true to the very real economic conditions of the day. | experience, business, customer, services | https://amazon.com.mx/Experience-Economy-Joseph-Pine-II/dp/1422161978 |
| Public Sector Innovation | N.M. Dixon. | The Organizational Learning Cycle, How Can We Learn Collectively | Gower | 1999 | The Organizational Learning Cycle was the first book to provide the theory that underpins organizational learning. Its sophisticated approach enabled readers to not only understand how, but more importantly why, organizations are able to learn. This new edition takes the original concepts and theories and shows how they might, and are, being put into action. With five new or completely revised chapters, Nancy Dixon describes the kind of infrastructure organizations need to put in place; there are examples of knowledge databases, whole systems in the room processes and after-action reviews originating from organizations that are making real progress with these ideas. A clearer relationship between organizational learning and more participative forms of organizational governance is drawn, along with responsibilities that employees need to take on to enable, and partake in, collective learning. With new case material from BP, the US Army, Ernst and Young, and the Bank of Montreal, for example, this book shows how you can make use of the collective reasoning, intelligence and knowledge of the organization and channel it into its ongoing and future development. | Organizational learning cycle | |
| Service Design | Hansen, M. T. | The search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in transferring knowledge across organization subunits. | Administrative Science Quarterly | 1999 | This paper combines the concept of weak ties from social network research and the notion of complex knowledge to explain the role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits in a multiunit organization. I use a network study of 120 new-product development projects undertaken by 41 divisions in a large electronics company to examine the task of developing new products in the least amount of time. Findings show that weak interunit ties help a project team search for useful knowledge in other subunits but impede the transfer of complex knowledge, which tends to require a strong tie between the two parties to a transfer. Having weak interunit ties speeds up projects when knowledge is not complex but slows them down when the knowledge to be transferred is highly complex. I discuss the implications of these findings for research on social networks and product innovation. | social network, weak ties, complex knowledge | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2307/2667032 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Sztompka, P. | Who - for innovation, and why – an empirical analysis | Research Policy 31 (6): 947-967 | 1999 | In recent years, there has been growing interest in co-operative arrangements for innovation, with some commentators arguing innovation is no longer the province of individual firms, but depends increasingly on collective action. This paper examines the response to the UK’s version of the second European community innovation survey (CIS-2) to investigate the patterns of co-operation between innovating firms and external partners. The analysis shows the relationship between innovation and co-operation is not straightforward. From a subjective (i.e. firm based) perspective, it is clear that most firms still develop their new products, processes and services without forming (formal) co-operative arrangements for innovation with other organisations. However, firms that engage in R&D and that are attempting to introduce higher level innovations, i.e. ‘new to the market’ rather than ‘new to the firm’ innovations—are much more likely to engage in co-operative arrangements for innovation. Consequently, if an objective (i.e. innovation-based) perspective is taken, which weighs innovations by their significance, then it is likely that a significant proportion of high-level innovations are developed through co-operative arrangements, although unfortunately the CIS-2 does not indicate the direct significance of these arrangements to the development of the innovations. In summary, the extent of co-operative arrangements for innovation appears to depend on the type of firms being considered and on what is meant by innovation. | Innovation, and why, empirical analysis | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00172-X |
| Social Innovation | Farrell, C.M. | Citizen participation in governance | Public Money and Management | 2000 | The existence of an effective means of citizen participation within public service decision-making forums will be one of the biggest challenges for public mangers in 2010. The establishment of systems which bring citizen representatives into the polity can provide unique opportunities for citizen inputs - one such system is the school governing body, made up of citizen, professional and political representatives. This article reports on an investigation into citizen participation within the governance of schools. It finds that while governing bodies provide the opportunity for citizen participation, citizens are not actively involved in school governance. A number of measures are recommended which may assist in enhancing the citizen governance role. | public services, decision making, school governance | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285857311_Citizen_Participation_in_Governance |
| Digital Transformation | Prahalad C.K. and Ramaswamy V. | Co-opting customer competence | Harvard Business Review | 2000 | Major business trends such as deregulation, globalization, technological convergence, and the rapid evolution of the Internet have transformed the roles that companies play in their dealings with other companies. Business practitioners and scholars talk about alliances, networks, and collaboration among companies. But managers and researchers have largely ignored the agent that is most dramatically transforming the industrial system as we know it: the consumer. In a market in which technology enabled consumers can now engage themselves in an active dialogue with manufacturers-a dialogue that customers can control - companies have to recognize that the customer is becoming a partner in creating value. In this article, authors C.K. Prahalad and Venkatram Ramaswamy demonstrate how the shifting role of the consumer affects the notion of it company's core competencies. Where previously, businesses learned to draw on the competencies and resources of their business partners and suppliers to compete effectively, they must now include consumers as part of the extended enterprise, the authors say. Harnessing those customer competencies won't be easy. At a minimum, managers must come to grips with four fundamental realities in co-opting customer competence: they have to engage their customers in an active, explicit, and ongoing dialogue; mobilize communities of customers; manage customer diversity; and engage customers in cocreating personalized experiences. Companies will also need to revise some of the traditional mechanisms of the marketplace - pricing and billing systems, for instance-to account for their customers' new role. | customer engagement, co-creation, business | https://hbr.org/2000/01/co-opting-customer-competence |
| Living Labs | Creswell J. W. and Miller D. L. | Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. | Theory Into Practice | 2000 | In this discussion we define validity as how accurately the account represents participants’ realities of the social phenomena and is credible to them (Schwandt, 1997). Procedures for validity include those strategies used by researchers to establish the credibility of their study. Throughout this discussion, we make the assumption that validity refers not to the data but to the inferences drawn from them (Hammersley & Atkinson, 1983). | validity, research methodology | https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip3903_2 |
| Digital Transformation | M. Falch, & A. Henten. | Digital Denmark: From information society to network society | Telecommunications Policy, 24(5), 377–394 | 2000 | The Danish Government recently issued a new policy report, Digital Denmark, on the “conversion to a network society”, as a successor to its Information Society 2000 report (1994). This is part of a new round of information society policy vision statements that are, or will be forthcoming from national governments everywhere. Denmark provides an interesting case study because it ranks high in the benchmark indicators of information network society developments. This position has been obtained largely by public sector initiatives and without erosion of the highly reputed Scandinavian model for a welfare society. However, globalisation and the spreading use of new information and communication technologies and services challenge this position. This article examines Denmark's performance in implementing its IS 2000 plans, the background to the Digital Denmark report, and its implications for the next phase of information society development. | Digital Denmark, information, society | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-5961(00)00028-8 |
| Service Design | Doz Y.L. and Olk P.M. Smith Ring P. | Formation process of R&D consortia: which path to take? where does it lead? | Strategic Management Journal, 21 (3), p. 239-266 | 2000 | Research into network formation generally takes one of two approaches. Either it examines the outcomes of variations in the context and motives of the formation without examining the dynamics of the process, or it identifies the sequence of activities during the formation but does not examine variations within the formation. In this paper we complement both approaches by examining variations within the formation process and their consequences. We take an exploratory approach. Our analysis of survey data collected on the formation process of 53 R&D consortia reveals two distinct formation paths. The first involves emergent processes, developing from changes in the environment and a common interest and similar views among potential members. In the second, the process appears to be engineered-a triggering entity actively recruits potential members to join in the consortium. We conclude the paper with propositions on the importance of these formation types for the development of strategic networks. | network formation, variation, survey | https://www.jstor.org/stable/3094187?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |
| Public Sector Innovation | Coombs R. and Miles I. | Innovation measurement and services: the new problematique | In 'Innovation systems in the service economy. Measurement and case study analysis'; Kluwer, Boston | 2000 | The received concepts of innovation, and the measurement techniques based upon those concepts, are firmly rooted in the study of manufacturing innovation. Are they well suited to analysing innovation in economies in which service sectors and service functions play such a dominant role? | service sector, innovation system, innovation process, service activity, innovative activity | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-4425-8_5 |
| Digital Transformation | Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. | Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions | Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54-67 | 2000 | Intrinsic and extrinsic types of motivation have been widely studied, and the distinction between them has shed important light on both developmental and educational practices. In this review we revisit the classic definitions of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in light of contemporary research and theory. Intrinsic motivation remains an important construct, reflecting the natural human propensity to learn and assimilate. However, extrinsic motivation is argued to vary considerably in its relative autonomy and thus can either reflect external control or true self-regulation. The relations of both classes of motives to basic human needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness are discussed. | Intrinsic, extrinsic, motivations | https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020 |
| Social Innovation | den Hertog, P. | Knowledge-intensive business services as co-producers of innovation | International Journal of Innovation Management 4 (4): 491-528 | 2000 | In the unfolding knowledge-based economy, services do matter. But while they are increasingly seen to play a pivotal role in innovation processes, there has been little systematic analysis of this role. This essay presents a four-dimensional model of (services) innovation, that points to the significance of such non-technological factors in innovation as new service concepts, client interfaces and service delivery system. The various roles of service firms in innovation processes are mapped out by identifying five basic service innovation patterns. This framework is used to make an analysis of the role played by knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) in innovation. KIBS are seen to function as facilitator, carrier or source of innovation, and through their almost symbiotic relationship with client firms, some KIBS function as co-producers of innovation. It is further argued that, in addition to discrete and tangible forms of knowledge exchange, process-oriented and intangible forms of knowledge flows are crucial in such relationships. KIBS are hypothesised to be gradually developing into a "second knowledge infrastructure" in addition to the formal (public) "first knowledge infrastructure", though there is likelihood of cross-national variations in the spill-over effects from services innovation in and through KIBS, and in the degree to which KIBS are integrated with other economic activities. Finally, some implications for innovation management and innovation policy are discussed. | Knowledge-intensive, business services, co-producers, innovation | https://doi.org/10.1142/S136391960000024X |
| Public Sector Innovation | Gibbons M. | Mode 2 society and the emergence of context-sensitive science | Science and public policy, 27 (3), p. 159-163 | 2000 | The notion of context-sensitive science is put forward as a way to approach what might be meant by interactive social science. Universities are now operating in a social environment which values research but which also has the ability and in some cases the resources to play a greater role in influencing what research is carried out and how. The environment is ‘speaking back’ to science and society is looking for leadership in the production of context-sensitive science. | context-sensitive science | https://academic.oup.com/spp/article-abstract/27/3/159/1650494 |
| Social Innovation | Martin, S. and Boaz, A. | Public participation and citizen-centred local government: lessons from the best value and better government for older people pilot programmes | Public Money and Management | 2000 | This article examines the contribution that public participation can make to the development of ‘citizen-centred government’. It draws upon the evidence of two major initiatives established by central and local government to develop and test out new approaches to service delivery (the Best Value and the Better Government for Older People pilot programmes). Evaluation of these two sets of pilots suggests that the notion of ‘citizen-centred government’ and the forms of participation that are required to achieve it are liable to a range of different interpretations. In particular there is an important distinction between approaches which seek to promote community planning and user-focused services, and those that envisage a much more active role for local people in designing and delivering local services. | participation, citizen-centred governance, public services | https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/pmam/2000/00000020/00000002/art00008 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Hagedoorn, J., A.N. Link, and N.S. Vonortas. | Research Partnerships | Research Policy 29: 567-586 | 2000 | This article responds to the drive for research partnerships between academics and practitioners, arguing that while potential benefits are clear, these are frequently not actualized resulting in partnerships that are ineffectual or worse, exacerbate damaging or inequitable assumptions and practices. In order to understand/improve partnerships, a systematic analysis of the interrelationship between what counts as evidence and dynamics of participation is proposed. Drawing on data from a seminar series and iterative analysis of seven case studies of partnerships between Higher Education Institutions and International Non-Governmental Organisations, the article concludes by suggesting substantial shifts in the theory and practice of partnerships. © 2019 The Authors Journal of International Development Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd | Research partnerships | https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3417 |
| Digital Transformation | Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. | Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being | American Psychologist, 55, 68-78 | 2000 | Human beings can be proactive and engaged or, alternatively, passive and alienated, largely as a function of the social conditions in which they develop and function. Accordingly, research guided by self-determination theory has focused on the social-contextual conditions that facilitate versus forestall the natural processes of self-motivation and healthy psychological development. Specifically, factors have been examined that enhance versus undermine intrinsic motivation, self-regulation, and well-being. The findings have led to the postulate of three innate psychological needs--competence, autonomy, and relatedness--which when satisfied yield enhanced self-motivation and mental health and when thwarted lead to diminished motivation and well-being. Also considered is the significance of these psychological needs and processes within domains such as health care, education, work, sport, religion, and psychotherapy. | Self-determination theory, facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, well-being | http://selfdeterminationtheory.org/SDT/documents/2000_RyanDeci_SDT.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Gulati, R., Nohria, N. and A. Zaheer. | Strategic networks | Strategic Management Journal 21 (3): 203-215 | 2000 | This paper introduces the important role of networks of interfirm ties in examining fundamental issues in strategy research. Prior research has primarily viewed firms as autonomous entities striving for competitive advantage from either external industry sources or from internal resources and capabilities. However, the networks of relationships in which firms are embedded profoundly influence their conduct and performance. We identify five key areas of strategy research in which there is potential for incorporating strategic networks: (1) industry structure, (2) positioning within an industry, (3) inimitable firm resources and capabilities, (4) contracting and coordination costs, and (5) dynamic network constraints and benefits. For each of these issues, the paper outlines some important insights that result from considering the role of strategic networks. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Strategic networks | https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250090104 |
| Digital Transformation | Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. | The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior | Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268 | 2000 | Self-determination theory (SDT) maintains that an understanding of human motivation requires a consideration of innate psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. We discuss the SDT concept of needs as it relates to previous need theories, emphasizing that needs specify the necessary conditions for psychological growth, integrity, and well-being. This concept of needs leads to the hypotheses that different regulatory processes underlying goal pursuits are differentially associated with effective functioning and well-being and also that different goal contents have different relations to the quality of behavior and mental health, specifically because different regulatory processes and different goal contents are associated with differing degrees of need satisfaction. Social contexts and individual differences that support satisfaction of the basic needs facilitate natural growth processes including intrinsically motivated behavior and integration of extrinsic motivations, whereas those that forestall autonomy, competence, or relatedness are associated with poorer motivation, performance, and well-being. We also discuss the relation of the psychological needs to cultural values, evolutionary processes, and other contemporary motivation theories. | Human needs, self-determination | https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01 |
| Social Innovation | Gadrey J. | The characterization of goods and services: an alternative approach | Review of Income and Wealth, 46 (3), p. 369-387 | 2000 | The definitions of goods and services have been debated among economists for more than two centuries. This article seeks to consider the definitions currently used from a critical perspective and to offer a new general definition of services that is compatible with the existence of several demand rationales. | goods/services, definitions, demand rationale | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2000.tb00848.x |
| Public service value co creation | Etzkovitz H., Leydesdorff L. | The dynamics of innovation from national systems and ’Mode 2’ to a triple helix of university-industry-government relations | Research Policy, 29 (2): 109-123 | 2000 | The Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations is compared with alternative models for explaining the current research system in its social contexts. Communications and negotiations between institutional partners generate an overlay that increasingly reorganizes the underlying arrangements. The institutional layer can be considered as the retention mechanism of a developing system. For example, the national organization of the system of innovation has historically been important in determining competition. Reorganizations across industrial sectors and nation states, however, are induced by new technologies (biotechnology, ICT). The consequent transformations can be analyzed in terms of (neo-)evolutionary mechanisms. University research may function increasingly as a locus in the “laboratory” of such knowledge-intensive network transitions. | mode 2, triple helix, university–industry–government relations, innovation | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048733399000554 |
| Digital Transformation | Light, P. C. | The empty government talent pool: The new public service arrives. | The Brookings Review, 18(1), 20–23 | 2000 | Having lost its monopoly on public service, government in general, and the federal government in particular, simply is not configured to offer the work that young Americans want. Beset by downsizing, recurrent political scandal, and a never-ending war on waste, the federal government has yet to articulate a clear vision of how to compete against the private sector for talent. Agencies are struggling just to hold the talent they already have, let alone imagine a new public service in which expertise moves more freely across the sectors. Contrary to conventional wisdom, there is little evidence that government can win the recruiting battle with higher pay. Young Americans are not saying, “Show me the money” so much as “Show me the work.” And on that count government is losing ground. | government services, non-profit sector, non-profit organizations, private sector, local government, civil service, military recruitment, hiring, human capital | https://www.jstor.org/stable/20080889?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |
| Public service value co creation | Scott, PG, & Pandey, SK | The influence of red tape on bureaucratic behavior: An experimental simulation | Journal of Policy Analysis and Management | 2000 | Understanding how certain organizational and individual attributes shape responses to red tape is an area that has received little research attention. This study uses an experimental simulation to address these questions. It examines the effect of red tape upon the propensity to provide assistance to clients in a simulated public assistance agency. The findings showed that increasing levels of red tape produce in a corresponding reduction in benefits provided to clients, but that this relationship is strongly moderated by the respondent's perceptions of clients. Clients perceived as more sympathetic consistently received higher levels of benefits than those perceived as less sympathetic. Education and professional training also played a role in influencing award decisions. © 2000 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. | Influence, red tape, bureaucratic | https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6688(200023)19:4%3C615::AID-PAM6%3E3.0.CO;2-U |
| Social Innovation | Burt, R.S. | The network structure of social capital | Research in Organizational Behavior 22: 345-423. A CITER | 2000 | This is a review of argument and evidence on the connection between social networks and social capital. My summary points are three: (1) Research and theory will better cumulate across studies if we focus on the network mechanisms responsible for social capital effects rather than trying to integrate across metaphors of social capital loosely tied to distant empirical indicators. (2) There is an impressive diversity of empirical evidence showing that social capital is more a function of brokerage across structural holes than closure within a network, but there are contingency factors. (3) The two leading network mechanisms can be brought together in a productive way within a more general model of social capital. Structural holes are the source of value added, but network closure can be essential to realizing the value buried in the holes. | Network structure, social capital | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(00)22009-1 |
| Public service value co creation | Denhardt, RB, & Denhardt, JV | The New Public Service: Serving Rather than Steering | Public Administration Review, 60.6 (2000) : 549-559 | 2000 | The New Public Management has championed a vision of public managers as the entrepreneurs of a new, leaner, and increasingly privatized government, emulating not only the practices but also the values of business. Proponents of the New Public Management have developed their arguments largely through contrasts with the old public administration. In this comparison, the New Public Management will, of course, always win. We argue here that the better contrast is with what we call the “New Public Service,” a movement built on work in democratic citizenship, community and civil society, and organizational humanism and discourse theory. We suggest seven principles of the New Public Service, most notably that the primary role of the public servant is to help citizens articulate and meet their shared interests rather than to attempt to control or steer society. | New Public Management, "New Public Service", citizens and civil society | https://www.academia.edu/23137016/The_New_Public_Service_Serving_Rather_than_Steering |
| Public Sector Innovation | DeLeon, L, & Denhardt, R, B | The Political Theory of Reinvention | Public administration review | 2000 | In this article, we examine the implications of the reinvention movement for democratic governance, broadly defined. The most basic premise of the reinvention movement is a belief that the accumulation of the narrowly defined self‐interests of many individuals can adequately approximate the public interest. By “narrowly defined,” we mean the interests of individuals as they privately apprehend them, unmediated by participation in a process of civic discourse. To illustrate the centrality of this assumption to the implicit theory of reinvention, we consider three of its elements—its use of the market model, its emphasis on customers rather than citizens, and its glorification of entrepreneurial management. We then examine the implications of the self‐interest assumption, which entails a rejection of democratic citizenship, civic engagement, and the public interest, broadly conceived. | reinevention movement, democratic governance, participation | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/0033-3352.00068 |
| Social Innovation | Pyka A. and Windrum P. | The self-organisation of innovation networks | Eighth International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society Conference, Manchester UK, 28th June-1st July. | 2000 | This paper explores the self-organising principles of horizontally-integrated innovation networks. It is shown that such networks can self-organising in environments where the co-ordination and production of new knowledge is itself a complex, dynamic and highly non-linear processes. The paper argues the development of a self-organisation perspective of innovation networks has two advantages. First, it provides a general framework of dynamic systems in which different strands of a highly fragmented literature can be drawn together. Second, formal self-organisation modelling techniques can provide interesting new insights into the micro-macro processes driving dynamic innovation systems. Section 1 of the paper identifies the four key principles of self-organisation: local interaction, non-linearity ,thermodynamic openness and emergence. Section 2 discusses important complementarities between self-organisation theory and the 'new' theory of innovation, with the latter's emphasis of the systemic nature of knowledge production within innovation networks containing multiple private and public institutions that are connected in highly complicated and non-linear ways. This paves the way for a formal model of self-organising innovation networks presented in section 3. Section 4 discusses the main properties of the outputs generated by the model and its novel insights, section 5 summarising and considering the potential advantages for current and future research offered by the self-organisation approach. | innovation networks, horizontal integration, organizations, dynamic systems | http://collections.unu.edu/view/UNU:1078#viewAttachments |
| Social Innovation | Alvesson M. and Karreman D. | Varieties of discourse: On the study of organizations through discourse analysis. | Human Relations | 2000 | Discourse is a popular term used in a variety of ways, easily leading to confusion. This article attempts to clarify the various meanings of discourse in social studies, the term's relevance for organizational analysis and some key theoretical positions in discourse analysis. It also focuses on the methodological problem of the relationship between: a) the level of discourse produced in interviews and in everyday life observed as `social texts' (in particular talk); b) other kinds of phenomena, such as meanings, experiences, orientations, events, material objects and social practices; and, c) discourses in the sense of a large-scale, ordered, integrated way of reasoning/ constituting the social world. In particular, the relationship between `micro and meso-level' discourse analysis (i.e. specific social texts being the primary empirical material) and `grand and mega-level' discourse (i.e. large-scale orders) is investigated. | discourse, discourse analysis, methodology, organization study | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0018726700539002 |
| Public service value co creation | United Nations Division for Public Economic and Public Administration | Benchmarking E-government: A global perspective: Assessing the UN member states | United Nations | 2001 | Broadly defined, e-government can include virtually all information and communication technology (ICT) platforms and applications in use by the public sector. In order to maximize e-government's effectiveness and realize its vast potential, several fundamental conditions must exist in order to facilitate an enabling environment. The study's primary goal was to objectively present facts and conclusions that define a country's e-government environment and demonstrate its capacity (or lack of) to sustain online development. This was accomplished by a comparative analysis of fundamental information technology (IT) indicators and critical human capital measures for each UN Member State. | e-government, ICTs, enabling environment, capacity, indicators | https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/Portals/egovkb/Documents/un/English.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Vigoda, E, & Golembiewski | Citizenship Behavior and the Spirit of New Managerialism: A Theoretical Framework and Challenge for Governance | American review of public administration | 2001 | This article develops an integrative understanding of the relationship between citizenship behavior in and around organizations and new public management (NPM). The authors argue that recent theory of NPM underestimates the economic, symbolic, and educational contribution of many voluntary actions, here termed citizenship behavior, to public organizations as well as to modern society. Relying on this argument, the authors develop a multidimensional model of citizenship behavior that can be applied in the public sector. The model deals with micro-citizenship, midi-citizenship, macro-citizenship, and metacitizenship. Citizenship is thus advocated as a vital construct for the formation of the new managerial spirit and at the same time as a major coming challenge for governance. Finally, several responsibilities are elaborated for social players in fostering values of voluntarism and spontaneous involvement. These can promote a healthier public service, a more efficient bureaucracy, and richer life in prosperous modern communities. | New Public Management, citizen behavior, citizenship, values | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02750740122064956 |
| Digital Transformation | Fung, A. and Wright, E.O. | Deepening Democracy: innovations in empowered participatory democracy | Politics and Society | 2001 | As the tasks of the state have become more complex and the size of polities larger and more heterogeneous, the institutional forms of liberal democracy developed in the nineteenth century—representative democracy plus technobureaucratic administration—seem increasingly ill suited to the novel problems we face in the twenty-first century. “Democracy” as a way of organizing the state has come to be narrowly identified with territorially based competitive elections of political leadership for legislative and executive offices. Yet, increasingly, this mechanism of political representation seems ineffective in accomplishing the central ideals of democratic politics: facilitating active political involvement of the citizenry, forging political consensus through dialogue, devising and implementing public policies that ground a productive economy and healthy society, and, in more radical egalitarian versions of the democratic ideal, ensuring that all citizens benefit from the nation’s wealth. The Right of the political spectrum has taken advantage of this apparent decline in the effectiveness of democratic institutions to escalate its attack on the very idea of the affirmative state. The only way the state can play a competent and constructive role, the Right typically argues, is to dramatically reduce the scope and depth of its activities. In addition to the traditional moral opposition of libertarians to the activist state on the grounds that it infringes on property rights and individual autonomy, it is now widely argued that the affirmative state has simply become too costly and inefficient. | democracy, political leadership, citizen involvement, state | https://www.versobooks.com/books/169-deepening-democracy |
| Digital Transformation | Buchanan, R. | Design research and the new learning. | Design Issues | 2001 | The theme of this conference is how we shape and sustain design research programs in our institutions. It is an important theme, and the conference is timely. Despite a growing body of research and published results, there is uncertainty about the value of design research, the nature of design research, the institutional framework within which such research should be supported and evaluated, and who should conduct it. In short, there is uncertainty about whether there is such a thing as design knowledge that merits seri- ous attention. My goal is to address these questions from a personal perspective, recognizing that my individual views may be less important for the goals of the conference than how my views reflect, in subtle or obvious ways, the North American social, cultural, and intellectual environment within which they have formed. The conference is about design research in the United Kingdom, and my role is to provide a contrasting perspective at the outset that may help us understand some of the issues and options that are taking shape in the United Kingdom. My willingness to play this role comes from a belief that we are in the middle of a revolution in design thinking and that events in the United Kingdom, while strongly influenced by issues of national policy, reflect changes in the field of design in many other parts of the world. | research programs, design, conference, UK | https://www.ida.liu.se/divisions/hcs/ixs/material/DesResMeth09/Theory/01-buchanan.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | J.G. March. Foreword. In A. Lomi and E.R. Larsen, editors | Dynamics of Organizations, Computational Modeling and Organization Theories | Pages ix–xvii. MIT Press | 2001 | An organization is more than the sum of its parts, and the individual components that function as a complex social system can be understood only by analyzing their collective behavior. This book shows how state-of-the-art simulation methods, including genetic algorithms, neural networks, and cellular automata, can be brought to bear on central problems of organizational theory related to the emergence, permanence, and dissolution of hierarchical macrostructures. The emphasis is on the application of a new generation of equation- and agent-based computational models that can help students of organizations to reformulate their basic research questions starting from assumptions about how to link--rather than separate--different levels of organizational analysis. | Dynamics,organizations, theories | https://doi.org/10.2307/3556626 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Borins, S. | Encouraging innovation in the public sector | Journal of Intellectual Capital | 2001 | The public sector has traditionally been considered inhospitable to innovation, particularly innovations initiated by middle managers and front-line staff. Unlike the private sector, the public sector is characterized by asymmetric incentives that punish unsuccessful innovations much more severely than they reward successful ones, by the absence of venture capital to seed creative problem solving, and by adverse selection by innovative individuals against public service careers. A growing body of evidence based on applications to innovation awards reveals that, despite this inhospitable environment, frontline public servants and middle managers are responsible for many innovations. In addition, some public sector organizations have consistently produced a large number of innovations. Draws on this evidence to suggest ways of enhancing public sector organizations’ capacity for innovation. | Innovation, Venture capital, Staff, Diversification, Evaluation | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235255319_Encouraging_Innovation_in_the_Public_Sector |
| Public Sector Innovation | Grossetti M. | Genèse de deux systems urbains d’innovation en France : Grenoble et Toulouse | Réalités industrielles. Annales des mines, Février, pp. 68-72 | 2001 | International audienceGrenoble et Toulouse sont les deux villes française de province où les relations entre la recherche académique et l'industrie sont les plus importantes. Ces deux systèmes urbains d'innovation ont une histoire à la fois similaire sur le plan scientifique et très différente sur le plan industriel. Les logiques industrielles à Grenoble et politiques à Toulouse ont produit à l'origine une bifurcation semblable dans un moment de réorganisation du système scientifique français. Par la suite, alors que Grenoble connaissait un développement industriel spontané, Toulouse bénéficiait d'une suite de politiques nationales et locales aboutissant à la construction du système d'innovation actuel | Systems urbains d’innovation, grenoble, toulouse | https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/50542263.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Araujo, J.F. | Improving public service delivery: the crossroads between NPM and traditional bureaucracy | Public Administration | 2001 | This article analyses a New Public Management (NPM) style of reform recently introduced in Portuguese public administration. The reform introduces new organizations to a method of delivering public services called ‘Citizen Shops’ (CS) (Lojas dos Cidadãos). Several public services are concentrated in a single building whose management follows the practices of the private sector concerning service delivery and opening times, rather like a ‘shopping centre’. ‘Citizen Shops’ is a kind of agencification and is an attempt to avoid the constraints of civil service red tape and bureaucratic resistance to change. The author argues that the extent to which new ideas were imported from NPM was limited and constrained by the institutional framework and the culture prevailing in Portuguese bureaucracy. Citizen Shops reproduced the hierarchical and centralized nature of service delivery and followed the traditional patterns of control. The prevailing structure is an important constraint on NPM development. | New Public Masnagement, public services, "lojas dos cidadaos", change resistance | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9299.00286 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Oulton N. | Must the growth rate decline? Baumol’s unbalanced growth revisited | Oxford Economic Papers, vol. 53 pp. 605-627 | 2001 | According to Baumol's model of unbalanced growth, if resources are shifting towards industries where productivity is growing relatively slowly, the aggregate productivity growth rate will slow down. This conclusion is often applied to the advanced industrial economies, where resources are indeed shifting towards the relatively stagnant service industries. This paper shows that Baumol's conclusion only follows if the stagnant industries produce final products. This is important empirically, since the most rapidly expanding service industries are those such as financial and business services, which are large producers of intermediate products. Even if such industries are stagnant, it is shown that a movement of resources into them may be associated with rising, not falling, aggregate productivity growth. | Growth, decline, baumol’s unbalanced, growth | DOI:10.1093/oep/53.4.605 |
| Social Innovation | Barney, J. B. | Resource-based theories of competitive advantage: A ten-year retrospective on the resource-based view. | Journal of Management, 27(6), 643–650 | 2001 | The resource-based view can be positioned relative to at least three theoretical traditions: SCP-based theories of industry determinants of firm performance, neo-classical microeconomics, and evolutionary economics. In the 1991 article, only the first of these ways of positioning the resourcebased view is explored. This article briefly discusses some of the implications of positioning the resource-based view relative to these other two literatures; it also discusses some of the empirical implications of each of these different resource-based theories. | resource-based theories, industry determinants, neo-classical microeconomics, evolutionary economics | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/014920630102700602 |
| Public Sector Innovation | K.M. Carley and V. Hill. | Structural change and learning within organiza- tions | A. Lomi and E.R. Larsen, editors, Dynamics of Organizations, Computational Modeling and Organization Theories, chapter 2, pages 63–92. MIT Press | 2001 | This study explores whether an ecological, an adaptation, or a random organizational action perspective more appropriately describes the impact of organizational change in a population of voluntary social service organizations. The results indicate that some changes are disruptive, some have no impact on organizational mortality, and others are adaptive. One plausible interpretation of the results is that the effects of organizational changes depend on the location of the changes in the organization -- whether in the core or the periphery. Core changes, which are thought to be more disruptive, are best described by an ecological view. Peripheral changes are best described by an adaptation view. The study shows that selection and adaptation are complementary rather than contradictory views, and one clear implication is the need for simultaneous modeling of selection and adaptation processes to build a more complete theory of organizational change. | Structural change, learning within organizations | http://oz.stern.nyu.edu/seminar/sp04/0422-1.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Möllering, G. | The nature of trust: from Georg Simmel to a theory of expectation, interpretation and suspension | Sociology 35 (2): 403-420 | 2001 | This article undertakes a substantial theoretical reorientation of research into the concept of trust. Analysing key passages in the work of Georg Simmel, it is argued that the link between trust bases and a trustful state of expectation is much weaker than is commonly assumed. In particular, Simmel recognises a `further element', a kind of faith, that is required to explain trust and its unique nature. His work has influenced key authors in the field such as Luhmann and Giddens, but the `further element' that concerns the crucial, proverbial leap of trust is still underdeveloped. Hence, the article proceeds to conceptualise trust as a mental process of three elements that further research should embrace: expectation, interpretation and suspension. Expectation is the state (outcome) at the end of the process. It is preceded by the combination of interpretation and suspension. The former concerns the experiencing of reality that provides `good reasons'. It is recognised that current trust research already moves away from the rational choice model and allows for affective and abstract (moral) trust bases. However, any form of interpretation is limited and does not inevitably enable expectation. Therefore, an additional element (in line with Simmel) is introduced in this article: suspension. This is the mechanism of bracketing the unknowable, thus making interpretative knowledge momentarily certain. Suspension enables the leap of trust. Functional consequences of trust such as risk-taking, co-operation, relationships or social capital should not be confounded with trust. | Nature of trust, theory of expectation, interpretation, suspension | https://doi.org/10.1177/S0038038501000190 |
| Social Innovation | Dahan E., Hauser J.R. | The virtual consumer | Journal of Product Innovation Management, 19 (5), p. 332-354 | 2001 | Virtual consumer | http://www.mit.edu/~hauser/Papers/Dahan%20Hauser%20Virtual%20Customer%20JPIM%2002.pdf | |
| Service Design | Hatchuel, A. | Towards Design Theory and expandable rationality: The unfinished program of Herbert Simon | Journal of management and governance, 5(3-4), 260-273 | 2001 | Problem solving also soon became the key entry to what he labeled a « science of the artificial » or a « Science of Design ». This second program took growing importance in connection with his own involvement in Artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology. Here one can be grateful to Simon's outstanding shrewdness and insight. Although there is now an increased awareness to innovation and growth processes, still few economists would spontaneously think that a good theory of Design is important for their own discipline. Yet, Simon's attempts to develope a Design theory remain unfinished. I will discuss in this paper the two central reasons that support this point : i) Simon's always maintained that Design and creativity were special forms of problem solving while it is more likely that Decision making and problem solving are restricted forms of Design ; ii) Simon's limited interest for the construction of social interaction which is a key resource of design processes3. This discussion will allow me to introduce a concept of « expandable rationality » as a potential paradigm for design theory. To conclude, I will suggest that, in spite of human agents limitations in problem solving and decision making, economic growth and value creation may result from their expandable design abilities. | Industrial Organization, Expandable Rationality, Design Theory | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1014044305704 |
| Digital Transformation | Lowndes, V., Pratchett, L. and Stoker, G. | Trends in public participation: part I – local government perspectives | Public Administration | 2001 | This article analyses the prospects for change through an examination of current practice and attitudes within local government. It presents findings from research commissioned by the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) to fill gaps in existing knowledge about the extent and nature of participation exercises in local government. The study is unique in that it provides, in effect, a census of local government activity to enhance public participation. Survey-based analysis was complemented by qualitative research on the experience and aspirations of local government members and officers regarding public participation – both positive and negative. Consequently, this research complements existing studies of new developments in local participation which have tended to be largely descriptive and uncritical, focusing upon examples of ‘good practice’ and lacking any statistical underpinning regarding general trends. | local government, participation, empirical evidence | http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.455.3895&rep=rep1&type=pdf |
| Digital Transformation | A. Andersen, & K. Viborg Bjorn-Andersen. | UC Irvine Global- ization of I.T. Title Globalization and E-Commerce: Growth and Impacts in Denmark Publication | 2001 | The Danish e-commerce strategy is centered on rapid adoption, implementation, and exploitation of e-commerce in all sectors of the economy, rather than a production-led strategy. • The economy has an international advantage in B-to-B e-commerce diffusion. • The diffusion of the Internet based on B-to-C e-commerce has been less successful than in the other Scandinavian countries and the United States. • E-commerce adoption has not led to rapid structural changes in the employment pattern. • The government is strongly committed to addressing the digital divide, implementing public e-procurement as an e-commerce driver, and supporting e-commerce research and development. • There is a policy commitment to utilize e-commerce with a welfare twist: to further develop the current welfare society model for a better quality of life; new scientific achievements; better public service; improved healthcare; more exciting jobs; more interesting cultural offerings; and a less stressed workforce with more time for individual development. • There is a lack of commitment towards fighting structural and legal inhibitors (such as educational aspects, taxation, and venture capital). | Globalization, e-commerce, growth, impacts | https://escholarship.org/content/qt4pv3z4z2/qt4pv3z4z2.pdf | |
| Social Innovation | Faerman, S.R., McCaffrey, D.P. and D.M. Van Slyke. | Understanding interorganizational cooperation: Public-private collaboration in regulating financial market innovation | Organization science 12 (3): 372-388 | 2001 | This paper examines how a collaborative effort between the private and public sectors, called the Derivatives Policy Group (DPG), helped shape current regulation of financial innovation. In 1994 and 1995, this group of six large financial firms developed procedures for risk management, internal controls, and reporting for largely unregulated areas of finance, in cooperation with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and Commodity Futures Trading Commission. The process succeeded despite strong competition among the firms themselves and incentives for both the public and private sectors to resort to adversarial lobbying and legal challenges. The Derivatives Policy Group was a path-setting event in the development of flexible regulation of financial innovation that is now the norm for related policy making.The case is important in and of itself--the financial markets are a major concern of national and international economic policy--but here we treat it as an instance of a larger class of problems. Organizational science constantly encounters settings that involve numerous participants who compete or have histories of conflicts; who are interdependent, and collectively would gain (and even individually gain long term) by cooperating rather than competing on an issue; who fall under different governance systems; and who try as a group to design rules and principles governing their behavior. Four factors appear repeatedly in the research on the success or failure of such arrangements. These are (1) the initial dispositions toward cooperation, (2) the extant issues and incentives, (3) leadership, and (4) the number and variety of organizations involved. This paper focuses on how these factors shaped the development and consequences of the Derivatives Policy Group, and the general implications of this process for interorganizational cooperation. | Interorganizational cooperation, public-private collaboration, regulating innovation, financial market | DOI:10.1287/orsc.12.3.372.10099 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Wolfram S. | A New Kind of Science | Wolfram Media, Inc | 2002 | New kind, science | ||
| Public service value co creation | Mont O. | Clarifying the concept of product-service system | Journal of Cleaner Production, 10 (3), 237-245 | 2002 | A new trend of product–service systems (PSSs) that has the potential to minimise environmental impacts of both production and consumption is emerging. This article attempts to build a theoretical framework for PSS and serves as a background for identifying possible investment needs in studying them. There are three main uncertainties regarding the applicability and feasibility of PSSs: the readiness of companies to adopt them, the readiness of consumers to accept them, and their environmental implications. The main finding is that successful PSSs will require different societal infrastructure, human structures and organisational layouts in order to function in a sustainable manner. | product–service systems, sustainability, functional economy | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652601000397 |
| Living Labs | Bettencourt, L.A., A.L. Ostrom, S.W. Brown, & R.I. Roundtree. | Client co-production in knowledge-intensive business services | California Management Review, 44(4): 100-28 | 2002 | A common characteristic of knowledge-intensive business service (KIBS) firms is that clients routinely play a critical role in co-producing the service solution along with the service provider. This can have a profound effect on both the quality of the service delivered as well as the client's ultimate satisfaction with the knowledge-based service solution. Based on research conducted with an IT consulting firm and work done with other knowledge-intensive business service providers, this article describes clients' key role responsibilities that are essential for effective client co-production in KIBS partnerships. It then presents strategies that service providers can use to manage clients so they perform their roles effectively. By strategically managing client co-production, service providers can improve operational efficiency, develop more optimal solutions, and generate a sustainable competitive advantage. | Client, co-production, knowledge-intensive business services | https://doi.org/10.2307/41166145 |
| Social Innovation | Osborne, S., Beattie, R & Williamson, A. | Community involvement in rural regeneration partnerships in the UK | Bristol: Policy Press | 2002 | This article reports and evaluates the lessons of a comparative study of community involvement in rural regeneration partnerships in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. It highlights the distinctive challenges that its rural context place upon such involvement and finds three elements to be especially influential in supporting this involvement. These elements are the presence of supportive voluntary and community sector infrastructure, the opportunity for communities to learn through small scale projects before more strategic involvement, and the effectiveness of small grants schemes in supporting such learning. | community involvement, UK rural context, support | https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/community-involvement-rural-regeneration-partnerships-uk-evidence-england-northern-ireland |
| Digital Transformation | Lombard, M., Snyder-Duch, J., & Bracken, C. C. | Content analysis in mass communica- tion: Assessment and reporting of intercoder reliability | Human Communication Research, 28, 587-604 | 2002 | As a method specifically intended for the study of messages, content analysis is fundamental to mass communication research. Intercoder reliability, more specifically termed intercoder agreement, is a measure of the extent to which independent judges make the same coding decisions in evaluating the characteristics of messages, and is at the heart of this method. Yet there are few standard and accessible guidelines available regarding the appropriate procedures to use to assess and report intercoder reliability, or software tools to calculate it. As a result, it seems likely that there is little consistency in how this critical element of content analysis is assessed and reported in published mass communication studies. Following a review of relevant concepts, indices, and tools, a content analysis of 200 studies utilizing content analysis published in the communication literature between 1994 and 1998 is used to characterize practices in the field. The results demonstrate that mass communication researchers often fail to assess (or at least report) intercoder reliability and often rely on percent agreement, an overly liberal index. Based on the review and these results, concrete guidelines are offered regarding procedures for assessment and reporting of this important aspect of content analysis. | Assessment,reporting of intercoder, reliability | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00826.x |
| Public service value co creation | Kelly G., Mulgan G. and Muers S. | Creating public value: an analytical framework for public service reform | Cabinet Office Strategy Unit, United Kingdom Cabinet Office, London | 2002 | This paper argues that: i) The concept of public value provides a useful way of thinking about the goals and performance of public policy. It provides a yardstick for assessing activities produced or supported by government (including services funded by government but providedby other bodies such as private firms and non-profits, as well as governmentregulation). ii) Public value provides a broader measure than is conventionally used within the new public management literature, covering outcomes, the means used to deliver them as well as trust and legitimacy. It addresses issues such as equity, ethos and accountability. Current public management practice sometimes fails to consider, understand or manage this full range of factors. | public value, services, public management | https://www.academia.edu/23693003/Creating_Public_Value_An_analytical_framework_for_public_service_reform |
| Social Innovation | Alford J. | Defining the client in the public sector: a social exchange perspective | Public Administration Review | 2002 | Government reformers urge the adoption of a private‐sector‐style “customer focus,” but critics see it as inappropriate to the public sector, in particular because it devalues citizenship. This article first argues that most public‐sector organization‐client interactions differ from the private‐sector customer transaction and offers a typology of these interactions. But second, it proposes that the central feature of the customer model—the notion of exchange—can be broadened in a way that accentuates the importance of administrators’ responsiveness to their publics. In a social‐exchange perspective, government organizations need things from service recipients—such as cooperation and compliance—which are crucial for effective organizational performance; eliciting those things necessitates meeting not only people’s material needs but also their symbolic and normative ones. Engaging in these different forms of exchange with clients is not necessarily inconsistent with an active citizenship model. | public sector, citizenship, government agencies, money, public assistance programs, customers, taxpaying, consumer preferences, prisons, normativity | https://www.jstor.org/stable/3110217?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |
| Digital Transformation | Rajasalu, T. | Eesti Majandus 1940–90 | Estonian | 2002 | Majandus | http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/eesti_ majandus_1940–901 | |
| Digital Transformation | U.S. Congress | E-government act of 2002 - title II - Federal Management and promotion of electronic government services | Pub.L. 107–347, 116 stat. 2899, 44. U.S.C. § 101, H.R. 2458/S. 803. Washington, DC: 44th U.S. Congress | 2002 | E-government act, federal management, electronic government services | https://www.congress.gov/107/plaws/publ347/PLAW-107publ347.pdf | |
| Social Innovation | Vigoda, E. | From responsiveness to collaboration: governance, citizens and the next generation of public administration | Public Administration Review | 2002 | The evolution of the New Public Management movement has increased pressure on state bureaucracies to become more responsive to citizens as clients. Without a doubt, this is an important advance in contemporary public administration, which finds itself struggling in an ultradynamic marketplace. However, together with such a welcome change in theory building and in practical culture reconstruction, modern societies still confront a growth in citizens’ passivism; they tend to favor the easy chair of the customer over the sweat and turmoil of participatory involvement. This article has two primary goals: First to establish a theoretically and empirically grounded criticism of the current state of new managerialism, which obscures the significance of citizen action and participation through overstressing the (important) idea of responsiveness. Second, the article proposes some guidelines for the future development of the discipline. This progress is toward enhanced collaboration and partnership among governance and public administration agencies, citizens, and other social players such as the media, academia, and the private and third sectors. The article concludes that, despite the fact that citizens are formal “owners” of the state, ownership will remain a symbolic banner for the governance and public administration–citizen relationship in a representative democracy. The alternative interaction of movement between responsiveness and collaboration is more realistic for the years ahead. | collaboration, citizenship, government bureaucracy, democracy, politicians, governance, public sector, public sphere | https://www.jstor.org/stable/3110014?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |
| Public Sector Innovation | Kandampully, J. | Innovation as the core competency of a service organisation: the role of technology, knowledge and networks | European Journal of Innovation Management 5(1): 18-26 | 2002 | Services lie at the very hub of the economic activity of all societies, and interlink closely with all other sectors of the economy. The exponential growth of services internationally has not only intensified competition, but has also simultaneously posed a challenge and an opportunity for the managers of services. This study examines the factors underlying the growth of services, and emerging views on what constitutes a “resource” for service organisations. To this end, the roles of technology, knowledge and networks are examined as interdependent factors. It is argued here that today's “resources” are the culmination of various advances in knowledge. Technology facilitates the maintenance of networks with customers and partners inside and outside the firm. The network of relationships renders the firm's capabilities “amorphous” in nature. This study suggests that this amorphous knowledge represents the true “resource” in a service firm, and ultimately provides the creative potential for “innovation” – the so-called “core competency”. However, innovation per se does not benefit the firm unless it manifests superior value in the customer-driven marketplace. Moreover, this study argues that service innovation results only when a firm is able to focus its entire energies to think on behalf of the customer. | Innovation, service organisation, technology, knowledge, networks | https://doi.org/10.1108/14601060210415144 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Gallouj F. | Innovation in the service economy: the new wealth of nations | Edward Elgar Publishing | 2002 | In this book Faïz Gallouj propounds a theoretical framework which describes and evaluates the main approaches to analysing and understanding innovation in services. He provides interesting and extensive empirical material on the nature and sources of innovation in various services sectors and countries, and makes an original contribution both to theories of innovation in services and theories of innovation in general. Taking both an evolutionary and conventionalist stance, he demonstrates that services, and more importantly innovations in services, can be regarded as the new wealth of nations. | innovation, services, framework, theory, empirical evidence | https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/innovation-in-the-service-economy |
| Public Sector Innovation | Hagedoorn J. | Inter-firm partnerships: an overview of major trends and patterns since 1960 | Research Policy 31: 477-492 | 2002 | This paper explores 40 years of data on R&D partnerships. These R&D partnerships are examples of inter-firm collaboration or strategic partnering, a topic that has recently attracted attention in both the academic literature and the popular press. The paper presents an analysis of some basic historical trends and sectoral patterns in R&D partnering since 1960. It also provides an overview of some major international (sectoral) patterns in the forming of R&D partnerships within the Triad (North America, Europe and Asia). | Inter-firm partnerships, trends, patterns | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00120-2 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Gallouj F. | Knowledge-intensive business services: processing knowledge and producing innovation | Gadrey J., Gallouj F. (Eds.) Productivity, Innovation and Knowledge in Services, New Socio-Economic Approaches, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 256-284 | 2002 | This paper is divided into three parts. The first is given over to a summary of the economic debate on the nature of knowledge and on the distinction between information, knowledge and competences. In Section 2, we examine the basic mechanisms of knowledge processing and production, firstly within the general framework of learning cycles or spirals and then more specifically in the context of KIBS transactions. In Section 3, we seek to mark out the boundary and establish the nature of the links between these modes of knowledge processing and innovation in and through the use of KIBS. | Knowledge-intensive services, processing knowledge, producing innovation | https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=BS5mAwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA256&dq=Knowledge-intensive+business+services:+processing+knowledge+and+producing+innovation&ots=S5FqXGWcYo&sig=XDEW7yp7sboCK0LQ_6X54hrBOVU#v=onepage&q=Knowledge-intensive%20business%20services%3A%20processing%20knowledge%20and%20producing%20innovation&f=false |
| Public service value co creation | Rashman L. and Hartley J. | Leading and learning? Knowledge transfer in the Beacon Council Scheme | Public Administration, 80 (2), p. 523-542 | 2002 | This paper examines the Beacon Council Scheme as a distinct policy element within the UK government’s wide–ranging local government modernization agenda. The aim of the Beacon scheme is two–fold. First, reward for high performing councils and second, the achievement of substantial change by sharing ‘best practice’ from identified centres of excellence. The scheme presupposes an implicit theory of organizational change through learning. The Beacon Council Scheme is based on the assumption that the organizational preconditions exist which will facilitate learning, and through its application to practice, improve service delivery. The paper analyses the presumed and possible conditions which facilitate or impede interorganizational learning and service improvement through the scheme. The paper then examines empirical data from 59 local authority elected members and officers about their attitudes towards and motivation to take part in the Beacon scheme during the first year of its existence. The data indicate that there are differing motivations for participation in the scheme and that these reflect different learning needs. The experiences of local authority participants suggest that the formulators of the dissemination strategy at the heart of the scheme have not yet given sufficient consideration to the processes of interorganizational learning, the conditions that support such learning between authorities and the embedding of new understandings, practices and organizational cultures in the receiving authority. This suggests that the underlying theories of organizational learning and cultural change may be insufficiently developed to create and sustain the kind of transformational change that is intended by central government. | Beacon scheme, learning, local government, organization theory | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9299.00316 |
| Public service value co creation | Christensen, T. and Laegreid, P. | New Public Management: puzzles of democracy and the influence of citizens | The Journal of Political Philosophy | 2002 | The article starts out by presenting the main features of NPM. It outlines its general ideas and more specific reform concepts and draws attention to inconsistencies and tensions within the concept. The second and main part outlines the four state models and their different views on democracy and accountability. It asks what role the people play in each case and discusses whether NPM is changing this role. A third section examines how these models relate to one another and what tensions there are between them, and discusses whether the role of the people in the political-administrative system has been accorded more or less weight by NPM. | New Public Management, citizens' role, democracy and accountability | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9760.00153 |
| Digital Transformation | Den Digitale Taskforce. | Påvej mod den digitale forvalt- ning – vision og strategi for den offentlige sektor | 2002 | Digitale forvalt, offentlige sektor | https://digst.dk/media/12700/digitaliseringsstrategi-2001-2004.pdf | ||
| Public service value co creation | Bozeman, B. | Public value failure: when efficient markets may not do | Public Administration Review | 2002 | The familiar market‐failure model remains quite useful for issues of price efficiency and traditional utilitarianism, but it has many shortcomings as a standard for public‐value aspects of public policy and management. In a public‐value‐failure model, I present criteria for diagnosing values problems that are not easily addressed by market‐failure models. Public‐value failure occurs when: (1) mechanisms for values articulation and aggregation have broken down; (2) “imperfect monopolies” occur; (3) benefit hoarding occurs; (4) there is a scarcity of providers of public value; (5) a short time horizon threatens public value; (6) a focus on substitutability of assets threatens conservation of public resources; and (7) market transactions threaten fundamental human subsistence. After providing examples for diagnosis of public‐values failure, including an extended example concerning the market for human organs, I introduce a “public‐failure grid” to facilitate values choices in policy and public management. | market failure, public value, value choice, public management | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/0033-3352.00165 |
| Service Design | Patton, M. Q. | Qualitative research & evaluation methods | Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications. | 2002 | he completely revised and updated edition of this methodological classic continues to provide practical, comprehensive and strategic guidance on qualitative design, purposeful sampling, interviewing, fieldwork, observation methods and qualitative analysis and interpretation while integrating the extensive qualitative literature of the last decade | Qualitative research, evaluation, methods | |
| Living Labs | Kark, R. & B. Shamir. | The dual effect of transformational leadership: Priming relational and collective selves and further effects on followers | Pp. 67-91 in B.J. Avolio & F.J. Yammariono (eds.) | 2002 | In this chapter, we integrate recent theories on followers’ self-concept and transformational leadership theory in order to develop a conceptual framework for understanding the exceptional and diverse effects transformational leaders may have on their followers. We propose that transformational leaders may influence two levels of followers’ self-concept: the relational and the collective self thus fostering personal identification with the leader and social identification with the organizational unit. Specific leader behaviors that prime different aspects of followers’ self-concepts are identified, and their possible effects on different aspects of followers’ perceptions and behaviors are discussed. | Transformational leadership, priming relational, collective selves, effects followers | https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-357120130000005010 |
| Public service value co creation | Tuomi I. | The future of knowledge management | Lifleong Learning in Europe, VV(2), p. 69-79 | 2002 | In this article, I characterize the main sources of knowledge management movement, show how the various generations of knowledge management succeeded each other, summarize some of the learnings, and propose some future research, policy, and management issues. | knowledge management, future research, policy | http://www.providersedge.com/docs/km_articles/future_of_km.pdf |
| Service Design | Goldstein, SM, Johnston, R, Duffy, J, & Rao, J | The service concept: the missing link in service design research? | Journal of Operations Management | 2002 | The service concept plays a key role in service design and development. But while the term is used frequently in the service design and new service development literature, surprisingly little has been written about the service concept itself and its important role in service design and development. The service concept defines the how and the what of service design, and helps mediate between customer needs and an organization’s strategic intent. We define the service concept and describe how it can be used to enhance a variety of service design processes. As illustrations here, we apply the service concept to service design planning and service recovery design processes. Employing the service concept as an important driver of service design decisions raises a number of interesting questions for research which are discussed here. | Concept, service design | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-6963(01)00090-0 |
| Social Innovation | Boyne G. A. | Theme: Local government: Concepts and indicators of local authority performance: An evaluation of the statutory frameworks in England and Wales. | Public Money and Management | 2002 | A conceptual framework for evaluating statutory performance indicators for local authorities is developed. The framework, which contains 14 dimensions of organizational performance, is then applied to the indicators set for local government from 1993/94 to 2001/02. The results show that the validity and comparability of the indicators has improved substantially over time. However, a critical weakness that remains is the absence of indicators that link spending with service outcomes. Such indicators are essential if judgements about value for money and Best Value are to be made. | organizational performance, indoicators, local government | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9302.00303 |
| Digital Transformation | Kunda, G., Barley, S. R., & Evans, J. | Why do contractors contract? The experience of highly skilled technical professionals in a contingent labor market | ILR Review, 55, 234- 261 | 2002 | This study examines 52 highly skilled technical contractors' explanations, in 1998, of why they entered the contingent labor force and how their subsequent experiences altered their viewpoint. The authors report three general implications of their examination of the little-studied high-skill side of contingent labor. First, current depictions of contingent work are inaccurate. For example, contrary to the pessimistic “employment relations” perspective, most of these interviewees found contracting better-paying than permanent employment; and contrary to optimistic “free agent” views, many reported feeling anxiety and estrangement. Second, occupational networks arose to satisfy needs (such as training and wage-setting) that employing organizations satisfy for non-contingent workers. Third, regarding their place in the labor market, high-skilled and well-paid technical contractors cannot be called—as contingent workers usually are—“secondary sector” workers; and their market is not dyadic, with individuals selling labor and firms buying it, but triadic, involving intermediaries such as staffing firms | Contractors contract, technical professionals, contingent labor market | https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001979390205500203 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Brugue, Q. and Gallego, R. | A democratic public administration? Developments in public participation and innovations in community governance | Public Management Review | 2003 | In political theory public administration does not appear as a defining element of democracy. Moreover, traditional public administration is by definition a non-democratic organization. This paper argues that the democratisation of public administration is both necessary and appropriate. It is necessary in order to overcome some of the theoretical and empirical limitations of the politics/administration dychotomy. It is appropriate because it allows us to tackle these limitations and the difficulties derived from it by helping improve the efficiency and effectiveness, as well as the institutional performance, of administrations. First, the paper addresses, from a conceptual perspective, the question of ‘Why democratise public administration?’. Second, it explores the mechanisms through which democratisation may be achieved both in public administration's internal and external relations – that is, ‘How can public administration be democratised?’. The conclusions point out some implications for traditional models of administrative efficiency and political responsiveness – that is, for democratic politics. | democracy, public administration, performance, participation, politics/administration dychotomy | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1471903032000146973 |
| Digital Transformation | McLellan, E., MacQueen, K. M., & Neidig, J. L. | Beyond the qualitative interview: Data preparation and transcription | Field Methods | 2003 | The increased use of qualitative research, especially its application in multisite studies, requires robust data collection techniques and the documentation of research procedures. The inappropriate or inadequate preparation of transcripts from audio or digital recordings can delay or negatively affect the analysis process. Although no universal transcription format is adequate for all types of qualitative data collection approaches, settings, or theoretical frameworks, there are some practical considerations that can help researchers systematically organize and analyze textual data. | qualitative data, transcription guidelines, data reduction and management | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1525822x02239573 |
| Social Innovation | Brown, K. and R. Keast. | Community-Govrnment engagement: community connections through networked arrangements | Asian Journal of Public Administration 25(1): 107-132 | 2003 | Changes in the social, political and economic make-up of contemporary society have resulted in greater emphasis on competition, entrepreneurship, individualisation and fragmentation but, at the same time, there has been growing calls by the community for improved connection between government and citizens, and greater integration and cooperation. Since governments cannot afford to tolerate excessive levels of tension between constituents and other stakeholders, and the previous systems of integration on their own are no longer sufficient, there is a need for new processes and mechanisms of connection. Universally, networked forms based on horizontal integration principles have been presented as the new mode for social connection. Despite their apparent simplicity, networked arrangements offer a wide array of options, structures and potential outcomes. This article explores and analyses the emerging need to customise these linkages between governments and community to optimise inherent benefits of these modes of working. It is proposed that in this context, new ways of working together require specialised mixing, matching and managing of networked arrangements between government and citizens. | Community-govrnment engagement | https://doi.org/10.1080/02598272.2003.10800411 |
| Service Design | Barnes, M., Newman, J., Knops, A. and Sullivan, H. | Constituting ‘the public’ in public participation | Public Administration | 2003 | The emphasis on public participation in contemporary policy discourse has prompted the development of a wide range of forums within which dialogue takes place between citizens and officials. Often such initiatives are intended to contribute to objectives relating to social exclusion and democratic renewal. The question of ‘who takes part’ within such forums is, then, critical to an understanding of how far new types of forums can contribute to the delivery of such objectives. This article draws on early findings of research conducted as part of the ESRC Democracy and Participation Programme. It addresses three questions: ‘How do public bodies define or constitute the public that they wish to engage in dialogue?’; ‘What notions of representation or representativeness do participants and public officials bring to the idea of legitimate membership of such forums?’; and ‘How do deliberative forums contribute to, or help ameliorate, processes of social inclusion and exclusion?’ | public participation, citizens-officials dialogue | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9299.00352 |
| Social Innovation | Papadopoulos, Y. | Cooperative forms of governance: problems of democratic accountability in complex environments | European Journal of Political Research | 2003 | Various schools of research in public policy (the literature on ‘governance’ and its continental counterparts) are converging to focus on the growth of policy styles based on cooperation and partnership in networks, instead of on vertical control by the state. This article focuses on issues of democratic accountability and responsiveness with these governance arrangements. It argues that until recently the legitimacy of governance networks was not at the forefront of theoretical developments, even though the ‘democratic deficit’ of governance is problematic both for normative and for pragmatic reasons. There is now increased sensitivity to this problem, but the remedies presented in the literature are unsatisfactory, and critiques of governance presuppose a somewhat idealised image of representative democracy in terms of accountability or responsiveness of decision‐makers. They also fail to offer adequate solutions to some of the central legitimacy problems of policy‐making in complex societies. | public policy, nerworks, democracy, accountability, decision-making | https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1475-6765.00093 |
| Social Innovation | Hajer, M. and Wagenaar, H. (eds) | Deliberative Policy Analysis: Understanding Governance in the Network Society | Cambridge: Cambridge University Press | 2003 | What kind of policy analysis is required now that governments increasingly encounter the limits of governing? Exploring the new contexts of politics and policy making, this book presents an original analysis of the relationship between state and society, and new possibilities for collective learning and conflict resolution. The key insight of the book is that democratic governance calls for a new deliberatively-oriented policy analysis. Traditionally policy analysis has been state-centered, based on the assumption that central government is self-evidently the locus of governing. Drawing on detailed empirical examples, the book examines the influence of developments such as increasing ethnic and cultural diversity, the complexity of socio-technical systems, and the impact of transnational arrangements on national policy making. This contextual approach indicates the need to rethink the relationship between social theory, policy analysis, and politics. The book is essential reading for all those involved in the study of public policy. | politics and international relations, sociology, political theory, comparative politics, organisational sociology | https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/deliberative-policy-analysis/C07A076AAD9C04D2A498A57F3D0EFFEB |
| Service Design | Crabtree, A., Hemmings, T., Rodden, T., Cheverst, K., Clarke, K., Dewsbury, G., Rouncefield, M. | Designing with care: Adapting cultural probes to inform design in sensitive settings | Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2004 Australasian Conference on Computer- Human Interaction (OZCHI2004) | 2003 | We report on the methodological process of developing computer support for former psychiatric patients living in residential care settings, for older members of the community, and disabled people living at home. Methods for identifying user needs in such sensitive settings are underdeveloped and the situation presents a very complex set of design challenges. In particular, the highly personal character of such settings presents conventional observational techniques, such as ethnography, with obdurate problems that make direct observation intrusive, disruptive and inappropriate on occasion. Direct observation requires supplementation in sensitive settings. Accordingly, we report on our experiences of adapting Cultural Probes to explore care settings, to develop a design dialogue with participants, and to gather information about their unique needs. | design, cultural probes, computer support, residential care | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239503030_Designing_with_Care_Adapting_Cultural_Probes_to_Inform_Design_in_Sensitive_Settings |
| Digital Transformation | Andersen, K. V., Bjørn-Andersen, N., & Dedrick, J. | Gover- nance Initiatives Creating a Demand-Driven E-Commerce Approach: The Case of Denmark | The Information Society, 19(1), 95–105 | 2003 | The Danish e-commerce strategy is a highly ambitious effort to become the world's leading IT nation. Instead of a production-led approach aimed at stimulating domestic hardware and software production, Denmark has pursued a demand-oriented approach focused on promoting the widespread adoption of e-commerce in the Danish society. The Danish government has developed a number of e-commerce initiatives via public-private sector partnerships--an approach we refer to as "governance." So far, it appears that Denmark has been successful in promoting business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce, with a number of Danish companies being global leaders in the use of B2B applications. On the other hand, Denmark has had less success in achieving widespread use of business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce. This article analyzes the Danish national environment for e-commerce, discusses four sets of governance initiatives aimed at the development of e-commerce, and analyzes the reasons for its success in B2B and relative failure in B2C adoption. | Governance, demand-driven, commerce approach | https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240309475 |
| Social Innovation | Franke N. and Shah S. | How communities support innovative activities: an exploration of assistance and sharing among end-users | Research Policy, 32 (1), p.157–178 | 2003 | This study contributes to our understanding of the innovation process by bringing attention to and investigating the process by which innovators outside of firms obtain innovation-related resources and assistance. This study is the first to explicitly examine how user-innovators gather the information and assistance they need to develop their ideas and how they share and diffuse the resulting innovations. Specifically, this exploratory study analyzes the context within which individuals who belong to voluntary special-interest communities develop sports-related consumer product innovations. We find that these individuals often prototype novel sports-related products and that they receive assistance in developing their innovations from fellow community members. We find that innovation-related information and assistance, as well as the innovations themselves, are freely shared within these communities. The nature of these voluntary communities, and the “institutional” structure supporting innovation and free sharing of innovations is likely to be of interest to innovation researchers and managers both within and beyond this product arena. | end-users, innovation, institutional structure, communities | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048733302000069 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Mulgan and Albury D | Innovation in the public Sector | Public Sector | 2003 | The purpose of this Guide is to provide a framework for understanding the processes that underpin innovation in the public sector and to provide practical insights and a resource for practitioners. In this way the Guide is designed to further encourage and facilitate an innovative culture in the Australian Public Service (APS) and the public sector more generally. | public sector, innovation, practice, Australia | https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/upload/assets/www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/strategy/pubinov2.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Pyka A. and G. Kueppers. | Innovation networks - Theory and Practice | Cheltenham UK: Edward Elgar | 2003 | Innovation networks, theory, practice | ||
| Digital Transformation | Kerem, K. | Internet Banking in Estonia | Praxis Centre for Policy Studies | 2003 | The purpose of this paper is to study technology acceptance of internet banking in Estonia, an emerging east European economy.Design/methodology/approach – The present paper modifies the technology acceptance model and applies it to bank customers in Estonia, because Estonia, a country with a developing economy, has focused on internet banking as an important distribution channel.Findings – The findings suggest that internet bank use increases insofar as customers perceive it as useful. The perceived usefulness is central because it determines whether the perceived ease of internet bank use will lead to increased use of the internet bank. Put differently, a well‐designed and easy to use internet bank may not be used if it is not perceived as useful. We thus conclude that the perceived usefulness of internet banking is, for banks, a key construct for promoting customer use. We also suggest that models of technology acceptance should be re‐formulated to focus more on the key role of the perceived | Internet, banking | http:// unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNTC/UNPAN018529.pdf. |
| Social Innovation | Hoang H. and B. Antoncic. | Network-based research in entrepreneurship: A critical review | Journal of Business Venturing 18 (2): 165-187 | 2003 | Network-based research in entrepreneurship is reviewed and critically examined in three areas: content of network relationships, governance, and structure. Research on the impact of network structure on venture performance has yielded a number of important findings. In contrast, fewer process-oriented studies have been conducted and only partial empirical confirmation exists for a theory of network development. In order to address unanswered questions on how network content, governance, and structure emerge over time, more longitudinal and qualitative work is needed. Theory building in this field would benefit also from a greater integration between process- and outcome-oriented research. | Entrepreneurship, critical review | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00081-2 |
| Public service value co creation | Chesbrough H. | Open innovation: the new imperative for creating and profiting from technology | Harvard Business School Press. | 2003 | In today's information-rich environment, companies can no longer afford to rely entirely on their own ideas to advance their business, nor can they restrict their innovations to a single path to market. As a result, says Harvard Business School Professor Henry W. Chesbrough, the traditional model for innovation--which has been largely internally focused, closed off from outside ideas and technologies--is becoming obsolete. Emerging in its place is a new paradigm, "open innovation," which strategically leverages internal and external sources of ideas and takes them to market through multiple paths. This path-breaking analysis is based on extensive field research, academic study, and the author's own longtime experience working in Silicon Valley. Through rich descriptions of the innovation processes of Xerox, IBM, Lucent, Intel, Merck, and Millennium, and the many spin-offs that have emerged from these firms, Open Innovation shows how a company can use its business model to identify a more enlightened role for R&D in a world of abundant information, better manage and access intellectual property, advance its current business, and grow its future business. Arguing that companies in all industries must transform the way they commercialize knowledge, Chesbrough convincingly shows how open innovation can unlock the latent economic value in a company's ideas and technologies. | open innovation, paradigm, business, technologies | https://books.google.com.mx/books?hl=es&lr=&id=4hTRWStFhVgC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Open+innovation:+the+new+imperative+for+creating+and+profiting+from+technologye&ots=XtWGZMs9xC&sig=gSPGa02-3mbRlfrGK7RtDas-0LQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Open%20innovation%3A%20the%20new%20imperative%20for%20creating%20and%20profiting%20from%20technologye&f=false |
| Social Innovation | Caloghirou Y. | Research joint ventures | Journal of Economic Surveys 17 (4): 541- 570 | 2003 | Inter-firm collaboration is not new. What is new is that such collaboration has exploded during the past couple of decades, in parallel to the intensification of international competition. Moreover, the nature of collaboration has changed, shifting from peripheral interests to the very core functions of the corporation, and from equity to non-equity forms of collaboration. Importantly, cooperation focusing on the generation, exchange, and/or adaptation of new technologies has risen at very fast rates. Research joint ventures, the focus of this paper, belong in the latter category. The proliferation of RJVs has created extensive interest among economists, business analysts, and policy decision-makers and led to the profusion of literature on the topic. This paper critically reviews the literature in industrial economics and strategic management that deals with RJV partner motives and RJV outcomes. The paper categorizes the different streams of this literature and indicates the state-of-the-art, synthesizes important understandings, and suggests key nodes of a future research agenda. | Joint ventures | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(01)00064-9 |
| Service Design | Gregory, J. | Scandinavian approaches to participatory design | International Journal of Engineering Education, 19(1), 62-74 | 2003 | What is distinctive about Scandinavian participatory design approaches? What can we learn from Scandinavian participatory design approaches that we can take into our own design practices, collaborations in design, and design pedagogy? The discussion argues that three principles distinguish Scandinavian approaches to participatory design: striving for democracy and demo-cratisation; explicit discussions of values in design and imagined futures; and ways that conflicts and contradictions are regarded as resources in design. The author draws on recent experiences in Norway, in multi-disciplinary and international collaborations in health informatics. Background on Scandinavian approaches to participatory design is provided to give a sense of their distinctive history and critiques reflecting on problems and limits encountered. An instance of information systems interface design is presented in order to talk concretely about Scandinavian participatory design principles in contrast to mainstream systems design traditions in the United States. | participatory design, Scandinavian approach, democratisation, values, conflict, health informatics | https://www.ijee.ie/articles/Vol19-1/IJEE1353.pdf |
| Digital Transformation | Andal-Ancion A., Cartwright P. A. and Yip G. S. | The digital transformation of traditional business. | MIT Sloan Management Review | 2003 | By fully understanding drivers of new information technologies (NIT), companies can begin to predict the potential transformations of their industries, especially in terms of how products are marketed and sold. To that end, we have developed a systematic framework that identifies which drivers are important for the different approaches of classic disintermediation, remediation and network-based mediation. Using this tool, companies can determine both the optimum ways to transform their businesses and the NIT investments required to accomplish such changes. | new information technologies, drivers, business, disintermediation, remediation, network-based mediation | https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/the-digital-transformation-of-traditional-business/ |
| Public Sector Innovation | Feldman M. | The locational dynamics of the US biotech industry: knowledge externalities and the anchor hypothesis | Industry and Innovation, vol. 10 pp. 311-328 | 2003 | Biotechnology, rather than defined as a distinct industry like automobiles or steel, is instead a scientific knowledge base --a rapidly evolving technology --that has economically valuable applications in such diverse industries as pharmaceuticals, medical diagnostics, agriculture, bio-environmental remediation and chemical processing. Biotechnology has captured the imagination of ambitious scientific investigators, investors seeking high rates of return, as well as economic development officials who hope to anchor the industry within their district and reap the economic and employment rewards. Biotech is still at an early stage and there are many competing hypotheses about its future development. This paper adapts the concept of the anchor tenant from real estate economics to explore the locational concentration and specialization of the emerging biotech industry. Established Anchor firms who use a new technology may create knowledge externalities that benefit smaller dedicated biotech firms and increase overall innovative output in the region. In the situation of a shopping mall, the market failure is addressed through rents. In the absence of such a transfer mechanism among firms, we may except that smaller firms would benefit from a location premium and this would result in a greater number of new start-ups and better performance. | Locational dynamics, biotech industry, knowledge, externalities | DOI:10.1080/1366271032000141661 |
| Public service value co creation | Denhardt, R.B. and Denhardt, J.V. | The New Public Service: an approach to reform | International Review of Public Administration | 2003 | Under evolving forms of governance, government will play a different role in the steering of society. Yet government will still be judged by legal and political criteria, economic and market criteria, and democratic and social criteria. The first of these was central to traditional public administration, the second is at the forefront of “the new public management,” and the third is central to “the new public service.” Here we outline the characteristics of the new public service and how its principles will guide future public administrators. | citizenship, public service, governance | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/12294659.2003.10805013 |
| Social Innovation | Newman M.E.J. | The Structure and Function of Complex Networks | SIAM Review | 2003 | Inspired by empirical studies of networked systems such as the Internet, social networks, and biological networks, researchers have in recent years developed a variety of techniques and models to help us understand or predict the behavior of these systems. Here we review developments in this field, including such concepts as the small-world effect, degree distributions, clustering, network correlations, random graph models, models of network growth and preferential attachment, and dynamical processes taking place on networks. | networked systems, prediction, small-world effect, degree distributions, clustering, random graph models | https://epubs.siam.org/doi/abs/10.1137/s003614450342480 |
| Digital Transformation | Golafshani N. | Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. | The Qualitative Report | 2003 | The use of reliability and validity are common in quantitative research and now it is reconsidered in the qualitative research paradigm. Since reliability and validity are rooted in positivist perspective then they should be redefined for their use in a naturalistic approach. Like reliability and validity as used in quantitative research are providing springboard to examine what these two terms mean in the qualitative research paradigm, triangulation as used in quantitative research to test the reliability and validity can also illuminate some ways to test or maximize the validity and reliability of a qualitative study. Therefore, reliability, validity and triangulation, if they are relevant research concepts, particularly from a qualitative point of view, have to be redefined in order to reflect the multiple ways of establishing truth. | reliability, validity, triangulation, construct, qualitative, quantitative | https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol8/iss4/6/ |
| Public Sector Innovation | Bretschneider S. I., Marc-Aurele F. J. and Wu J | Best practices research: A methodological guide for the perplexed. | Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory | 2004 | Like many applied fields, public administration has a long-running love affair with the idea of “best practices” research. Although occasional reviews and critical examinations of approaches to best practices research have appeared in the literature (Overman and Boyd 1994), very little critical examination and reflection have been devoted to core methodological issues surrounding such work. The purpose of this article is twofold. First, we critically examine the underlying assumptions associated with “best practices research” in order to distill an appropriate set of rules to frame research designs for best practice studies. Second, we review several statistical approaches that provide a rigorous empirical basis for identification of “best practices” in public organizations—methods for modeling extreme behavior (i.e., iteratively weighted least squares and quantile regression) and measuring relative technical efficiency (data envelopment analysis [DEA]). | best practices, research methodology, pubic organizations | https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mui017 |
| Living Labs | Følstad, A. | Brukerinvolvering I offentlige IT-prosjekter: Metoder for brukersentrert utvikling (User involvement in public IT projects: User-centered development methods) | Asbjørn Følstad, SINTEF IKT. Oslo, 13. mai, 2004 | 2004 | Efficiency and quality information technologies should be used to streamline the public sector and provide new and better services to users. The user in the center. Public services should be easy to use and adapted to the needs of the individual. Participation and identity IT can give citizens better access to public information and access to political processes. Good organization of IT can provide new opportunities for participation in social and working life. | value creation, public sector, public services, information technologies, user centered, participation | https://www.sintef.no/globalassets/project/effin/dokumenter/seminar-1-2004/asbjorn-folstad_mai2004.pdf |
| Digital Transformation | Fountain J. E. | Building the virtual state: Information technology and institutional change | Brookings Institution Press. | 2004 | The benefits of using technology to remake government seem almost infinite. The promise of such programs as user-friendly ""virtual agencies"" and portals where citizens can access all sections of government from a single website has excited international attention. The potential of a digital state cannot be realized, however, unless the rigid structures of the contemporary bureaucratic state change along with the times. Building the Virtual State explains how the American public sector must evolve and adapt to exploit the possibilities of digital governance fully and fairly. The book finds that many issues involved in integrating technology and government have not been adequately debated or even recognized. Drawing from a rich collection of case studies, the book argues that the real challenges lie not in achieving the technical capability of creating a government on the web, but rather in overcoming the entrenched organizational and political divisions within the state. Questions such as who pays for new government websites, which agencies will maintain the sites, and who will ensure that the privacy of citizens is respected reveal the extraordinary obstacles that confront efforts to create a virtual state. These political and structural battles will influence not only how the American state will be remade in the Information Age, but also who will be the winners and losers in a digital society. | "Virtual State", technology, integration, case studies | https://www.amazon.es/Building-Virtual-State-Information-Institutional/dp/0815700776 |
| Digital Transformation | A. L. George, & A. Bennett. | Case Studies and Theory Development | Chapter 1-2. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences, 1–36 | 2004 | Case studies, theory development | https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592707070491 | |
| Social Innovation | Kweit, M. G. and Kweit, R.W. | Citizen participation and citizen evaluation in disaster recovery | American Review of Public Administration | 2004 | In April 1997, Grand Forks, North Dakota, and East Grand Forks, Minnesota, experienced a disastrous flood. Both cities have been textbook examples of success according to the Federal Emergency Management Agency. They have an updated infrastructure, paid for largely by the federal government. Their downtowns are on the road to recovery with new construction and businesses. The paths of the two cities have diverged in the social and political aftermath of the flood. East Grand Forks, following consultant suggestions, instituted extensive citizen participation initiatives. East Grand Forks has experienced political stability and citizen satisfaction. Grand Forks relied primarily on bureaucratic guidance to react to the disaster. Grand Forks has experienced changes in government structure, turnover of elected and appointed officials, and much less positive citizen evaluation. This study examines the effect of perceptions of citizen participation on the citizens’ evaluation of the success of the recovery. | citizen participation, disaster recovery, disaster and political change, politics and administration | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0275074004268573 |
| Social Innovation | Irvin, R.A. and Stansbury, J. | Citizen participation in decision making: is it worth the effort? | Public Administration Review | 2004 | It is widely argued that increased community participation in government decision making produces many important benefits. Dissent is rare: It is difficult to envision anything but positive outcomes from citizens joining the policy process, collaborating with others and reaching consensus to bring about positive social and environmental change. This article, motivated by contextual problems encountered in a participatory watershed management initiative, reviews the citizen-participation literature and analyzes key considerations in determining whether community participation is an effective policy-making tool. We list conditions under which community participation may be costly and ineffective and when it can thrive and produce the greatest gains in effective citizen governance. From the detritus of an unsuccessful citizen-participation effort, we arrive at a more informed approach to guide policy makers in choosing a decision-making process that is appropriate for a community's particular needs. | citizen´s participation, decision making, community, participation, citizen, decision-making process, governance, decision making, community participation, management | https://www.cornellcollege.edu/politics/IrvinParticip.pdf |
| Living Labs | Prahalad C.K. and Ramaswamy V. | Co-creation experiences: the next practice in value creation | Journal of Interactive Marketing | 2004 | Consumers today have more choices of products and services than ever before, but they seem dissatisfied. Firms invest in greater product variety but are less able to differentiate themselves. Growth and value creation have become the dominant themes for managers. In this paper, we explain this paradox. The meaning of value and the process of value creation are rapidly shifting from a product- and firm-centric view to personalized consumer experiences. Informed, networked, empowered, and active consumers are increasingly co-creating value with the firm. The interaction between the firm and the consumer is becoming the locus of value creation and value extraction. As value shifts to experiences, the market is becoming a forum for conversation and interactions between consumers, consumer communities, and firms. It is this dialogue, access, transparency, and understanding of risk-benefits that is central to the next practice in value creation. | value, value creation, consumer-centred, business | http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.474.1975&rep=rep1&type=pdf |
| Service Design | Bartl M., Ernst H., Füller J., Mühlbacher H. | Community based innovation: a method to utilize the innovative potential of online communitiers | Proceedings of the 37th HICSS Conference, Hawaii. | 2004 | In this article, the authors suggest a method to utilize the existing innovative potential of online communities by integrating its members virtually into new product development. The introduced concept of community based innovation (CBI) which is founded on groundwork of social exchange and interaction theory was explored, tested and refined in several already conducted business projects in the consumer goods sector. As result of this action research the authors illustrate CBI as a practitioner's guideline consisting of four systemized steps along one case study in the automotive industry. The presented study helps to get a deeper understanding and a more detailed overview concerning the procedures and activities used in practice. | technological innovation, innovation management, marketing management, technology management, product development, internet, design engineering, testing, refining, business | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1265464/keywords#keywords |
| Social Innovation | Cox, H. and S. Mowatt. | Consumer-driven innovation networks and e-business management systems | Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 7 (1): 9- 19 | 2004 | This paper examines the use of consumer-driven innovation networks within the UK food-retailing industry using qualitative interview-based research analysed within an economic framework. This perspective revealed that, by exploiting information gathered directly from their customers at point-of-sale and data mining, supermarkets are able to identify consumer preferences and co-ordinate new product development via innovation networks. This has been made possible through their information control of the supply-chain established through the use of transparent inventory management systems. As a result, supermarkets’ e-business systems have established new competitive processes in the UK food-processing and retailing industry and are an example of consumer-driven innovation networks. The informant-based qualitative approach also revealed that trust-based transacting relationships operated differently from those previously described in the literature. | Consumer-driven innovation, networks, e-business management systems | DOI:10.1108/13522750410512840 |
| Living Labs | Woods, P.A. | Democratic Leadership: Drawing Distinctions with Distributed Leadership | International Journal of Leadership in Education, 7(1): 3-26 | 2004 | This article delineates the distinctiveness of democratic leadership in comparison with distributed leadership. The impetus for the exercise arises from the escalating interest in distributed leadership within the field of leadership and organizational studies. More particularly, this article addresses the danger that the idea of democratic leadership may be eclipsed or colonized by discourses on distributed leadership. A view of democracy is developed in which particular attention is given to critical theoretical roots in Marx's notion of alienation and the pervasive power of Weberian instrumental rationality. The article builds on theoretical modelling by the author (Woods 200372. Woods , PA . (2003). Building on Weber to Understand Governance: Exploring the links between identity, democracy and ‘inner distance’. Sociology, 37(1): 143–163. View all references) of a type of governance (organic governance) in which democratic rationalities are an infusing and challenging feature. Two of the rationalities give to democratic agency its distinctiveness – namely, decisional and ethical rationality. The latter is discussed more fully, as it tends to be given least explicit attention in much literature on democracy. Essential to democracy is the recognition – and, today, the reassertion – that advancing truth is worthwhile, social and possible. Ethical rationality, linked in with the other democratic rationalities, requires, inter alia, creative spaces in a dynamic organizational structure that allows for movement between tighter and looser structural frameworks; a recombination of creative human capacities which overcomes the tension between instrumentally‐rational and affective capacities; and open boundaries of participation. Implications for understanding democratic leadership are highlighted in the discussion. | Democratic leadership, drawing distinctions, distributed leadership | DOI:10.1080/1360312032000154522 |
| Digital Transformation | Den Digitale Taskforce. | Den offentlige sektors strategi for digital forvaltning 2004-06 - realisering af potentialet | 2004 | Offentlige sektors, strategi, digital forvaltning | https://digst.dk/media/12702/digitaliseringsstrategi-2004-2006.pdf | ||
| Living Labs | S.L. Vargo and R.F. Lusch. | Evolving to a new dominant logic for mar- keting | Journal of Marketing, 68:1–17 | 2004 | Marketing inherited a model of exchange from economics, which had a dominant logic based on the exchange of “goods,” which usually are manufactured output. The dominant logic focused on tangible resources, embedded value, and transactions. Over the past several decades, new perspectives have emerged that have a revised logic focused on intangible resources, the cocreation of value, and relationships. The authors believe that the new perspectives are converging to form a new dominant logic for marketing, one in which service provision rather than goods is fundamental to economic exchange. The authors explore this evolving logic and the corresponding shift in perspective for marketing scholars, marketing practitioners, and marketing educators. | Dominant logic, marketing | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315699035/chapters/10.4324/9781315699035-9 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1509/jmkg.68.1.1.24036?journalCode=jmxa |
| Public service value co creation | Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. | Evolving to a New Dominant Logic for Marketing | Journal of Marketing, 68 (1), p. 1-17 | 2004 | Marketing inherited a model of exchange from economics, which had a dominant logic based on the exchange of “goods,” which usually are manufactured output. The dominant logic focused on tangible resources, embedded value, and transactions. Over the past several decades, new perspectives have emerged that have a revised logic focused on intangible resources, the cocreation of value, and relationships. The authors believe that the new perspectives are converging to form a new dominant logic for marketing, one in which service provision rather than goods is fundamental to economic exchange. The authors explore this evolving logic and the corresponding shift in perspective for marketing scholars, marketing practitioners, and marketing educators. | New Dominant Logic, services, marketing | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1509/jmkg.68.1.1.24036?journalCode=jmxa |
| Living Labs | Toivonen. M. | Expertise as Business: Long‐ Term Development and Future Prospects of Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS) | PhD. diss. Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland | 2004 | Knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) are expert companies that provide services to other companies and organisations. IT services, R&D services, technical consultancy, legal, financial and management consultancy, and marketing communications are typical KIBS industries. KIBS have aroused broad interest, several studies having indicated that they are active innovators, as well as facilitators and carriers of innovations of other companies. A futures perspective is essential from the viewpoint of innovation, and the study in hand intends to link this perspective to KIBS research. The study applies the so-called foresight approach, which, instead of predicting, focuses on creating views of alternative futures. In this study, the significance of historical analysis as a basis for foresight is stressed: the study starts with an examination of the long-term development of KIBS. | Expertise business, long‐ term development, knowledge-intensive services | http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:tkk-004329 |
| Service Design | Rynes S. and Gephart R.P. Jr. | From the editors: Qualitative research and the “Academy of Management Journal”. | The Academy of Management Journal | 2004 | In this article the editor discusses the “Academy of Management Journal's” approach to publishing qualitative research. He notes that the journal is committed to publishing the best management research available and that the journal holds no biases against certain forms of research. He asserts that qualitative research has a significant history in the journal and discusses several more well known examples that received a great deal of attention upon publication. | qualitative research | http://www.jstor.org/stable/20159596 |
| Living Labs | Goldsmith, S. & W.D. Eggers. | Governing by Network: The New Shape of the Public Sector | Cambridge, Mass: Ash Center and Brookings Institution Press | 2004 | Governing network, new shape, public sector | https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.20165 | |
| Public service value co creation | Walti, S., Kubler, D. Papadopoulos, Y. | How democratic is 'governance'? Lessons from Swiss Drug Policy | Governance | 2004 | Public action increasingly takes place in self‐organizing networks that are remote from direct governmental control. While these transformations have been subject to scrutiny in regard to their efficiency, less attention has been paid to their democratic quality. This article discusses governance‐induced problems of democracy by isolating two major criticisms. Deliberative criticism argues that governance, rather than allowing for true deliberation in the public space, may lead to a loss of accountability. Participatory criticism stresses that governance impinges on participatory venues. The article discusses these criticisms theoretically and empirically, drawing from research on drug policy in Switzerland. The findings show that the criticisms are relevant, albeit not entirely justified. | governance, democracy | https://www.academia.edu/29094648/How_Democratic_Is_Governance_Lessons_from_Swiss_Drug_Policy |
| Public service value co creation | Frumkin, P., & Galaskiewicz, J. | Institutional isomorphism and public sector organizations. | Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 14(3), 283–307 | 2004 | Although public sector organizations have long been seen as driving the institutionalization of business firms and nonprofit organizations, government agencies themselves have only occasionally been studied as subjects of institutional pressures. This research examines whether public sector organizations, when compared with organizations in the business and nonprofit sectors, are more or less as susceptible to mimetic, normative, and coercive pressures. Using data from the National Organizations Study, we discover that governmental organizations are in fact more vulnerable to all three types of institutional forces than other organizations, whereas the effect of institutional variables on for-profits and nonprofits is more sporadic. The susceptibility of public sector organizations to institutional pressures raises important questions for the field of public administration and has consequences for nonprofits and business firms, which are funded and regulated by government. | public sector organizations, business organizations, non-profit organizations, coercive/institutional pressures | https://academic.oup.com/jpart/article-abstract/14/3/283/1072069/ |
| Public service value co creation | Rouillard L., Bourgault J., Charih M., Maltais D. | Les ressources humaines : clé de voûte de la réforme du secteur public au Québec | Politiques et Management public, 22 (3), p. 91-96 | 2004 | Les progrès technologiques, la mondialisation des échanges et l'évolution rapide des conditions sociales ont suscité une remise en question du rôle et du fonctionnement de l'État. Ces réflexions se traduisent aujourd'hui par des réformes dont l'ampleur et la direction varient en fonction des idéologies politiques, de l'organisation des institutions et de la culture gouvernementale en place. Au Québec, le gouvernement a fondé son approche, notamment, sur la conviction que le personnel de la fonction publique est un élément clé de la réforme et que la capacité d'innovation des employés du secteur public apparaît comme un moteur de la modernisation. La question est de savoir si les mesures mises de l'avant pour favoriser le rehaussement des compétences et la capacité d'innovation des employés du secteur public seront adéquates à la lumière des grandes tendances qui s'annoncent pour la prochaine décennie. En effet, il reste encore de grands chantiers inexplorés qui nécessiteront des stratégies nouvelles pour l'administration et des ajustements considérables de la part des employés publics. | Ressources humaines, clé de voûte, secteur public québec | https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/pomap_0758-1726_2004_num_22_3_2850.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Klijn, E.H. and Koppenjan, J.F | Managing uncertainties in networks | London: Routledge | 2004 | As public and private sector organizations work more frequently in partnership, managing uncertainties, problems and controversies becomes increasingly difficult. Despite sophisticated technology and knowledge, the strategic networks and games required to solve uncertainties becomes more complex and more important than ever before. This unique text examines such developments in the area of network strategy. Differentiating itself from other policy network approaches which mainly have a research focus, this text has a managerial orientation, presenting strategies and management recommendations for public and private sector organizations as well as the analytical tools required by practitioners seeking to support their own internal decision-making and strategy formulation. Tapping into the important and ever-growing area of risk and uncertainty management, this is a vital and long awaited staple for the arena, written by two leading authors in the field, and is key reading for students, scholars and policy makers seeking to understand the complexities of the network society. | public-private partnership, uncertainty, network strategy, decision-making, | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203643457 |
| Service Design | T. Levitt. | Marketing myopia | Harvard Business Review, 82:138–149 | 2004 | Theodore Levitt criticizes John Kenneth Galbraith's view of advertising as artificial want creation, contending that its selling focus on the product fails to appreciate the marketing focus on the consumer. But Levitt himself not only ends up endorsing selling; he fails to confront the fact that the marketing to our most pervasive needs that he advocates really represents a sophisticated form of selling. He avoids facing this by the fiction that marketing is concerned only with the material level of existence, and absolves marketing of serious involvement in the level of meaning through the relativization of all meanings as personal preferences. The irony is that this itself reflects a particular view of meaning, a modern commercial one, so that it is this vision of life that Levitt's marketing is really SELLING. | Marketing myopia | https://motamem.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Marketing-Myopia-Theodore-Levitt.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Syson, F. and H. Perks. | New service development: a network perspective | Journal of services marketing 18(4): 255-266 | 2004 | This paper generates a network perspective of the development of new services. Service development within a network environment is at an early stage of understanding and has received little attention. The authors contribute to greater understanding of the new service development process by conceptually developing and integrating two themes: the development of new services and the innovation process within networks, rooted in the study of industrial networks. The conceptual discussion is further strengthened by a case study of network‐based new service development in the financial services sector. | Service development, network, perspective | https://doi.org/10.1108/08876040410542254 |
| Public service value co creation | Roberts, N. | Public deliberation in an age of direct citizen participation | American Review of Public Administration | 2004 | Citizen participation in the decisions that affect their lives is an imperative of contemporary society. For the first half of the 20th century, citizens relied on public officials and administrators to make decisions about public policy and its implementation. The latter part of the 20th century saw a shift toward greater direct citizen involvement. This trend is expected to grow as democratic societies become more decentralized, interdependent, networked, linked by new information technologies, and challenged by “wicked problems.” The purpose of this article is to summarize the past experiments in direct citizen participation—the forms they take, the challenges they raise (including the need for redefined roles for public officials and citizens), and the consequences they produce. By laying out what has been done in the past, we are better positioned to identify the critical issues and challenges that remain for researchers and practitioners to address in the future. | deliberation, dialogue, citizen engagement, involvement, participation | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0275074004269288?ssource=mfc&rss=1 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Carpini M.X.D., Cook F. and Jacobs L.R. | Public Deliberation, Discursive Participation and Citizen Engagement: A Review of the Empirical Literature | Annual Review of Political Science | 2004 | Many theorists have long extolled the virtues of public deliberation as a crucial component of a responsive and responsible democracy. Building on these theories, in recent years practitioners—from government officials to citizen groups, nonprofits, and foundations—have increasingly devoted time and resources to strengthening citizen engagement through deliberative forums. Although empirical research has lagged behind theory and practice, a body of literature has emerged that tests the presumed individual and collective benefits of public discourse on citizen engagement. We begin our review of this research by defining “public deliberation”; we place it in the context of other forms of what we call “discursive participation” while distinguishing it from other ways in which citizens can voice their individual and collective views on public issues. We then discuss the expectations, drawn from deliberative democratic theory, regarding the benefits (and, for some, pitfalls) assumed to derive from public deliberation. The next section reviews empirical research as it relates to these theoretical expectations. We conclude with recommendations on future directions for research in this area. | civic engagement, citizen participation, political talk, political discourse | https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.121003.091630 |
| Service Design | Bryson, J.M., Crosby, B.C. and Bloomberg, L. | Public value governance: moving beyond traditional Public Administration and the New Public Management | Public Administration Review | 2004 | A new public administration movement is emerging to move beyond traditional public administration and New Public Management. The new movement is a response to the challenges of a networked, multisector, no‐one‐wholly‐in‐charge world and to the shortcomings of previous public administration approaches. In the new approach, values beyond efficiency and effectiveness—and especially democratic values—are prominent. Government has a special role to play as a guarantor of public values, but citizens as well as businesses and nonprofit organizations are also important as active public problem solvers. The article highlights value‐related issues in the new approach and presents an agenda for research and action to be pursued if the new approach is to fulfill its promise. | public value, governance, public administration reform | http://iranarze.ir/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/6073-English-IranArze.pdf |
| Service Design | Hyde, P., & Davies, H. T. O. | Service design, culture and performance: Collusion and co- production in health care | Human Relations, 57(11), 1407-1426 | 2004 | While there is emerging evidence to suggest that (organizational) culture can affect the performance and quality of health services, little attention has been directed at how these relationships might be mediated, facilitated or attenuated by aspects of service design (i.e. those arrangements that combine facilities, staff and service users in the co-production of care). Using two case studies set in mental health services, this article explores how both culture and performance may be viewed as emergent properties of service design configurations. Thus central to ideas of service re-design should be notions of service users as the co-producers (with staff) of both organizational culture and organizational performance, as well as a clearer understanding of how such co-production processes are modulated by specific design configurations. | Co-production, health care, organizational culture, organizational design, organizational performance, service users | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0018726704049415 |
| Digital Transformation | Reinert, E. S. and R. Kattel. | The Qualitative Shift in European Integration: Towards Permanent Wage Pressures and a “Latin-Americanization” of Europe? | PRAXIS Working Paper, no. 17 | 2004 | US economist Hyman Minsky jokingly used to claim that there are as many varieties of capitalism as Heinz has pickles, that is 57 varieties (Minsky 1991). In this paper we argue that economic integration provides a similar analytical problem: economic integration can take many forms, and some are more conducive to wealth and freedom than others. Colonialism was probably the first form of international economic integration, and a very close form of integration at that. Intuitively we understand that what the European Union has attempted to achieve – ever since Winston Churchill called for ‘a kind of United States of Europe’ in a 1946 Zurich University speech – is something qualitatively very different from colonialism. | Qualitative shift, permanent wage | https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/47909/1/MPRA_paper_47909.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Følstad, A. | User involvement in public IT projects: User-centered development methods | User-centered development methods). Oslo: SINTEF IKT | 2004 | Public IT, projects | ||
| Social Innovation | Bryson, J. M. | What to do when Stakeholders matter | Public Management Review | 2004 | This article focuses specifically on how and why managers might go about using stakeholder identification and analysis techniques in order to help their organizations meet their mandates, fulfill their missions and create public value. A range of stakeholder identification and analysis techniques is reviewed. The techniques cover: organizing participation; creating ideas for strategic interventions, including problem formulation and solution search; building a winning coalition around proposal development, review and adoption; and implementing, monitoring and evaluating strategic interventions. The article argues that wise use of stakeholder analyses can help frame issues that are solvable in ways that are technically feasible and politically acceptable and that advance the common good. The article concludes with a number of recommendations for management research, education and practice. | public value, stakeholder identification, stakeholder analysis | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200465469_What_to_Do_When_Stakeholders_Matter |
| Social Innovation | Parkinson, J. | Why deliberate? The encounter between deliberation and new public managers | Public Administration | 2004 | A number of organizations in Britain's National Health Service (NHS) have been experimenting with ‘deliberative’ techniques of citizen involvement, techniques that were designed with democratic imperatives in mind. However, political practices are moulded by their institutional settings and the goals of their proponents, so it is unlikely that they have been left ‘pure’ following their encounter with public management imperatives. This paper offers an explanation for the interest in deliberative processes in the NHS by comparing deliberative and public management imperatives, as well as discussing more case‐specific motivations, drawing on interviews with health policy actors between May and July 2001. I then use those insights to highlight gaps between the deliberative ideal and deliberative practice, showing what has been gained and what has been lost in the encounter between deliberative democracy and new public managers. | health system, citizen involvement, institutional set-up, public management, deliberative, processes | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0033-3298.2004.00399.x |
| Public service value co creation | Baggot, R. | A funny thing happened on the way to the forum? Reforming patient and public involvement in the NHS in England | Public Administration | 2005 | This article explores the introduction of a new system of patient and public involvement (PPI) in the NHS in England. After seeking to clarify the terminology found in this field, the article explores the background to the new system, why proposals were brought forward by the government and how they were implemented. The article also examines the main criticisms of the new system, which include under‐resourcing, lack of capacity, complexity and fragmentation. The article concludes by drawing out lessons for future reform in this field. | public involvement, reform, health system | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0033-3298.2005.00461.x |
| Public service value co creation | Simmons and Birchall | A joined-up approach to user participation in public services: strengthening the 'participation chain' | Social Policy and Administration | 2005 | Participation has emerged as a key theme for social policy and administration in the UK. Public service providers are often keen to consult users, and users themselves want to make their voices heard. Despite this, however, there is a perennial problem in getting people to participate, and participation is often better supported in principle than in practice. The motivations of key actors are crucial, but are often poorly understood. This article attempts to build a more detailed understanding of the motivations to participate of one key group: service users. Using Mutual Incentives Theory, it shows the extent to which users are motivated by individualistic or collectivistic concerns. These “demand side” factors are then combined with others on the “supply side” in a model we call the “participation chain”. This model provides a systematic framework for understanding what makes public service users participate, and seeks to demonstrate that, while the question of participation requires a combination of answers, it is a combination that can be predicted, planned for and acted upon. | participation, motivation, social policy, public services | https://www.academia.edu/4141045/A_Joined-up_Approach_to_User_Participation_in_Public_Services_Strengthening_the_Participation_Chain |
| Social Innovation | Cuthill, M. and Fien, J. | Capacity building: facilitating citizen participation in local governance | Australian Journal of Public Management | 2005 | This article presents a synthesis of research findings drawn from a pilot study and five applied research projects focusing on the concepts and processes which underpin the operationalisation of citizen participation in local governance. The approach taken in this paper is heuristic in that it draws on inductive reasoning from past experience. Readers are invited to explore in more detail, through the cited literature, results from these previous studies. | local governance, citizen participation | https://www.academia.edu/2303374/Capacity_building_Facilitating_citizen_participation_in_local_governance |
| Public service value co creation | Aberbach, J.D. and Christensen, T. | Citizens and consumers: an NPM dilemma | Public Management Review | 2005 | New Public Management (NPM) puts a major emphasis on consumer sovereignty. Through consumer sovereignty, it is argued, public organizations will produce outputs more in line with what citizens want. This article analyses the implications, both theoretical and practical, of conceiving of citizens as customers. We discuss the features of citizenship, the ways in which the emerging customer focus impacts the role of citizen, how consumerism would and, in implementation, does work and the wider implications for democratic governance, particularly the effects on political and administrative leadership roles and leaders' political accountability, of the tendency to define citizens as customers of government agencies when conceptualizing their relationship to the state. | administrative reform, citizens, consumers, customer preferences, New Public Management | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719030500091319 |
| Social Innovation | Breschi S. and F. Malerba. | Clusters, networks , and innovation: research results and new directions | Breschi S. and F. Malerba eds. Clusters, networks and innovation, 1-26. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press | 2005 | Clusters, networks , innovation | https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=s9RIa_JgUlMC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=Clusters,+networks+,+and+innovation:+research+results+and+new+directions&ots=cW2zAWKwUX&sig=D1lqVwk_MMyMZiaJUeG1llkF1ns#v=onepage&q=Clusters%2C%20networks%20%2C%20and%20innovation%3A%20research%20results%20and%20new%20directions&f=false | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Willis GB. | Cognitive Interviewing: A Tool for Improving Questionnaire Design | Sage, Thousand Oaks | 2005 | Cognitive, interviewing | https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=On1LBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT9&dq=Cognitive+Interviewing:+A+Tool+for+Improving+Questionnaire+Design&ots=AKQJgFMK8k&sig=_M3kNM5gc359NI1zZuT2--kwiDE#v=onepage&q=Cognitive%20Interviewing%3A%20A%20Tool%20for%20Improving%20Questionnaire%20Design&f=false | |
| Public service value co creation | Evers, A, Lewis, J and Riedel, B | Developing child-care provision in England and Germany: problems of governance | Journal of European Social Policy | 2005 | Both the UK and German governments have sought to expand child-care provision. There is some evidence of convergence between the two countries in respect of changes in governance as well, but we suggest that the differences remain more striking. The paper draws on national-level data and local case-studies in both countries. We comment on the nature of the expansion of child care and, briefly, on the degree of commitment to it, before exploring the operation of the mixed economy of child care in each country and the relationship between local and central government. We seek the explanation for the differences we observe in the articulation between these two key modes of governance. | Child-care, problems, governance | DOI:10.1177/0958928705054082 |
| Service Design | Decker, R., Hermelbracht, A., & Klocke, S. | Eine empirische Studie zur zukünftigen Ausgestaltung des Dienstleistungsangebots öffentlicher Stadtbibliotheken. | Bibliothek Forschung und Praxis, 29(3) | 2005 | This paper describes results of a recent empirical study for determining the usefulness and the desirability of exis-ting as well as future services offered by public libraries from a customer’s point of view. To this end the opinions of more than 2 000 persons in seven German cities have been gathered and evaluated by means of conjoint analysis, among other things. Strategic implications and practical recommendations for the library management complete the analytical remarks. | public services, libraries, survey, conjoint analysis, Germany, recommendations | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240755829_Eine_empirische_Studie_zur_zukunftigen_Ausgestaltung_des_Dienstleistungsangebots_offentlicher_Stadtbibliotheken |
| Digital Transformation | Brown, A. E., & Grant, G. G. | Framing the frameworks: A review of IT governance | The twin faces of public sector design. Governance | 2005 | With the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the United States in 2002, and an ever-increasing corporate focus on ensuring prudent returns on technology investments, the notion of IT governance became a major issue for both business practitioners and academics. Although the term "IT governance" is a relatively new addition to the syntax of academic research, significant previous work is reported on IT decisions rights and IT loci of control, notions that are synonymous with the current understanding of IT governance. This paper presents a literature review for existing research in IT governance. A framework, named the Conceptual Framework For IT Governance Research is proposed to provide a logical structure for existing research results. Using this framework, we classify the previous literature on governance into two separate streams that follow parallel paths of advancement. A popular contemporary notion of IT governance is then presented, together with the argument that this new notion, by implicitly extending both streams of research, represents an initial amalgamation of the two paths of literature. We conclude that even with the consideration of contemporary structures, academicians and practitioners alike continue to explore the concept of IT governance in an attempt to find appropriate mechanisms to govern corporate IT decisions. | Review, governance | https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3160&context=cais |
| Public Sector Innovation | Brown, A. E., & Grant, G. G. | Framing the frameworks: A review of IT governance research. | Communications of the Association for Information Systems | 2005 | With the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the United States in 2002, and an ever-increasing corporate focus on ensuring prudent returns on technology investments, the notion of IT governance became a major issue for both business practitioners and academics. Although the term "IT governance" is a relatively new addition to the syntax of academic research, significant previous work is reported on IT decisions rights and IT loci of control, notions that are synonymous with the current understanding of IT governance. This paper presents a literature review for existing research in IT governance. A framework, named the Conceptual Framework For IT Governance Research is proposed to provide a logical structure for existing research results. Using this framework, we classify the previous literature on governance into two separate streams that follow parallel paths of advancement. A popular contemporary notion of IT governance is then presented, together with the argument that this new notion, by implicitly extending both streams of research, represents an initial amalgamation of the two paths of literature. We conclude that even with the consideration of contemporary structures, academicians and practitioners alike continue to explore the concept of IT governance in an attempt to find appropriate mechanisms to govern corporate IT decisions. | information technologies, governance, literature review, framework | https://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol15/iss1/38/ |
| Public Sector Innovation | Hartley J. | Innovation in governance and public services: Past and present | Public Money and Management, 25 (1), January, 27-34 | 2005 | Three approaches to innovation in the public sector in the post war period are identified and analysed for their implications for policy-makers, managers and citizens. Various relationships are identified between innovation and improvement in public services. The traditional bias of the literature that innovation is necessarily functional is undermined. Important lessons for policy, practice and research include the need to develop an understanding of innovation which is not over-reliant on the private sector manufacturing literature but reflects the distinctive contexts and purposes of the public sector. | innovation, public services, policy, public sector | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9302.2005.00447.x |
| Public Sector Innovation | Koch P., Cunningham P., Schwabsky N., Hauknes J. | Innovation in the Public sector. Summary and policy recommendations. | Oslo: Publin Report n° D24. | 2005 | In order to learn and innovate, the actors must interact with others, these being people, organisations or various sources of information. Their ability to innovate is dependent on their ability to find such relevant competences, understand them and make use of them. The better the actors are at developing networks that can help them get access to relevant competences and partners, the greater are the chances that their innovation processes will succeed. This means that an innovation policy for the public sector must also be a learning policy for the public sector. Publin has mapped different types of barriers and drivers for innovation, i.e. social phenomena that hinder or encourage innovation activities in such institutions. The report includes policy recommendatios. | Innovation, public sector | https://nifu.brage.unit.no/nifu-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/226575/d24-summary-final.pdf?sequence=1 |
| Public service value co creation | Koch P., Cunningham P., Schwabsky N. and Hauknes J. | Innovation in the Public sector. Summary and policy recommendations. | Oslo: Publin Report n° D24. | 2005 | In order to learn and innovate, the actors must interact with others, these being people, organisations or various sources of information. Their ability to innovate is dependent on their ability to find such relevant competences, understand them and make use of them. The better the actors are at developing networks that can help them get access to relevant competences and partners, the greater are the chances that their innovation processes will succeed. This means that an innovation policy for the public sector must also be a learning policy for the public sector. Publin has mapped different types of barriers and drivers for innovation, i.e. social phenomena that hinder or encourage innovation activities in such institutions. The report includes policy recommendatios. | public sector, public organizations, innovation, drivers, policy | https://nifu.brage.unit.no/nifu-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/226575/d24-summary-final.pdf?sequence=1 |
| Public service value co creation | Edelenbos, J. | Institutional implications of interactive governance: insights from Dutch practice | Governance | 2005 | Nowadays all kinds of processes of citizen involvement can be observed in practice. We label them as interactive governance in this article. Interactive governance brings with it new proto-institutions that can conflict with existing institutions of decision making. We analyze these institutional tensions in several Dutch local governments through comparative research. Our main conclusion is that there is a “missing institutional link” between the interactive process and the formal municipal decision-making process. Interactive governance needs better institutional embeddedness in order to prevent the interactive process from becoming meaningless and useless in formal decision making. | interactive governance, decison-making conflict, local government | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229449300_Institutional_Implications_of_Interactive_Governance_Insights_from_Dutch_Practice |
| Social Innovation | Callanan, M. | Institutionalizing participation and governance? New participative structures in local government in Ireland | Public Administration | 2005 | Public service providers and elected levels of government around the world are continually being encouraged to involve citizens in decision‐making. Various means of achieving this have been employed by local authorities in different countries. These include local referenda, customer surveys, online discussion forums and citizens’ juries. This article draws on the example of new participative committee structures within Irish local government. These seek to involve identified stakeholders (including business, trade unions, the community/voluntary sector and environmental interests) in local government decision‐making. These structures were inspired both by international trends towards participatory democracy and Ireland's experience of neo‐corporatist ‘social partnership’ at the national level. This article considers the new committee structures and their composition and examines some of the problems encountered. It demonstrates that recent research into these new structures supports many of the concerns that have been raised in the literature on varying participative mechanisms practiced in other countries. | local government, participation, decison-making | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0033-3298.2005.00483.x |
| Digital Transformation | Mayer, I., Edelenbos, J., Monniikhof, R. | Interactive policy development: undermining or sustaining democracy? | Public Administration | 2005 | The question can be raised whether the principal effect of interactive policy development is to shore up a (creaking) democratic system or to destabilize its very foundations. In this article, a framework is presented for assessing the democratic credentials of interactive policy development. It is based on four views on how a democracy should work: instrumental or substantial democracy and direct or indirect democracy. Critics and advocates differ in their confidence that the intended aims can ever be realized. Based on extensive case study material of interactive local policy development projects collected between 1997 and 2001, the validity of the various arguments for or against interactive policy‐making is analysed. The analysis indicates that whether interactive policy development undermines or sustains democracy depends principally on the extent to which divergences in the expectations of the various groups are made explicit and unrealistic or mistaken expectations are dispelled. | policy, democracy, interactive democracy, local government, expectations | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0033-3298.2005.00443.x |
| Public Sector Innovation | Schilling, M.A. and C.C. Phelps. | Interfirm collaboration networks : the impact of small world connectivity on firm innovation | Management Science 53: 1113-1126 | 2005 | The structure of alliance networks strongly influences their potential for knowledge creation. Dense local clustering provides transmission capacity in the network by fostering communication and cooperation while non-redundant connections contract the distance between firms and give the network greater reach by tapping a wider range of knowledge resources. However, since firms are constrained in forming alliances, there appears to be a trade-off between creating transmission capacity versus reach. We argue that small world connectivity (i.e., simultaneity of high clustering and short average path lengths in a sparse, decentralized network) helps resolve this tradeoff by enabling transmission capacity and reach to be achieved simultaneously. We propose that firms embedded in alliance networks that exhibit high clustering and short average path lengths to a wide range of firms will experience greater knowledge creation than firms in networks that do not exhibit these characteristics. We find support for this proposition in a longitudinal study of the patent performance of 1106 firms in 11 industry-level alliance networks. | Interfirm collaboration networks, firm innovation | https://journals.aom.org/doi/pdf/10.5465/ambpp.2005.18783570 |
| Public service value co creation | Millward, L | Just because we are amateurs doesn’t mean we aren’t professional: the importance of expert activists in tenant participation | Public administration (London) | 2005 | The current UK government is committed to extending participation in civil society, with the aim of significantly increasing volunteer numbers by 2005. It has put much effort into attracting ‘representative participants’, particularly from traditionally under‐represented groups. ‘Natural joiners’ attract far less interest and are often written off as ‘the same old faces’. But the growth in opportunities for participation has actually encouraged the natural joiners because the nature of much modern participation requires people like them. Focusing on natural joiners and their motivations rather than looking at why the non‐joiners don’t join, should increase understanding of why people participate and suggest new ways forward. This article looks at people active in tenant participation – a case study of a government ‘Sounding Board’ and some preliminary results of a survey of activists. There are some unexpected findings, including that the motivations of natural joiners are close to those of career professionals in the same field, and that interest in the ‘subject’ of participation may be a motivator, rather than an outcome. | participation, civil society, volunteering | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0033-3298.2005.00472.x |
| Social Innovation | Haque, M.S. | Limits of citizen’s charter in India: the critical impacts of social exclusion | Public Management Review | 2005 | In line with the current neoliberal public sector reforms, there has recently emerged the so-called Citizen's Charter in many developed and developing nations. In most cases, this Citizen's Charter aims to ensure the delivery of services based on quality, promptness, transparency and customer choice realized through the display of information related to services expected, their quality standards, feedback options and complaint and redress mechanisms. In the case of India, although this Citizen's Charter may benefit affluent customers, it is less likely to ensure access to services for the majority who suffer from various forms of social exclusion based on class, caste and gender. This article explores how such social exclusion may render the Charter ineffective for the less privileged citizens. It concludes by stressing the need for appropriate initiatives to overcome such social exclusion as a precondition for the success of the Citizen's Charter in India. | citizen's charter, implications, india, public management, social exclusion | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719030500180971 |
| Public service value co creation | Edelenbos, J. and Klijn E.H. | Managing stakeholder involvement in decision making: a comparative analysis of six interactive processes in the Netherlands | Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory | 2005 | Initiatives to encourage and stimulate the involvement of citizens but also various societal organizations in decision making can be seen in a wide variety of European countries. Citizen panels, citizen charters, new types of participation, and other forms are being used to increase the influence of citizens on decision making and to improve the relation between citizens and elected politicians. In the Netherlands a lot of local governments have experimented with interactive decision making that is enhancing the influence of citizens and interest groups on public policy making. The main motives to involve stakeholders in interactive decision making are to diminish the veto power of various societal actors by involving them in decision making, improve the quality of decision making by using the information and solutions of various actors, and bridge the perceived growing cleavage between citizens and elected politicians. In this article six cases are evaluated. The cases are compared on three dimensions: the nature and organization of participation, the way the process is managed (process management), and the relation with formal democratic institutions. These organizational features (in terms of both formal organization and actual performance) are compared with the results of the decision-making processes in the six cases. The article shows that the high expectations of interactive decision making are not always met. It also shows that managing the interactions—called process management in network theory—is very important for achieving satisfactory outcomes. | interactive decison-making, local government | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228245651_Managing_Stakeholder_Involvement_in_Decision_Making_A_Comparative_Analysis_of_Six_Interactive_Processes_in_the_Netherlands |
| Social Innovation | Sorensen, E. and Torfing, J. | Network governance and post-liberal democracy | Administrative Theory and Praxis | 2005 | Is network politics a good or a bad thing for democracy? Seen from a narrow perspective of democracy the answer is clear. It is a bad thing. However, seen from broader perpsective the answer is more complex since it does not only focus on the preservation of representative democracy but also on the promotion of organizational democracy in civil society and on the enhancement of the citizens' political capital, that is their endowment, empowerment and political identity. The complexity of the relationship between democracy and network politics is apparent in a case study of political decision making in Skanderborg, a small town in Denmark. | democracy, network governance, political capital, political identity, empowerment, endowment, denmark | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1081/PAD-120019238 |
| Social Innovation | Pittaway L., Robertson M., Munir K., Denyer D. and A. Neely. | Networking and innovation : a systematic review of the evidence | International Journal of Management Reviews, 5 (3-4): 137-168 | 2005 | Recent work on competitiveness has emphasized the importance of business networking for innovativeness. Until recently, insights into the dynamics of this relationship have been fragmented. This paper presents a systematic review of research linking the networking behaviour of firms with their innovative capacity. We find that the principal benefits of networking as identified in the literature include: risk sharing; obtaining access to new markets and technologies; speeding products to market; pooling complementary skills; safeguarding property rights when complete or contingent contracts are not possible; and acting as a key vehicle for obtaining access to external knowledge. The evidence also illustrates that those firms which do not co-operate and which do not formally or informally exchange knowledge limit their knowledge base long term and ultimately reduce their ability to enter into exchange relationships. At an institutional level, national systems of innovation play an important role in the diffusion of innovations in terms of the way in which they shape networking activity. The paper provides evidence suggesting that network relationships with suppliers, customers and intermediaries such as professional and trade associations are important factors affecting innovation performance and productivity. Where networks fail, it is due to inter-firm conflict, displacement, lack of scale, external disruption and lack of infrastructure. The review identifies several gaps in the literature that need to be filled. For instance, there is a need for further exploration of the relationship between networking and different forms of innovation, such as process and organisational innovation. Similarly, we need better understanding of network dynamics and network configurations, as well as the role of third parties such as professional and trade associations. Our study highlights the need for interdisciplinary research in these areas. | Networking, innovation | DOI:10.1111/j.1460-8545.2004.00101.x |
| Social Innovation | Powell, W.W. and S. Grodal. | Networks of innovators | Fagerberg J., Mowery D.C., and R.D. Nelson eds. The Oxford handbook of innovation, 56-85. Oxford: Oxford University Press | 2005 | The goal of this article is to assess the state of scholarly research on the role of networks in the innovation process. It begins with a review of the factors that have triggered the increased salience of networks. It then turns to a discussion of the analytical leverage provided by the tools of network analysis. It next reviews a number of empirical studies of the contribution of networks to the innovative output of firms. It takes up the issue of knowledge transfer, examining how the codification of knowledge can shape what is transmitted through networks. Furthermore, this article briefly discusses the governance of networks, and then concludes with an assessment of what types of organizations and settings derive the greatest impact on innovation from participation in networks. | Networks of innovators | DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286805.003.0003 |
| Digital Transformation | Dunleavy, P., Margetts, H., Bastow, S., & Tinkler, J. | New public management is dead: Long live digital era governance | Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 16, 467-494 | 2005 | The “new public management” (NPM) wave in public sector organizational change was founded on themes of disaggregation, competition, and incentivization. Although its effects are still working through in countries new to NPM, this wave has now largely stalled or been reversed in some key “leading-edge” countries. This ebbing chiefly reflects the cumulation of adverse indirect effects on citizens' capacities for solving social problems because NPM has radically increased institutional and policy complexity. The character of the post-NPM regime is currently being formed. We set out the case that a range of connected and information technology–centered changes will be critical for the current and next wave of change, and we focus on themes of reintegration, needs-based holism, and digitization changes. The overall movement incorporating these new shifts is toward “digital-era governance” (DEG), which involves reintegrating functions into the governmental sphere, adopting holistic and needs-oriented structures, and progressing digitalization of administrative processes. DEG offers a perhaps unique opportunity to create self-sustaining change, in a broad range of closely connected technological, organizational, cultural, and social effects. But there are alternative scenarios as to how far DEG will be recognized as a coherent phenomenon and implemented successfully. | Public management, digital era, governance | https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mui057 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Halvorsen T., Hauknes J., Miles I., R. Rannveig. | On the differences between public and private sector innovation | PUBLIN report D9 | 2005 | As PUBLIN grew out of research on innovation in the private sector, the research teams have been acutely aware of the problems following from using methods and theory for studies on private innovation on public sector organizations. Although there are state owned companies that run like regular private companies, the majority of public institutions are still operating within a different social, cultural and regulative context. There are different incentive structures and different rules of the game. This report contains papers written throughout the PUBLIN period, some as preparatory exercises helping the researchers in their case study work and one including findings from PUBLIN itself. And yes, we have definitely found that there are important differences between much of the innovation taking place in public institutions as opposed to private ones. It should be noted, however, that innovation basically is a matter of making use of learning, i.e. using your competence base as the foundation for finding new ways of doing things in a manner that improves the quality and efficiency of the services provided. And being a learning activity, innovation in the public sector has actually much in common with what takes place in a firm. One question that arises from this is whether our newfound insights into public sector innovation may throw new light on the innovative practices of company employees. The idea that any innovator or entrepreneur is solely driven by the urge for profit is clearly too simple and naïve. Both public and private employees are driven by much more complex motivations than that. | innovation, private sector, public sector, services, theory | unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan046809.pdf |
| Digital Transformation | Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. | Self-determination theory and work motivation | Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 331-362 | 2005 | Cognitive evaluation theory, which explains the effects of extrinsic motivators on intrinsic motivation, received some initial attention in the organizational literature. However, the simple dichotomy between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation made the theory difficult to apply to work settings. Differentiating extrinsic motivation into types that differ in their degree of autonomy led to self-determination theory, which has received widespread attention in the education, health care, and sport domains. This article describes self-determination theory as a theory of work motivation and shows its relevance to theories of organizational behavior. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Self-determination, work motivation | DOI:10.1002/job.322 |
| Living Labs | Eriksson, M., Niitamo, V. P. and Kulkki, S. | State-of-the-art in utilizing living labs approach to user-centric ICT innovation – a European approach | Lulea: Center for Distance- spanning Technology, Lulea University of Technology | 2005 | Living Labs are an emerging Public Private Partnership (PPP) concept in which firms, public authorities and citizens work together to create, prototype, validate and test new services, businesses, markets and technologies in real-life contexts, such as cities, city regions, rural areas and collaborative virtual networks between public and private players. The real-life and everyday life contexts will both stimulate and challenge research and development as public authorities and citizens will not only participate in, but also contribute to the whole innovation process. This paper examines the state-of-the art in involving the user and stakeholder organisations into the innovation process in various ongoing, embryonic Living Labs initiatives, examines the key practices that need to be in place for the maturation of the concept and gives examples on how those are currently being deployed. The paper concludes with a section dedicated to identifying areas in which future research is required. | Living labs, public-private partnerships, innovation, user centered, services, technology | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228367848_State-of-the-art_and_good_practice_in_the_field_of_living_labs |
| Digital Transformation | Ballon, P., Pierson, J. & Delaere, S. | Test and experimentation platforms for broadband innovation: examining European practice | available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1331557 | 2005 | Various public and private stakeholders are creating, supporting and using environments for joint testing and experimenting of broadband innovations. This paper proposes a conceptual framework of test and experimentation platforms (TEPs), that differentiates six types of TEPs, based on a.o. technological maturity, openness and focus; and consists of testbeds, field trials, prototyping platforms, living labs, market pilots and societal pilots. The major rationales to establish TEPs are identified and the a priori requirements for TEPs are deduced. These are then matched with the actual characteristics of TEPs as they are being set up and used in three European benchmark countries today. In general, it can be said that while specific context and country influences are obvious, the TEPs that were examined exhibit a remarkable commonality in the sense that for all types of TEPs, we have found ample instances of valuable, open initiatives aimed at joint innovation, and mostly involving (business or individual) users. | Test and Experimentation Platforms, Open innovation, Living Labs | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1331557. |
| Public Sector Innovation | Cox, George. | The Cox Review of Creativity in Business | London: HM Treasury | 2005 | Our focus is on the systemic nature of creativity and the role of business schools in stimulating and enhancing organisational creativity, across all sectors of the economy, particularly those which are not conventionally regarded as ‘creative’ industries. After defining creativity and reviewing a number of frequently occurring ‘creativity clichés’ that are potentially keeping organisational creativity in a rut, we go on to explore some of the key challenges with creativity that need particular focus, including: taking a systemic approach, as well as more attention on ‘difficult’ aspects such as the climate for creativity or creativity ‘ba’. We propose a Systemic Innovation Maturity Framework as a way to conceptualise and organise a way forward in organisations and in business schools. We believe that in a similar way to the Bauhaus of the early 20th century, there needs to be a step change in the way creativity is researched, taught and applied that encompasses a more ecological approach. We believe a more comprehensive, inclusive and useful conception of creativity may result from the consideration of the four dimensions of the framework and their interactions. We wonder; is it time for a new Business Ba-Haus? | Cox review, creativity in business | https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120704143146/http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/Cox_review-foreword-definition-terms-exec-summary.pdf |
| Digital Transformation | Högselius, P. | The Dynamics of Innovation in Eastern Europe: Lessons from Estonia | Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing | 2005 | The overall interest pursued in this thesis is how the former socialist economies of Central and Eastern Europe can build strong and dynamic systems of innovation. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate the dynamics and evolution of the telecommunications system of innovation in Estonia from the late Soviet period to Estonia's EU accession, and to provide an in-depth explanation of how innovation has been enabled to occur in the system. Underlying the study is the empirical observation that the transition from socialism to capitalism in Central and Eastern Europe is a simultaneous process of, on the one hand, a transformation of the old Soviet-era structures into something new, and on the other hand, a reorientation from being deeply integrated economically with other Central and East European countries towards a new integration with the global capitalist system. From a systems-theoretical perspective these two processes can be expected to be closely interrelated. In order to understand and explain the emergence of new East European systems of innovation, the thesis therefore takes into account both system-internal processes of change in Estonia as well as the relationships between the Estonian system and its foreign environment. Based on a case-study methodology and recent theorizing on systems of innovation, the thesis shows that the socialist historical heritage, and in particular inherited competencies, have been used in highly creative ways for generating dynamic innovation in post-socialist Estonia. The thesis also uncovers the complex and multifaceted ways in which the geographical and cultural proximity to Sweden and Finland has been creatively used as a powerful resource in the pursuit of building the Estonian system of innovation in telecommunications. Moreover, the thesis demonstrates that it has been possible for an East European system of innovation to develop highly creative domestic dynamics without necessarily imitating Western system trajectories or styles of innovation. The results are also shown to have important theoretical implications for the study of systems of innovation. | Dynamics, innovation | https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/974769 |
| Public service value co creation | Bingham, L, B, Nabatchi, T, & O'leary, R | The new governance: Practices and processes for stakeholder and citizen participation in the work of government | Public administration review | 2005 | Leaders in public affairs identify tools and instruments for the new governance through networks of public, private, and nonprofit organizations. We argue the new governance also involves people—the tool makers and tool users—and the processes through which they participate in the work of government. Practitioners are using new quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial governance processes, including deliberative democracy, e-democracy, public conversations, participatory budgeting, citizen juries, study circles, collaborative policy making, and alternative dispute resolution, to permit citizens and stakeholders to actively participate in the work of government. We assess the existing legal infrastructure authorizing public managers to use new governance processes and discuss a selection of quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial new governance processes in international, federal, state, and local public institutions. We conclude that public administration needs to address these processes in teaching and research to help the public sector develop and use informed best practices. | Stakeholder, Citizen, participation, governance | DOI:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2005.00482.x |
| Service Design | Bloomgren Bingham L., Nabatchi T. and O’Leary R. | The New Governance: Practices and processes for stakeholder and citizen participation in the work of government | Public Administration Review | 2005 | Leaders in public affairs identify tools and instruments for the new governance through networks of public, private, and nonprofit organizations. We argue the new governance also involves people—the tool makers and tool users—and the processes through which they participate in the work of government. Practitioners are using new quasi‐legislative and quasi‐judicial governance processes, including deliberative democracy, e‐democracy, public conversations, participatory budgeting, citizen juries, study circles, collaborative policy making, and alternative dispute resolution, to permit citizens and stakeholders to actively participate in the work of government. We assess the existing legal infrastructure authorizing public managers to use new governance processes and discuss a selection of quasi‐legislative and quasi‐judicial new governance processes in international, federal, state, and local public institutions. We conclude that public administration needs to address these processes in teaching and research to help the public sector develop and use informed best practices. | new governance, citizen participation, public management, deliberative democracy, e-democracy | http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un-dpadm/unpan039447.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Skelcher, C., Mathur, N. and Smith, M. | The public governance of collaborative spaces: discourse, design and democracy | Public Administration | 2005 | This article investigates the relationship between democratic practices and the design of institutions operating in collaborative spaces, those policy and spatial domains where multiple public, private and non‐profit actors join together to shape, make and implement public policy. Partnerships are organizational manifestations of institutional design for collaboration. They offer flexibility and stakeholder engagement, but are loosely coupled to representative democratic systems. A multi‐method research strategy examines the impact of discourses of managerialism, consociationalism and participation on the design of partnerships in two UK localities. Analysing objective measures of democratic performance in partnerships and interpreting the discursive transition from earlier practices in representative democratic institutions we find that institutional designs for collaboration reflect different settlements between discourses, captured in the distinction between club, agency and polity‐forming partnership types. The results show how the governance of collaborative spaces is mediated through a dominant set of discursively defined institutional practices. | collaboration, institutional set-up, engagement, governance | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0033-3298.2005.00463.x |
| Social Innovation | Woodward R., Eylem Yoruk D., Bohata M., Fonfria Mesa A., O’Donnell M. and M. Sass | The role of networks in stimulating innovation and catching-up in European enterprises: A literature review | Opere et Studio pro Oeconomia, II, No 1 (3): 3-42 | 2005 | We analyse the ways in which various actors affect changes in competitiveness at the firm level, focusing on the roles of external actors such as investors, creditors, customers, suppliers, universities, research institutes, local governments, etc., in their relationships with the firm; that is, with the effects of various kinds of networks on competitiveness. We begin by discussing the central analytical concepts, briefly reviewing the general literature on how networks affect enterprise performance generally and in the specific transition environment. We then overview the relevant literature on enterprise performance and its relation to various types of networks (with a special emphasis on the role of foreign investors) in three Central European and two West European cohesion countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Ireland, Poland and Spain) – countries which share a need to upgrade their industries with respect to the older member countries of the European Union. | Networks, innovation | |
| Service Design | Krippendorff, K. | The semantic turn: A new foundation for design | Boca Raton: CRC/Taylor & Francis | 2005 | Responding to cultural demands for meaning, user-friendliness, and fun as well as the opportunities of the emerging information society, The Semantic Turn boldly outlines a new science for design that gives designers previously unavailable grounds on which to state their claims and validate their designs. It sets the stage by reviewing the history of semantic concerns in design, presenting their philosophical roots, examining the new social and technological challenges that professional designers are facing, and offering distinctions among contemporary artifacts that challenge designers. | design, distinctions, concerns | https://www.amazon.es/Semantic-Turn-New-Foundation-Design/dp/0415322200 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Audretsch D.B., Lehmann E.E., Warning S. | University spillovers and new firm location | Research Policy, vol. 34 pp. 1113-1122 | 2005 | This paper examines the impact of locational choice as a firm strategy to access knowledge spillovers from universities. Based on a large dataset of publicly listed, high-technology startup firms in Germany, we test the proposition that proximity to the university is shaped by different spillover mechanisms—research and human capital—and by different types of knowledge spillovers—natural sciences and social sciences. The results suggest that spillover mechanisms as well as spillover types are heterogeneous. In particular, the evidence suggests that new knowledge and technological-based firms have a high propensity to locate close to universities, presumably in order to access knowledge spillovers. However, the exact role that geographic proximity plays is shaped by the two factors examined in this paper—the particular knowledge context, and the specific type of spillover mechanism. | University spillovers | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.05.009 |
| Digital Transformation | Blanke, Bernhard. | Verwaltungsreform als Aufgabe des Regierens – Einleitung | Bernhard Blanke, Stephan von Bandemer, Frank Nullmeier & Göttrik Wewer (Hrsg.): Handbuch zur Ver- waltungsreform (XIII-XIX), 3., völlig überarbeitete und erweiterte Ausgabe, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag | 2005 | Verwaltungsrefor, regierens, einleitung | ||
| Public service value co creation | Goodsell, C. T. | A new vision for Public Administration | Public Administration Review | 2006 | Employing the metaphor of human sight, this essay advances a new vision for public administration. It is a departure from past visions in that it asks us to "see" the field from its own viewpoint rather than that of others. First, three common perspectives on public administration are critiqued as possessing a vision of the field that is not in accord with its core contributions to the democratic republic. Second, a new vision is advanced comprising three elements: a concept of government-based yet nongovernmental governance in which the contributions of administration are fully accounted for; a trajectory image of the administrative agency propelled by a strong sense of mission; and the notion that administration's highest purpose is to build the public trust that makes democracy possible. | public administration, democracy, governance, public trust | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00622.x |
| Public Sector Innovation | National Accounting Office (NAO) | Achieving innovation in central government organisations. London. | National Accounting Office (NAO) | 2006 | The role of innovations in improving government productivity and the effectiveness of services has previously been little studied. This report surveys central departments and agencies to ascertain what kinds of innovations they have recently made, and analyses the factors that they see as important in sustaining the innovations. Organisational or administrative innovations in central government are diverse, but most involve improving performance management, introducing new IT projects or web services, as well as some physical technology changes. Many recent projects focus on joining up government and improving users’ experience of services. The average innovation nominated takes 24 months to deliver and costs £900,000, but a minority of projects are much bigger and take longer. The innovation process in central government is top-down and dominated by senior management. Contributions from lower-level staff are not so important. Innovative changes are often launched because of either political or ministerial pressures or efficiency drives. However, once this external trigger is provided departments and agencies have a stockpile of possible innovations to hand which they use to sustain change. The availability of funding is cited as a key factor sustaining innovations, but using means to search for innovations such as specific innovation units can also play an important part. The main barriers to innovation are a reluctance to embrace new ways of working and fragmentation within government, creating ‘silos’ between agencies. The main impacts of applied innovations are improvements in services and responsiveness, but innovations seem to be less successful in cutting costs or improving staff working conditions. There is scope for government to take a more systematic approach to developing innovations by improving costs and productivity data, communicating more simply to staff what kinds of innovations can be helpful, encouraging some counter-cultural thinking and methods for finding innovative solutions, and ensuring that approval and piloting processes are not over‑protracted. The behaviours needed for innovation often challenge traditional ways of thinking and need to be recognised and rewarded. Departments and agencies can learn lessons from the private sector in developing more regular and serial innovations. | innovation government, organisational innovation, drivers, barriers | https://www.nao.org.uk/report/achieving-innovation-in-central-government-organisations/ |
| Public service value co creation | Brannan, T, John, P and Stoker, G | Active citizenship and effective public services and programmes: how can we know what really works? | Urban Studies | 2006 | This paper is a review of the aims and practice of active citizenship in England. It sets out the key concepts and gives an account of the developing policy agenda in crime, regeneration and housing, education, health and local government. It reviews the current state of scientific knowledge in this area, in particular summarising research commissioned by the Home Office Civil Renewal Research Programme, 2004-05. Whilst the research findings show the positive contribution of government initiatives in this area, a key theme that emerges is that the policy context and the causal relationships are often more complex than advocates sometimes claim. | Citizenship, public services | https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980600676626 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Pumain D. | Alternative explanations of hierarchical differentiation in urban systems | Pumain D. (Ed.), Hierarchy in Natural and Social Sciences, Springer, pp. 169-222 | 2006 | Alternative explanations, hierarchical differentiation, urban systems | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/1-4020-4127-6_8 | |
| Social Innovation | Pekkarinen, S. and V. Harmaakorpi. | Building regional innovation networks: The definition of an age business core process in a regional innovation system | Regional Studies 40 (4): 401-413 | 2006 | Sample our Geography journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days Banner advert for Taylor & Francis Editing Services SDG Online Goal 2: Zero hunger. Request a free trial today Abstract Pekkarinen S. and Harmaakorpi V. (2006) Building regional innovation networks: the definition of an age business core process in a regional innovation system, Regional Studies 40, 401–413. Regional innovative capability is a crucial factor in building regional competitive advantage under the present techno-economic paradigm. Defining and promoting the multi-actor innovation networks that form the regional innovation system is essential. In the present study, the Regional Development Platform Method and core process thinking are presented as innovative tools in developing regional innovation systems. The focus is on the definition of the age business innovation network as a core process of the Lahti (Finland) regional innovation system. The main conclusion is that the success of a core process is essentially based on collective learning and knowledge creation among the actors. Pekkarinen S. et Harmaakorpi V. (2006) La construction de réseaux d'innovation régionaux: la définition d'un processus de base dans le commerce gris au sein d'un système d'innovation régional, Regional Studies 40, 401–413. La capacité régionale d'innovation est un acteur primordial dans la construction de l'avantage compétitif régional. sous le paradigme techno-économique actuel. Définir et promouvoir les réseaux d'innovation à plusieurs acteurs qui font partie intégrante du système d'innovation régional est capital. Cette étude cherche à présenter la Regional Development Platform Method et la pensée sur les processus de base en tant qu'outils innovateurs du développement des systèmes d'innovation régionaux. On met l'accent sur la définition des réseaux d'innovation dans le commerce gris comme processus de base du système d'innovation régional à Lahti (en Finlande). A titre de conclusion principale, on affirme que la réussite d'un processus de base s'explique essentiellement par la création de l'apprentissage et de la connaissance collectifs parmi les acteurs. Systèmes d'innovation régionaux, Réseaux d'innovation, Politiques d'innovation, Vieillissement de la population Pekkarinen S. und Harmaakorpi V. (2006) Aufbau regionaler Innovationsnetzwerke. Definition eines zeitgemässen Betriebskernprozesses in einem regionalen Innovationssystem, Regional Studies 40, 401–413. Die Innovationsfähigkeit einer Region ist ein entscheidender Faktor beim Aufbau eines regionalen Wettbewerbsvorteils nach derzeitigem techno-wirtschaftlichen Muster. Definition und Werbung für Innovationsnetzwerke mit verschiedenen Beteiligten, die das regionale Innovationssystem bilden, ist wesentlich. In der vorliegenden Studie werden die Methode der regionalen Entwicklungsplattform und Überlegungen zu Kernverfahren als innovative Werkzeuge bei der Entwicklung regionaler Innovationssysteme vorgeführt. Im Brennpunkt steht die Definition des zeitgemäßen Betriebsinnovationsnetzwerks als ein Kernprozess des regionalen Innovationssystems von Lahti (Finnland). Die Hauptschlußfolgerung läuft darauf hinaus, daßer Erfolg eines Kernprozesses sich wesentlich auf kollektives Lernen und Kenntnisvermehrung unter den Beteiligten stützt. Regionale Innovationsverfahren, Innovationsnetzwerke, Innovationsbestrebungen, Altern der Bevölkerung Pekkarinen S. y Harmaakorpi V. (2006) Creación de redes de innovación regional. Definición de un proceso central para negocios para la tercera edad en un sistema de innovación regional, Regional Studies 40, 401–413. La capacidad de innovación regional es un factor fundamental para crear una ventaja competitiva a nivel regional bajo el actual paradigma tecnoeconómico. Es de vital importancia definir y fomentar las redes de innovación con muchos protagonistas que forman el sistema de innovación regional. En el presente estudio, el Método de Plataforma de Desarrollo Regional y el pensamiento de los procesos centrales se presentan como herramientas innovadoras para el desarrollo de los sistemas de innovación regional. Aquí nos centramos en la definición de la red de innovación comercial para la tercera edad como un proceso central del sistema de innovación en la región de Lahti (Finlandia) Llegamos a la principal conclusión de que el éxito de un proceso central se basa primordialmente en el aprendizaje colectivo y la creación de conocimientos entre los diferentes protagonistas. | Regional innovation networks, regional innovation system | https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400600725228 |
| Public service value co creation | Cooper, T.L., Bryer, T.A. and Meek, J. W. | Citizen-centered collaborative public management | Public Administration Review | 2006 | Civic engagement and collaborative public management are concepts that are defined broadly, making theoretical explication challenging and practical application of empirical research difficult. In this article, the authors adopt definitions of civic engagement and collaborative public management that are centered on the citizen and the potential for active citizenship. Following a historical review of civic engagement in the United States, a conceptual model of five approaches to civic engagement is offered. Citizen‐centered collaborative public management is enhanced through these approaches. The authors suggest the need for further empirical research on collaborative public management that is grounded in citizenship action. | public management, citizen engagement, citizen-centered conceptual model | https://www.academia.edu/323255/Citizen-Centered_Collaborative_Public_Management |
| Public service value co creation | Pestoff, V. | Citizens and co-production of welfare services: Childcare in eight European countries | Public Management Review | 2006 | A growing number of scholars question the sustainability of liberal representative democracy and a welfare state dominated by the big organizations in both the public and private sectors. The state is over extended and democracy is stretched to its limits. Walzer proposes to democratize the means of distributing welfare services by greater citizen involvement, while Hirst calls for devolving many of the functions of the state to civil society. However, missing from such macro proposals is a micro perspective of citizens co-producers. The first part of this presentation introduces the concept of co-production, with a focus on greater citizen participation in the provision of public services. A review of the literature demonstrates several advantages of co-production, but also some major hurdles. The second part ties the concept of co-production to a discussion of parents' participation in the provision of childcare services in Europe. Finally, the importance of co-production for promoting the development and renewal of democracy and the welfare state is discussed. | childcare, citizens, co-production, parents, participatory democracy, welfare services | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719030601022882 |
| Social Innovation | Bode, I | Co-governance within networks and the non-profit-for-profit divide | Public Management Review | 2006 | Throughout the western world, (social) care systems have been affected by a quasi-market agenda. Simultaneously, the literature on ‘governance’ suggests tendencies towards more networking and a stronger involvement of third-sector organizations have (again) changed the rules of the game. Looking at elderly care in three different European jurisdictions (Germany, France, England) this article argues that inter-agency collaboration as such is nothing new in this field so that viewing (co-)governance as a substitute for hierarchical government or market governance does not make sense here. Rather, there is a new non-profit – for-profit divide changing the architecture of those networks that had emerged in the pre-market era on the basis of a ‘domain consensus’ between welfare bureaucracies, professionals and civic actors. Nowadays, there is cross-country disorganization of this consensus irrespective of enduring national traditions of third-sector involvement. The result is ‘nervous’ network governance fraught with volatility and tensions. Co-governance persists but is less consistent than in previous times. | Co-governance, networks, profit | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030601022932 |
| Public service value co creation | Brandsen, T, & van Hout, E | Co-management in public service networks | Public management review | 2006 | The third sector increasingly produces public services in collaboration with the state. This has not left the organisations in question unaffected. Recent research suggests that organisations involved in public service delivery are evolving towards forms of network production, in which the production process takes shape across a number of different organisations. As we will argue, organisations are faced with simultaneous pressures for differentiation and integration, which are alleviated (though not resolved) by internal changes in staffing, skills, structure and management style. Some of the problems of integrating public service networks are essentially resolved within organisations. | Networks, co-management | DOI:10.1080/14719030601022908 |
| Digital Transformation | Boxelaar, L., Paine, M. and Beilin, R. | Community engagement and public administration: of silos, overlays and technologies of government | Australian Journal of Public Administration | 2006 | The public policy process in Australia is changing towards a more interactive, collaborative model, where governments seek to develop partnerships with civil society and private sector organisations to manage complex policy challenges. This article discusses research conducted into a project implemented by a Victorian government department that sought to involve stakeholders in addressing natural resource management issues in the agricultural sector. The research revealed that public administration practices associated with the new public management approach impeded the ability of the project to facilitate participation by diverse stakeholders in the decision‐making process. The article challenges the view that the discourse of collaboration and community engagement takes public administration down a constructivist path and suggests that agencies need to become reflexive about the way in which public administration practices are constitutive of the community engagement process if they are to facilitate genuine participation of other stakeholders. | public policy, collaboration, community engagement | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2006.00476.x |
| Public Sector Innovation | Bloomgren Bingham L. and O’Leary R. | Conclusion: Parallel play, Not collaboration: Missing questions, Missing connections | Public Administration Review | 2006 | In this special issue, a group of wonderful scholars has shared with us what is known about collaborative public management, collaboration as a process, collaborative networks and democracy, and public participation and civic engagement. | collaboration, conflict management, conflict resolution, citizen participation, collaborative learning, knowledge management, governance, democracy, public policy | https://www.jstor.org/stable/4096590?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |
| Social Innovation | Bingham, L, B, Nabatchi, T, & O'leary, R | Conclusion: Parallel play, not collaboration: Missing questions, missing connections | Public administration review | 2006 | This paper synthesizes research on the role of standards and assessment in promoting learning, describes the nature of assessment systems that can support changes in practice, Illustrates the use of technology to transform assessment systems and learning, and proposes a model for assessing 21st century skills. Large-scale assessments should be only part of any system to support student learning, Assessments at each level represent a significant opportunity to signal the important learning goals that are targeted by the broader system as well as to provide valuable, actionable data for policy and practice. Moreover, they can model next generation assessments that can support learning. To do so assessments should a) be aligned with the development of significant 21st century goals, b) be adaptable and responsive to new developments, c) be largely performance-based, d) add value for teaching and learning by providing information that can be acted on by students, teachers, and administrators, e) meet the general criteria for good assessments, (i.e. be fair, technically sound; valid for purpose, and part of a comprehensive and well-aligned system of assessments at all levels of education) The model for assessments of 21st century skills, based on an analysis of curriculum and assessment frameworks for 21st century skills developed around the world, identifies ten important skills in four broad categories. The paper provides measureable descriptions of the skills, considering knowledge, skills, and attitudes, values and ethics (advanced as the KSAVE framework). The paper concludes with a discussion of challenges to be addressed in developing an assessment system that supports learning using, for example, research-based models of skill development and assessments that make students’ thinking visible to establish their strengths and weaknesses and help shape future learning choices. | Collaboration, conection | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00686.x |
| Public service value co creation | Brandsen, T. and Pestoff, V. | Co-production, the third sector and the delivery of public services: an introduction | Public Management Review, 8(4), 493‑501 | 2006 | In recent years, public management research has paid increasing attention to the third sector, especially to its role in the provision of public services. Evidence of this is the rising number of publications on the topic, as well as a growing number of sessions and papers on the topic in academic conferences of the EGPA and IRSPM. However, much of the discussion on its role is motivated at least as much by ideology as by fact. We still lack a comprehensive empirical understanding of what happens when the third sector is drawn into public service provision. In this collection on Co-Production: The Third Sector and the Delivery of Public Services, we will try to enhance this understanding by presenting several new studies on the subject. We also introduce the concepts of co-production, co-management and co-governance as a conceptual framework that enables us to better understand such developments. | co-production, third sector, nonprofit, public service, welfare state, partnerships | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719030601022874 |
| Living Labs | Ballantyne, D. & R.J. Varey. | Creating value-in-use through marketing interaction: the exchange logic of relating, communicating and knowing | Marketing Theory, 6(3): 335-48 | 2006 | This article elaborates and extends the Vargo and Lusch (2004a) service-dominant (S-D) logic thesis. Three linked exchange-enablers and their potential for improving value-in-use are discussed: first, relationships to give structural support for the creation and application of knowledge resources (relating); second, communicative interaction to develop these relationships (communicating); and third, the knowledge needed to improve the customer's service experience (knowing). These activities are integrated within an augmented S-D exchange model, and the implications for co-creating value are discussed. Finally, the argument is put that a customer's value-in-use begins with the enactment of value propositions, and the development of reciprocal value propositions is discussed in the context of the notion of sustainable betterment. | Creating value-in-use, marketing interaction | https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593106066795 |
| Digital Transformation | Brandt, E. | Designing exploratory design games: a framework for participation in participatory design? | Paper presented at the Proceedings of the ninth conference on Participatory design: Expanding boundaries in design-Volume 1. | 2006 | The dogma of Participatory Design is the direct involvement of people in the shaping of future artefacts. Thus central for designers within this field are the staging of a design process involving participation of people. Organising collaboration between people having various competencies and interests is challenging and therefore designers need frameworks, which can accommodate this work. This paper discusses the use of exploratory design games to organise participation in participatory design projects. Examples of different exploratory design games as sources of inspiration are presented. Through a comparison of different exploratory design games the paper sheds light on the repertoire of possibilities for designers to be aware of when creating their own exploratory design games. | design, participation, exploratory design | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221631240_Designing_Exploratory_Design_Games_A_Framework_for_Participation_in_Participatory_Design |
| Social Innovation | Dunleavy P., Margetts H., Tinkler J. and Bastow S. | Digital era governance: IT corporations, the state and e-government | Oxford University Press. | 2006 | Government information systems are big business (costing over 1% of GDP a year). They are critical to all aspects of public policy and governmental operations. Governments spend billions on them — for instance, the United Kingdom alone commits £14 billion a year to public sector information technology (IT) operations. Yet governments do not generally develop or run their own systems, instead relying on private sector computer services providers to run large, long-run contracts to provide IT. Some of the biggest companies in the world (IBM, EDS, Lockheed Martin, etc.) have made this a core market. This book shows how governments in some countries (the United States, Canada, and the Netherlands) have maintained much more effective policies than others (in the United Kingdom, Japan, and Australia). It shows how public managers need to retain and develop their own IT expertise and to carefully maintain well-contested markets if they are to deliver value for money in their dealings with the very powerful global IT industry. This book describes how a critical aspect of the modern state is managed, or in some cases mismanaged. | information technology, government information systems, private sector, IBM, EDS, Lockheed Martin, United States, Canada, Netherlands, United Kingdom | https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296194.001.0001/acprof-9780199296194 |
| Public service value co creation | Boyle, D, Clarck and Burns, S | Hidden work: Co-production by people outside paid employment | York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation | 2006 | This is the first comprehensive research in the UK to investigate how ‘co-production’ captures and develops the vital contribution people outside paid work make to their neighbourhoods. In keeping with the concept of co-production, people outside paid work in each of the local communities received training enabling them to work as researchers on the project. | Paid employement, coproduction | https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/co-production-people-outside-paid-employment |
| Digital Transformation | Bénabou, R., & Tirole, J. | Incentives and prosocial behavior | The American Economic Review, 96, 1652-1678 | 2006 | We develop a theory of prosocial behavior that combines heterogeneity in individual altruism and greed with concerns for social reputation or self-respect. Rewards or punishments (whether material or image-related) create doubt about the true motive for which good deeds are performed, and this overjustification effect can induce a partial or even net crowding out of prosocial behavior by extrinsic incentives. We also identify the settings that are conducive to multiple social norms and, more generally, those that make individual actions complements or substitutes, which we show depends on whether stigma or honor is (endogenously) the dominant reputational concern. Finally, we analyze the socially optimal level of incentives and how monopolistic or competitive sponsors depart from it. Sponsor competition is shown to potentially reduce social welfare. (JEL D11, D64, D82, Z13) | Incentives, prosocial behavior | DOI: 10.1257/aer.96.5.1652 |
| Social Innovation | De Vries E. | Innovation in services in networks of organizations and in the distribution of services | Research Policy, vol. 35 pp. 1037-1051 | 2006 | Three approaches of studying innovation in services are recognized: the assimilation, demarcation and synthesis approach. The synthesis approach attempts to arrive at a theory relevant for service and manufacturing. Gallouj and Weinstein [Gallouj, F., Weinstein, O., 1997. Innovation in services. Research Policy 26, 537–556] were one of the first to take this approach. This article contributes to the synthesis approach by revising their theory to enable reasoning about recent innovation trends in networks of organizations and in the distribution of services. The theory revision is based on several case studies. Implications for the study of innovation are discussed in terms of results from recent demarcation studies. | innovation, services, network organization, distribution of services, case study | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048733306001132 |
| Social Innovation | de Vries, E. J. | Innovation in Services in Networks of Organizations and in the Distribution of Services | Research Policy, vol. 35 pp. 1037-1051 | 2006 | Three approaches of studying innovation in services are recognized: the assimilation, demarcation and synthesis approach. The synthesis approach attempts to arrive at a theory relevant for service and manufacturing. Gallouj and Weinstein [Gallouj, F., Weinstein, O., 1997. Innovation in services. Research Policy 26, 537–556] were one of the first to take this approach. This article contributes to the synthesis approach by revising their theory to enable reasoning about recent innovation trends in networks of organizations and in the distribution of services. The theory revision is based on several case studies. Implications for the study of innovation are discussed in terms of results from recent demarcation studies. | Innovation, services in networks, organizations, distribution | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.05.006 |
| Service Design | Karwan, K. R., & Markland, R. E. | Integrating service design principles and information technology to improve delivery and productivity in public sector operations: The case of the South Carolina DMV | Journal of Operations Management, 24(4 SPEC. ISS.), 347-362. | 2006 | One relatively unanswered question regarding operational efficiency and effectiveness is whether and how public sector or government operations can employ service strategy and design concepts to deal with the conflicting objectives of minimizing expenditures while providing for an increasing number of “causes” [Haywood-Farmer, J., Nollet, J., 1991. Service Plus: Effective Service Management, G. Morin Publisher, Quebec]. In this paper, we argue that the mechanism that permits or enables simultaneous success on these dimensions in public sector operations is information technology applied in conjunction with a unified set of service operations concepts. To demonstrate this contention, we employ an adaptation of the Goldstein et al. [Goldstein, S.M., Johnston, R., Duffy, J., Rao, J., 2002. The service concept: the missing link in service design research? Journal of Operations Management 20 (2), 121–134] service planning design framework, taking issue with some interpretative aspects of their strategic model. The modified planning framework was applied to an initiative in South Carolina state government to improve operations and technology deployment at the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). The detailed and ongoing case study illustrates the utility of a broad service-based, IT-enabled approach to designing a government service, while simultaneously demonstrating that operational service alignment is the key to avoiding results that have long been labeled a dilemma in the public sector. | Service design, Public sector operations, Information technology, Case study | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272696305001208 |
| Living Labs | Howells, J. | Intermediation and the role of intermediaries in innovation | Research Policy, 35(5), 715-728 | 2006 | This paper investigates the issue of intermediation and the role of intermediaries in the innovation process. The aim of this paper is three-fold. Firstly, to review and synthesis the literature in this field; from this to develop a typology and framework of the different roles and functions of the intermediation process within innovation; lastly to try and operationalise the typology within the context of UK using case study material. | Innovation; Intermediation; Technology transfer; Intermediaries | http://www.pishvaee.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2013/09/Howells-paper.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Meeus M. and J. Faber. | Interorganizational relations and innovation: a review and a theoretical extension | Hage J., Meeus M. (eds), Innovation, science, and institutional change: a research handbook, 67-87. Oxford: Oxford University Press | 2006 | Inter-organizational collaboration (IOC) has gained increased attention in research and practice given its documented influence on the innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises’ (SMEs). Regardless of the growing number of studies, there is still lack of research that scrutinizes and synthesizes this body of knowledge. This paper undertakes a systematic review of 113 studies from 2000 to 2019 to analyze research trends and findings on the nature and dynamics of IOC-innovation relationship in SMEs domain. Based on this analysis, we develop a framework grounded in selected theoretical lenses and empirical findings to advance our understanding of key antecedents, mediators, moderators and outcomes. We highlight that extant theories are deployed and illustrated but rarely extended in a manner that significantly informs subsequent work. Furthermore, we identify that innovation is a complex process that involves different mechanisms. On that basis, we have identified several research gaps and provided a future research agenda that we mapped into four dimensions: theory, phenomenon, methodology and context. | Interorganizational relations, innovation | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2020.101109 |
| Service Design | Percebois, L. | Le design institutionnel public : analyse économique de la réforme de l'administration | Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris | 2006 | La these s'interesse aux fondements economiques des reformes administratives dans les pays developpes. Ainsi, elle cherche a comparer des conceptions theoriques sur l'evaluation de l'efficacite dans l'administration, et elle considere les moyens theoriques et empiriques de reformer les administrations. Elle se compose de trois parties. Une premiere partie traite de l'essor des critiques de l'administration comme justificatif des reformes actuelles ; c'est surtout un "survey" et des auteurs majeurs sont etudies, tels que Weber, Downs, Leibenstein ou ceux du "public choice" comme Niskanen. Elle donne une approche generale des reformes de "nouvelle gestion publique" (NGP), mais aussi de la nouvelle architecture budgetaire publique en France a la lumiere de la "loi organique relative aux lois de finances" (LOLF). Une deuxieme partie s'interesse aux modelisations economiques du fonctionnement des administrations publiques, autour de la question des controles hierarchiques et de celle des designs institutionnels optimaux de services administratifs interdependants. Une troisieme partie se consacre exclusivement a l'evaluation empirique des reformes dans plusieurs domaines administratifs, notamment en faisant appel aux bases de donnees de l'organisation de cooperation et de developpement economiques (OCDE) et aux reformes francaises : decentralisation, recrutements, remuneration a la performance et "knowledge management" sont des themes majeurs. Enfin, ce travail met en relief les enjeux de l'administration electronique, en France mais aussi selon une approche comparee, sans omettre de considerer l'interdependance des reformes de NGP. | Design, institutionnel, public | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Noteboom, B. | Learning and Innovation in Inter-Organizational Relationships and Networks | (CentER Discussion Paper; Vol. 2006-39). Tilburg: Organization | 2006 | This paper gives a survey of insights into inter-firm alliances and networks for innovation, from a constructivist, interactionist perspective on knowledge, which leads to the notion of 'cognitive distance'. It looks at both the competence and the governance side of relationships. Given cognitive distance, organizations need to align cognition sufficiently to enable the fast and efficient utilization of opportunities from complementary capabilities. This, I propose, is done by means of a culturally mediated 'organizational cognitive focus'. The problem with that is that it yields a greater or lesser organizational myopia that, for the sake of innovation, needs to be complemented by means of outside relations with other firms, at larger cognitive distance. Hence the importance of networks for innovation. On the governance side, the paper gives a review of relational risks and instruments to manage them. Next to the effects of cognitive distance, the paper analyses the effects of density and strength of ties in innovation networks, concerning both competence and governance. | Learning, innovation, inter-organizational relationships, networks | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=903754 |
| Digital Transformation | Lowndes, V., Pratchett, L. and Stoker, G | Local political participation: the impact of rules-in-use | Public Administration | 2006 | This article argues that political participation is shaped by locally distinctive ‘rules‐in‐use’, notwithstanding the socio‐economic status or level of social capital in an area. It recognizes that the resources available to people, as well as the presence of social capital within communities, are potential key determinants of the different levels of local participation in localities. However, the article focuses on a third factor – the institutional rules that frame participation. Levels of participation are found to be related to the openness of the political system, the presence of a ‘public value’ orientation among local government managers, and the effectiveness of umbrella civic organizations. Whereas resources and social capital are not factors that can be changed with any great ease, the institutional determinants of participation are more malleable. Through case study analysis, the article shows how actors have shaped the environment within which citizens make their decisions about engagement, resulting in demonstrable effects upon levels of participation. | local government, participation, institutional set-up | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2006.00601.x |
| Social Innovation | Pollitt C., Bouckaert G. and Loeffler E. | Making quality sustainable: co-design, co-decide, co-produce, co-evaluate | Scientific Rapporteurs, 4QZ Conference. | 2006 | In this report we will outline a model for a co-operative approach as a key to long term, sustained improvement of public service quality. In some respects it is an ambitious model, and many of the good practice cases presented at 4QC fell well short of what we are about to suggest. But, as you will see, some cases do not fall short. In the most interesting cases we can see, here or there, all the features we are about to discuss. This is a strong indication that our co-operative model is not just an academic abstraction, but rather something which can be achieved by public servants, politicians, citizens and other stakeholders – when they work together co-operatively in a climate of mutual trust and respect. | public service quality, good practice cases, 4QZ conference, co-operative model | https://circabc.europa.eu/webdav/CircaBC/eupan/dgadmintest/Library/6/1/2/meetings_presidency/meeting_26-27_october/4QCREPORT_final_version_October_2006.pdf |
| Digital Transformation | Sorensen | Metagovernance: the changing role of politicians in processes of democratic governance | American Review of Public Administration | 2006 | Current changes in governing tasks that face the political systems in liberal democracies require governance to be performed in new ways. Governance can no longer take the form of sovereign rule but must be performed through various forms of metagovernance, regulation of self-regulation. The consequence is a transformation of the role that politicians play in the governance of society that endangers representative democracy aswe knowit but does not necessarily endanger representative democracy as such. A case study of the specific, narrow way in which the newmetagoverning politician role is interpreted and institutionalized in four Danish municipalities suggests that network governance marginalizes politicians and consequently weakens representative democracy. If this weakening of democracy is to be avoided, politicians must strengthen their roles in metagovernance by broadening their leadership repertoire to include framing through institutional design, storytelling, supporting and facilitating, and participating. | governance, democracy, metagovernance, politicians | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0275074005282584 |
| Living Labs | Dunleavy P., Margetts H., Bastow S. and Tinkler J. | New public management is dead—Long live digital-era governance. | Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory | 2006 | The “new public management” (NPM) wave in public sector organizational change was founded on themes of disaggregation, competition, and incentivization. Although its effects are still working through in countries new to NPM, this wave has now largely stalled or been reversed in some key “leading-edge” countries. This ebbing chiefly reflects the cumulation of adverse indirect effects on citizens' capacities for solving social problems because NPM has radically increased institutional and policy complexity. The character of the post-NPM regime is currently being formed. We set out the case that a range of connected and information technology–centered changes will be critical for the current and next wave of change, and we focus on themes of reintegration, needs-based holism, and digitization changes. The overall movement incorporating these new shifts is toward “digital-era governance” (DEG), which involves reintegrating functions into the governmental sphere, adopting holistic and needs-oriented structures, and progressing digitalization of administrative processes. DEG offers a perhaps unique opportunity to create self-sustaining change, in a broad range of closely connected technological, organizational, cultural, and social effects. But there are alternative scenarios as to how far DEG will be recognized as a coherent phenomenon and implemented successfully. | New Public Management, effects, institutional complexity, "digital-era governance" | https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mui057 |
| Digital Transformation | OECD. | OECD e-Government Studies: Denmark 2006 | 2006 | OECD, e-Government, studies | https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/governance/oecd-e-government- studies-denmark-2006 9789264012356-en | ||
| Social Innovation | Dhanaraj, C. and A. Parke. | Orchestrating innovation networks | 31 (3): 659-669 | 2006 | Innovation networks can often be viewed as loosely coupled systems of autonomous firms. We propose that hub firms orchestrate network activities to ensure the creation and extraction of value, without the benefit of hierarchical authority. Orchestration comprises knowledge mobility, innovation appropriability, and network stability. We reject the view of network members as inert entities that merely respond to inducements and constraints arising from their network ties, and we embrace the essential player-structure duality present in networks. | Innovation networks | https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2006.21318923 |
| Social Innovation | Fischer, F. | Participatory governance as deliberative empowerment: the cultural politics of discursive space | The American Review of Public Administration | 2006 | This article argues that there is a need to enrich the theory of citizen participation and the design of deliberation practices through greater attention to the cultural politics of deliberative space. The article focuses on the ways the social valorization of political space influences basic discursive processes such as who speaks, how knowledge is constituted, what can be said, and who decides. From this perspective, decentralized design principles are necessary but insufficient requirements for deliberative empowerment. The point is illustrated through an analysis of the Science for the People movement in Kerala, India, a prominent example of deliberative empowerment. The discussion shows how the movement employed cultural and pedagogical strategies to facilitate an empowered participation of local citizens in the deliberative planning process. These experiences demonstrate the importance of a deeper understanding of cultural meaning and political identity in the theory of democratic deliberation and the practice of participatory governance. | citizen participation, deliberation, culture, social space, decentralized governance, local knowledge | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0275074005282582 |
| Public service value co creation | Pestoff V., Osborne S.P. and Brandsen T. | Patterns of co-production in public services: Some concluding thoughts | Public Management Review | 2006 | Research on the roles of the third sector in the delivery of public services has so far been scattered. However, there is much to learn from drawing the different manifestations of third-sector involvement together, as each represents an element of the third sector within the public services, expressed in different ways. An interesting question for research and practice is how different combinations of such elements are and should be embedded, given the variations in national structures of service provision. The studies presented in this collection have offered a stepping-stone in progressing towards an answer. Here we offer some suggestions for a future research agenda. These concern, respectively, the relationships between different roles of the third sector, links with the analysis of welfare state reform and the function of co-production. | co-production, nonprofit, partnerships, public services, third sector, welfare state | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719030601022999 |
| Service Design | Stoker, G. | Public Value Management: A new narrative for networked governance? | American Review of Public Administration | 2006 | The aim of this article is to clarify the nature of the management style most suited to the emergence of networked governance. The paradigms of traditional public administration and new public management sit uncomfortably with networked governance. In contrast, it is argued the public value management paradigm bases its practice in the systems of dialogue and exchange that characterize networked governance. Ultimately, the strength of public value management is seen to rest on its ability to point to a motivational force that does not solely rely on rules or incentives to drive public service practice and reform. People are, it suggests, motivated by their involvement in networks and partnerships, that is, their relationships with others formed in the context of mutual respect and shared learning. Building successful relationships is the key to networked governance and the core objective of the management needed to support it. | public value management, networked governance, management paradigms | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0275074005282583 |
| Service Design | Callaghan, G.D. and Wistow, G. | Publics, patients, citizens, consumers? Power and decision making in primary healthcare | Public Administration | 2006 | This article uses theoretical approaches to the discussion of power in order to consider the role of public and patient participation in primary health care organizations in the UK. There is considerable evidence to suggest that, despite major national initiatives to extend participation in health services, the role of participation in decision making remains underdeveloped. The primary purpose of this article is to understand how and why this should be the case. Using findings from qualitative research that explored approaches taken by the dominant professional groups on primary care groups (PCGs) to involving patients and the public, we consider how these approaches reflect the exercise of different forms and levels of power. The explanation combines Lukes’ categorization of three forms of power with Bourdieu’s dynamic conceptualization of the relations of habitus and field. It is argued that the models observed represent different opportunities for the operation of power with implications for the role that participation can play. | theoretical approach, health care, participation, power, decision making | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2006.00603.x |
| Public Sector Innovation | R.,Vargo,S. | Reactions, reflections and refinements | Marketing Theory, 6 (3), p. 281-288 | 2006 | As one of its own foundational premises implies, the value of service-dominant (S-D) logic is necessarily in its open, collaborative effort. Thus, the authors invite and welcome both elaborative and critical viewpoints. Five recurring, contentious issues among collaborating scholars, as they attempt to understand the full nature and scope of S-D logic, are identified. These issues are clarified and refined, as is appropriate to this co-creation of a service-centric philosophy by the worldwide marketing community. | Reactions, reflections, refinements | https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593106066781 |
| Public service value co creation | Möller, K | Role of competences in creating customer value: A value-creation logic approach | Industrial Marketing Management | 2006 | This paper addresses the issue through what kind of competences companies are producing value for their business customers. First, a value typology, clarifying the complex character of value, is constructed, together with suggestions on how the question of value creation can be framed. In order to understand and manage supplier–customer relationships, it essential to comprehend how both customers and suppliers perceive value and their roles in value creation. The matching of customers' and suppliers' perspectives is discussed by developing a framework depicting the business-to-business marketing types. Then the competences needed for creating value for customers and suppliers alike are examined by identifying what kind of competences are required in each marketing type. | Customer value, value-creation | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2006.04.005 |
| Public service value co creation | Lusch R., Vargo S. | Service-Dominant Logic: reactions, reflections and refinements | Marketing Theory 6 (3): 281-88 | 2006 | As one of its own foundational premises implies, the value of service-dominant (S-D) logic is necessarily in its open, collaborative effort. Thus, the authors invite and welcome both elaborative and critical viewpoints. Five recurring, contentious issues among collaborating scholars, as they attempt to understand the full nature and scope of S-D logic, are identified. These issues are clarified and refined, as is appropriate to this co-creation of a service-centric philosophy by the worldwide marketing community. | marketing theory, relationship marketing, resource integration, resource theory, service-dominant logic, S-D logic, service marketing | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1470593106066781 |
| Social Innovation | Mair, J. and Marti, I. | Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight | Journal of World Business, 41(1), 36-44 | 2006 | Social entrepreneurship, as a practice and a field for scholarly investigation, provides a unique opportunity to challenge, question, and rethink concepts and assumptions from different fields of management and business research. This article puts forward a view of social entrepreneurship as a process that catalyzes social change and addresses important social needs in a way that is not dominated by direct financial benefits for the entrepreneurs. Social entrepreneurship is seen as differing from other forms of entrepreneurship in the relatively higher priority given to promoting social value and development versus capturing economic value. To stimulate future research the authors introduce the concept of embeddedness as a nexus between theoretical perspectives for the study of social entrepreneurship. | Social entrepreneurshi, prediction, delight | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.002 |
| Digital Transformation | Bogason, P. and Musso, J.A. | The democratic prospects of network governance | American Review of Public Administration | 2006 | This article considers the democratic implications of the shift toward policy making and implementation through networks, integrating articles presented at a 2003 conference on democratic network governance. The authors argue that the effect of increased cross-sectoral and civil society involvement in governing has been to stretch liberal democratic processes to comprise greater numbers of actors involved in lateral network relationships. Although network governance has the potential to promote deliberation and to improve flexibility and responsiveness in service provision, it also raises serious issues regarding equity, accountability, and democratic legitimacy. There is a need to improve political coherence through, for example, steering or metagovernance of governance activities. Important questions for future research involve the character of actors who will take responsibility for metagovernance (e.g., politicians or public administrators) and the approaches they will use to steer governance processes. | governance, democracy, networks | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0275074005282581 |
| Public service value co creation | Johns, G. | The essential impact of context on organizational behavior. | Academy of Management Review, 31(2), 386–408 | 2006 | I argue that the impact of context on organizational behavior is not sufficiently recognized or appreciated by researchers. I define context as situational opportunities and constraints that affect the occurrence and meaning of organizational behavior as well as functional relationships between variables, and I propose two levels of analysis for thinking about context–one grounded in journalistic practice and the other in classic social psychology. Several means of contextualizing research are considered. | organizations, behavior, context, research, journalism, psychology | https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amr.2006.20208687 |
| Public service value co creation | Osborne S. (2006). | The New Public Governance | Public Management Review, 8 (3), p. 377-388 | 2006 | The argument advanced in this present article is that PAM has actually passed through three dominant modes – a longer, pre-eminent one of PA, from the late nineteenth century through to the late 1970s/early 1980s; a second mode, of the NPM, through to the start of the twenty-first century; and an emergent third one, of the NPG, since then. The time of the NPM has thus in fact been a relatively brief and transitory one between the statist and bureaucratic tradition of PA and the embryonic plural and pluralist tradition of the NPG. The remainder of this article will briefly expound upon the extant natures of PA and the NPM before arguing for the emergent characteristics of the NPG. | Public administration, New Public Management, New Public Governance, | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719030600853022?journalCode=rpxm20 |
| Public service value co creation | Osborne, S. | The New Public Governance? | Public Management Review 8 (3): 377-388 | 2006 | The argument advanced in this present article is that PAM has actually passed through three dominant modes – a longer, pre-eminent one of PA, from the late nineteenth century through to the late 1970s/early 1980s; a second mode, of the NPM, through to the start of the twenty-first century; and an emergent third one, of the NPG, since then. The time of the NPM has thus in fact been a relatively brief and transitory one between the statist and bureaucratic tradition of PA and the embryonic plural and pluralist tradition of the NPG. The remainder of this article will briefly expound upon the extant natures of PA and the NPM before arguing for the emergent characteristics of the NPG. | Public administration, New Public Management, New Public Governance, | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719030600853022?journalCode=rpxm20 |
| Social Innovation | Mulgan, G. | The Process of Social Innovation | Innovations, 1(2), 145-162 | 2006 | Process, social innovation | DOI:10.1162/itgg.2006.1.2.145 | |
| Service Design | Denhardt, J.V. and Campbell, K. B. | The role of democratic values in transformational leadership | Administration and Society | 2006 | Transformational leaders are typically seen as visionaries and catalysts of organizational change. Although organizational change is important, the transformational leadership model is vitally important and relevant to the public sector in ways that are not accounted for in this model. This article builds on and extends existing literature by identifying the key normative elements of a public sector transformational leadership model. Specifically, it focuses on why transformational leadership in the public sector should explicitly address democratic norms and the role of citizens and citizenship in both formulating and realizing shared goals. | transformational leadership, organizational change, democratic values, citizenship | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0095399706289714 |
| Public service value co creation | Ostrom, E | The value-added of laboratory experiments for the study of institutions and common-pool resources | Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization | 2006 | We test in a laboratory experiment three regulations imposed on a common-pool resource game: an access fee and subsidy scheme, transferable quotas and non-transferable quotas. Theory predicts that they all reduce resource use from free access to the same target level without hurting users. We find that all regulations perform equally in reducing resources, although with more variance under the fee scheme. All fail to make all the users better off. The fee scheme performs better than transferable quotas in sorting out the most efficient users but at the cost of hurting them more often | value-added, laboratory, experiments | DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2005.02.008 |
| Digital Transformation | Grabher G. | Trading routes, bypasses and risky intersections: mapping the travels of “networks” between economic sociology and economic geography | Progress in Human Geography 30 (2): 163-189 | 2006 | In economic geography the notion of the network has come to play a critical role in a range of debates. Yet networks are rarely construed in an explicit fashion. They are, rather, assumed as some sort of more enduring social relations. This paper seeks to foreground these implicit assumptions - and their limitations - by tracing the selective engagement of economic geography with network approaches in economic sociology. The perception of networks in economic geography is mainly informed by the network governance approach that is founded on Mark Granovetter's notion of embeddedness. By embracing the network governance approach, economic geography bypassed the older tradition of the social network approach. Economic geography thus discarded not only the concerns for network position and structure but also more calculative and strategic perceptions of networks prevailing in Ron Burt's work. Beyond these two dominant traditions, economic geography has, more recently, started to tinker with the poststructuralist metaphor of the rhizome of actor-network theory while it took no notice of Harrison White's notions of publics and polymorphous network domains. | interdisciplinarity, network governance approach, networks, publics, rhizome, social network analysis | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1191/0309132506ph600oa |
| Service Design | Fung, A. | Varieties of participation in complex governance | Public Administration Review | 2006 | The multifaceted challenges of contemporary governance demand a complex account of the ways in which those who are subject to laws and policies should participate in making them. This article develops a framework for understanding the range of institutional possibilities for public participation. Mechanisms of participation vary along three important dimensions: who participates, how participants communicate with one another and make decisions together, and how discussions are linked with policy or public action. These three dimensions constitute a space in which any particular mechanism of participation can be located. Different regions of this institutional design space are more and less suited to addressing important problems of democratic governance such as legitimacy, justice, and effective administration. | democracy, governance, public sphere, citizen participation, stakeholders, public hearings, cubes, community policing, democratic authority, police | https://www.jstor.org/stable/4096571?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |
| Service Design | Rubalcaba L. | Which Policy for Innovation in Services? | Science and Public Policy | 2006 | This paper proposes an analytical framework and rationale for service innovation policies and discusses the framework alternatives for policy implementation. Specific service characteristics and specific service innovation needs may require specific solutions. However, a service-oriented innovation policy is not necessarily aimed at specific individual service sectors. This article proposes a predominantly horizontal policy, going across sectors, based on service innovation being considered as a systemic dimension useful for any kind of economic activity. | service innovation, implementation, horizontal policy | https://academic.oup.com/spp/article-abstract/33/10/745/1658198 |
| Public service value co creation | A. Pyka and G. Fagiolo. | Agent-based modelling: A methodology for neo-schumpeterian economics | H. Hanusch and A. Pyka, editors, Elgar Companion to Neo-Schumpeterian Economics, chapter 29, pages 467–487. Edward Elgar | 2007 | Modellers have had to wrestle with an unavoidable trade-off between the demand of a general theoretical approach and the descriptive accuracy required to model a particular phenomenon. A new class of simulation models has shown to be well adapted to this challenge, basically by shifting outwards this trade-off: So-called agent-based models (ABMs henceforth) are increasingly used for the modelling of socio-economic developments. Our paper deals with the new requirements for modelling entailed by the necessity to focus on qualitative developments, pattern formation, etc. which is generally highlighted within Neo-Schumpeterian Economics and the possibilities given by ABMs. | Methodology, neo-schumpeterian economics | https://vwl.wiwi.uni-augsburg.de/vwl/institut/paper/272.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Bovaird T. | Beyond engagement and participation: User and community coproduction of public services | Public Administration Review | 2007 | In recent years, there has been a radical reinterpretation of the role of ‘policy making’ and ‘service delivery’ in the public domain. Policymaking is no longer seen as a purely ‘top down’ process but rather as a negotiation between many interacting policy systems. Similarly, services are no longer simply delivered by professional and managerial staff in public agencies, but rather co-produced by users and their communities. This paper presents a conceptual framework for understanding the emerging role of user and community co-production and then illustrates how different forms of co-production have played out in practice in a number of case studies of radical improvement of local public services. It suggests that traditional conceptions of service planning and management are now out-dated and need to be revised to take into account the potential of co-production as an integrating mechanism and incentive for resource mobilization, a potential which is still greatly underestimated in its potential to raise the effectiveness of public policy. However, co-production in a context of multi-purpose, multi-stakeholder networks raises a number of important public governance issues, which have implications for public services reform. | user co-production, community co-production, public services | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9cf7/bdf229d719c5b109d0c8d0c73d1a7455f3a4.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Hefetz, A, & Warner, M | Beyond the market versus planning dichotomy: Understanding privatisation and its reverse in US cities | Local government studies | 2007 | City service delivery requires planners and city managers to move beyond the public–private dichotomy and explore the benefits of interaction between markets and planning. Using International City County Management survey data on US local governments from 1992, 1997 and 2002, we find a shift where reverse contracting (re-internalisation) now exceeds the level of new contracting out (privatisation). We model how a theoretical shift from new public management to new public service in public administration mirrors a behavioural shift among city managers. Results confirm the need to balance economic concerns with political engagement of citizens and lend empirical support to a theory of social choice that links communicative planning with market management. | Market, privatisation | https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930701417585 |
| Service Design | Gerring, J. | Case study research : principles and practices | Cambridge: Cambridge University Press | 2007 | Case Study Research: Principles and Practices aims to provide a general understanding of the case study method as well as specific tools for its successful implementation. These tools can be utilized in all fields where the case study method is prominent, including anthropology, business, communications, economics, education, medicine, political science, social work, and sociology. Topics covered include the definition of a case study, the strengths and weaknesses of this distinctive method, strategies for choosing cases, an experimental template for understanding research design, and the role of singular observations in case study research. It is argued that a diversity of approaches – experimental, observational, qualitative, quantitative, ethnographic – may be successfully integrated into case study research. This book breaks down traditional boundaries between qualitative and quantitative, experimental and nonexperimental, positivist and interpretivist. | Case, study, principles, practices | https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=CbetAQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Case+study+research+:+principles+and+practices&ots=kcz0INO1vD&sig=jgG-54fhCWku7GyQMaoA_ZQZINk#v=onepage&q=Case%20study%20research%20%3A%20principles%20and%20practices&f=false |
| Social Innovation | Starks H. and Brown Trinidad S. | Choose your method: A comparison of phenomenology discourse analysis and grounded theory. | Qualitative Health Research | 2007 | The purpose of this article is to compare three qualitative approaches that can be used in health research: phenomenology, discourse analysis, and grounded theory. The authors include a model that summarizes similarities and differences among the approaches, with attention to their historical development, goals, methods, audience, and products. They then illustrate how these approaches differ by applying them to the same data set. The goal in phenomenology is to study how people make meaning of their lived experience; discourse analysis examines how language is used to accomplish personal, social, and political projects; and grounded theory develops explanatory theories of basic social processes studied in context. The authors argue that by familiarizing themselves with the origins and details of these approaches, researchers can make better matches between their research question(s) and the goals and products of the study. | qualitative methods, phenomenology, discourse analysis, grounded theory | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1049732307307031 |
| Social Innovation | Ansell C. and Gash A. | Collaborative governance in theory and practice | Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory | 2007 | Over the past few decades, a new form of governance has emerged to replace adversarial and managerial modes of policy making and implementation. Collaborative governance, as it has come to be known, brings public and private stakeholders together in collective forums with public agencies to engage in consensus-oriented decision making. In this article, we conduct a meta-analytical study of the existing literature on collaborative governance with the goal of elaborating a contingency model of collaborative governance. After reviewing 137 cases of collaborative governance across a range of policy sectors, we identify critical variables that will influence whether or not this mode of governance will produce successful collaboration. These variables include the prior history of conflict or cooperation, the incentives for stakeholders to participate, power and resources imbalances, leadership, and institutional design. We also identify a series of factors that are crucial within the collaborative process itself. These factors include face-to-face dialogue, trust building, and the development of commitment and shared understanding. We found that a virtuous cycle of collaboration tends to develop when collaborative forums focus on “small wins” that deepen trust, commitment, and shared understanding. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of our contingency model for practitioners and for future research on collaborative governance. | collaborative governance, public-private stakeholders, meta analysis | http://marphli.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/55667103/Collaborative_governance_theory.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Rouse W.B. | Complex engineered, organizational and natural systems | Systems Engineering, vol. 10 pp. 260-271 | 2007 | This paper describes an effort to determine the rationale and content for a research agenda in complex systems. This effort included a workshop conducted with 50 thought leaders in complex engineered, organizational, and natural systems. The results of this workshop were subsequently presented to seven groups in academia and industry across the United States. In this way, additional comments, suggestions, and insights were gained from roughly 200 participants in these presentations. The objectives of these eight events were to understand the underlying issues that cause us to perceive a system to be complex, and formulate a set of fundamental research questions whose pursuit would advance abilities to address these issues. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng: 260–271, 2007 | Complex engineered, organizational, natural systems | https://doi.org/10.1002/sys.20076 |
| Social Innovation | Klijn, E.H. and Skelcher, C. | Democracy and governance networks: compatible or not? | Public Administration | 2007 | This paper investigates the relationship between representative democracy and governance networks at a theoretical level. It does so by offering four conjectures and their implications for theory and practice. The incompatibility conjectures rests on the primacy of politics and sees governance networks as a threat. The complementarity conjecture presents governance networks as a means of enabling greater participation in the policy process and sensitivity in programme implementation. The transitional conjecture posits a wider evolution of governance forms towards network relationships. The instrumental conjecture views governance networks as a powerful means through which dominant interests can achieve their goals. Illustrative implications for theory and practice are identified, in relation to power in the policy process, the public interest, and the role of public managers. The heuristic potential of the conjectures is demonstrated through the identification of an outline research agenda. | networked governance, democracy, participation | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2007.00662.x |
| Public service value co creation | Ariely, D., Bracha, A., & Meier, S. | Doing good or doing well? Image motivation and monetary incentives in behaving prosocially | IZA Discussion Papers No. 2968 | 2007 | This paper experimentally examines image motivation--the desire to be liked and well regarded by others--as a driver in prosocial behavior (doing good), and asks whether extrinsic monetary incentives (doing well) have a detrimental effect on prosocial behavior due to crowding out of image motivation. Using the unique property of image motivation--its dependency on visibility--we show that image is indeed an important part of the motivation to behave prosocially, and that extrinsic incentives crowd out image motivation. Therefore, monetary incentives are more likely to be counterproductive for public prosocial activities than for private ones. | Image motivation, monetary incentives, prosocially | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1010620 |
| Social Innovation | Glückler J. | Economic geography and the evolution of networks | Journal of Economic Geography, 7 (5), p. 619-634 | 2007 | An evolutionary perspective on economic geography requires a dynamic understanding of change in networks. This article explores theories of network evolution for their use in geography and develops the conceptual framework of geographical network trajectories. It specifically assesses how tie selection constitutes the evolutionary process of retention and variation in network structure and how geography affects these mechanisms. Finally, a typology of regional network formations is used to discuss opportunities for innovation in and across regions. | networks, evolution, geography, framework, typology | https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article-abstract/7/5/619/1011206 |
| Social Innovation | O’Flynn, J. | From New Public Management to Public Value: framework change and managerial implications | The Australian Journal of Public Administration | 2007 | Both practitioners and scholars are increasingly interested in the idea of public value as a way of understanding government activity, informing policy‐making and constructing service delivery. In part this represents a response to the concerns about ‘new public management’, but it also provides an interesting way of viewing what public sector organisations and public managers actually do. The purpose of this article is to examine this emerging approach by reviewing new public management and contrasting this with a public value paradigm. This provides the basis for a conceptual discussion of differences in approach, but also for pointing to some practical implications for both public sector management and public sector managers. | public value, public services, New Public Management, theory and practice | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2007.00545.x |
| Public service value co creation | O'Flynn, J | From New Public Management to Public Value: Paradigmatic Change and Managerial Implications | Australian Journal of Public Administration 66(3) | 2007 | Both practitioners and scholars are increasingly interested in the idea of public value as a way of understanding government activity, informing policy‐making and constructing service delivery. In part this represents a response to the concerns about ‘new public management’, but it also provides an interesting way of viewing what public sector organisations and public managers actually do. The purpose of this article is to examine this emerging approach by reviewing new public management and contrasting this with a public value paradigm. This provides the basis for a conceptual discussion of differences in approach, but also for pointing to some practical implications for both public sector management and public sector managers. | public value, public services, New Public Management, theory and practice | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2007.00545.x |
| Public Sector Innovation | Campbell-Kelly M., Garcia-Swartz D.D. | From products to services: the software industry in the Internet era | Business History Review, vol. 81 pp. 735-764 | 2007 | This article reviews the changes to the established software industry caused by the rise of the Internet. Before the advent of the commercial Internet (in 1994, say), the industry consisted of three distinct sectors: vendors of mass-market software products for PCs; vendors of enterprise software products for business administration and corporate computing infrastructure; and computer services firms that performed business process outsourcing and systems integration. The three types of business evolved distinct corporate cultures and business practices that discouraged migration between sectors. Technology also kept the three sectors apart: computer-service firms invested in extensive private networks creating a barrier to entry for other firms, while enterprise and mass-market software vendors made products for distinct computing environments - powerful centralized mainframes versus low-powered PCs. | Products, services, software industry, internet era | https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.984451 |
| Public service value co creation | Keast R., Brown K. and Mandell M. | Getting the right mix; unpacking integration meanings and strategies | International Public Management Journal, 10 (1): 9-33 | 2007 | Integration has emerged as having an increasingly significant role in public policy discourse and practice in many jurisdictions across the globe. In providing a different framework for establishing relationships between service providers and citizens and government, horizontal integration arrangements offer the prospect of delivering new ways of working and providing solutions to seemingly insolvable social problems. Ways of achieving horizontal integration have been variously described by linkage terms such as cooperation, coordination, and collaboration. These terms have been typically used interchangeably to describe the coming together of individuals to work in concerted effort to achieve common goals.We argue that each of these terms, expressed as the “3Cs,” are different and consequently achieve different objectives. This paper explores the use of the “3Cs” and examines the differences highlighted by practitioners in the human services arena to extend the understanding of constructs relating to integration mechanisms. It is contended that in focusing on the experiences of integration and unpacking the use and expectations of the related “3Cs,” public administrators and practitioners will gain an enhanced understanding of each of the processes of integration as a coherent framework. As a consequence, there will be improved ability to match appropriate integration mechanisms with contexts and strategies. | integration, 3 Cs, public services | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10967490601185716 |
| Social Innovation | Wagenaar, H. | Governance, complexity, and democratic participation: how citizens and public officials harness the complexities of neighbourhood decline | The American Review of Public Administration | 2007 | This article applies complexity theory to urban governance. It is argued that expert-based, hierarchical-instrumental policy making encounters insurmountable obstacles in modern liberal democracies. One of the root causes of this erosion of output legitimacy is the complexity of social systems. Complexity is defined as the density and dynamism of the interactions between the elements of a system. Complexity makes system outcomes unpredictable and hard to control and, for this reason, defies such well-known policy strategies as coordination from the center, model building, and reduction of the problem to a limited number of controllable variables. It is argued that participatory and deliberative models of governance are more effective in harnessing complexity because they increase interaction within systems and thereby system diversity and creativity. Using empirical data from research on citizen participation in disadvantaged neighborhoods in the Netherlands, the author shows (a) that neighborhoods can fruitfully be seen as complex social systems and (b) the different ways in which citizen participation is effective in harnessing this complexity. | participatory democracy, complexity theory, urban governance, policy theory | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0275074006296208 |
| Public Sector Innovation | NESTA. | Hidden Innovation: How innovation happens in six ‘low innovation sectors | London: NESTA | 2007 | This report examines how innovation happens in six ‘low innovation’ sectors, and what this means for government policy. | Hidden innovation, innovation sectors | https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/hidden-innovation/ |
| Living Labs | Bartel, A., C. Ichniowski & K. Shaw. | How Does Information Technology Affect Productivity? Plant-Level Comparisons of Product Innovation, Process Improvement, and Worker Skills | The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(4): 1721-58 | 2007 | This study presents new empirical evidence on the relationship between investments in new computer-based information technology (IT) and productivity by investigating several plant-level mechanisms through which IT could promote productivity growth. We have assembled a data set on plants with a common production technology in a narrowly defined industry - valve manufacturing - to study the effects of new IT on product innovation, production process improvements, employee skills and work practices. The homogeneity of the plants' production processes within this narrowly defined industry together with the estimation of longitudinal models eliminate many sources of unmeasured heterogeneity that could confound productivity comparisons in more aggregate data and in broader samples. The three main results of this study highlight how the adoption of new IT-enhanced machinery involves much more than just the installation of new equipment on the factory floor. We find that adoption of new IT-enhanced equipment (1)alters business strategies, moving valve manufacturers away from commodity production based on long production runs to customized production in smaller batches; (2)improves the efficiency of all stages of the production process with reductions in setup times supporting the change in business strategy and (3)increases the skill requirements of workers while promoting the adoption of new human resource practices. | Information technology, productivity, plant-level, product innovation, process Improvement, worker skills | https://www.jstor.org/stable/25098887 |
| Social Innovation | Greenaway, J., Salter, B. and Hart, S. | How policy networks can damage democratic health: a case study in the government of governance | Public Administration | 2007 | This article examines a detailed case study of implementation networks in England using the example of the relocation of the Norfolk and Norwich hospital, which became a flagship PFI project for the Labour government after 1997. The case study illustrates the workings of the new order of multi‐layered governance with both local and national networks from different policy areas interacting. However, it also sheds light on the governance debate and illustrates how in the world of new public management, powerful actors, or policy entrepreneurs, with their own agenda, still have the facility, by exercising power and authority, to shape and determine the policy outputs through implementation networks. It is argued that, whereas policy networks are normally portrayed as enriching and promoting pluralist democratic processes, implementation networks in multi‐layered government can also undermine democratic accountability. Four aspects here are pertinent: (1) the degree of central government power; (2) local elite domination; (3) the fragmentation of responsibility; and (4) the dynamics of decision making which facilitates the work of policy entrepreneurs. All these factors illustrate the importance of ‘the government of governance’ in the British state. | implementation networks, multi-layered governance, New Public Management | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2007.00661.x |
| Service Design | G.C. Kane and M. Alavi. | Information technology and organizational learning: an investigation of exploration and exploitation processes | Or- ganization Science, 18:796–812 | 2007 | This study investigates the effects of information technology (IT) on exploration and exploitation in organizational learning (OL). We use qualitative evidence from previously published case studies of a single organization to extend an earlier computational model of organizational learning (March 1991) by introducing IT-enabled learning mechanisms: communication technology (e-mail), knowledge repositories of best practices, and groupware. We find that each of these IT-enabled learning mechanisms enable capabilities that have a distinct effect on the exploration and exploitation learning dynamics in the organization. We also find that this effect is dependent on organizational and environmental conditions, as well as on the interaction effects between the various mechanisms when used in combination with one another. We explore the implications of our results for the use of IT to support organizational learning. | Information technology, organizational learning | DOI:10.1287/orsc.1070.0286 |
| Social Innovation | Hamdouch A. | Innovation clusters and networks: a critical review of the recent literature | 19th EAEPE Conference, Universidade do Porto | 2007 | The academic interest in innovation clusters and networks has given rise to a vast stream of works in recent years. Besides defining the notions of clusters and innovation clusters or networks, a core topic within the literature relates to the analysis of the logics underlying the emergence, the structuring and the evolution of innovative activities within various geographic areas. But despite the large amount of efforts deployed, there are no consensual views amongst academics on various conceptual and analytical key issues, especially as regarding the spatial/geographical boundaries of an innovation cluster and the nature and intensity of the actors interaction that characterize it. The whole picture is also blurred as a persistent “disciplinary segregation ” prevent from integrating the most valuable and converging insights that could be drawn from various yet complementary social sciences perspectives. The paper offers a critical survey of the most visible pieces of the literature and suggests some possible pathways for a better analytical grounding of clustering and networking phenomena within innovative or creative fields. | Innovation networks,clusters, literature | https://poles2c.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/hamdouchclusters19th-eaepe-conferencerevised.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Djellal F., Gallouj F. | Innovation in hospitals: a survey of the literature | The European Journal of Health Economics, 8 (3), p. 181-193 | 2007 | The literature on innovation in hospitals is relatively extensive and varied. The purpose of this article is to conduct a critical survey, and in particular to highlight the functional and occupational bias that characterises it, whereby the sole object of innovation is medical care, and that innovation is essentially the work of doctors. In order to achieve this objective, four different (complementary or competing) concepts of the hospital are considered. In the first, the hospital is seen in terms of its production function, in the second, as a set of technical capacities, in the third, as an information system, and in the fourth, as a service provider and a hub in a wider system of healthcare. In the latter approach, hospitals are regarded as combinative providers of diverse and dynamic services, able to go beyond their own institutional boundaries by becoming part of larger networks of healthcare provision, which are themselves diverse and dynamic. This approach makes it possible to extend the model of hospital innovation to incorporate new forms of innovation and new actors in the innovation process, in accordance with the Schumpeterian tradition of openness. | Innovation hospitals, literature | DOI:10.1007/s10198-006-0016-3 |
| Social Innovation | Djellal F. and Gallouj F. | Innovation in hospitals: a survey of the literature | The European Journal of Health Economics | 2007 | The literature on innovation in hospitals is relatively extensive and varied. The purpose of this article is to conduct a critical survey, and in particular to highlight the functional and occupational bias that characterises it, whereby the sole object of innovation is medical care, and that innovation is essentially the work of doctors. In order to achieve this objective, four different (complementary or competing) concepts of the hospital are considered. In the first, the hospital is seen in terms of its production function, in the second, as a set of technical capacities, in the third, as an information system, and in the fourth, as a service provider and a hub in a wider system of healthcare. In the latter approach, hospitals are regarded as combinative providers of diverse and dynamic services, able to go beyond their own institutional boundaries by becoming part of larger networks of healthcare provision, which are themselves diverse and dynamic. This approach makes it possible to extend the model of hospital innovation to incorporate new forms of innovation and new actors in the innovation process, in accordance with the Schumpeterian tradition of openness. | innovation, hospitals, survey | DOI:10.1007/s10198-006-0016-3 |
| Social Innovation | Djellal, F., and F. Gallouj. | Innovation in hospitals: a survey of the literature | The European Journal of Health Economics 8 (3): 181-193 | 2007 | The literature on innovation in hospitals is relatively extensive and varied. The purpose of this article is to conduct a critical survey, and in particular to highlight the functional and occupational bias that characterises it, whereby the sole object of innovation is medical care, and that innovation is essentially the work of doctors. In order to achieve this objective, four different (complementary or competing) concepts of the hospital are considered. In the first, the hospital is seen in terms of its production function, in the second, as a set of technical capacities, in the third, as an information system, and in the fourth, as a service provider and a hub in a wider system of healthcare. In the latter approach, hospitals are regarded as combinative providers of diverse and dynamic services, able to go beyond their own institutional boundaries by becoming part of larger networks of healthcare provision, which are themselves diverse and dynamic. This approach makes it possible to extend the model of hospital innovation to incorporate new forms of innovation and new actors in the innovation process, in accordance with the Schumpeterian tradition of openness. | Innovation, hospitals, literature | DOI:10.1007/s10198-006-0016-3 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Toivonen M., Tuominen T., Brax S. | Innovation process interlinked with the process of service delivery: a management challenge in KIBS | Economies et Sociétés, série EGS, n°8/3/2007, p. 355-384 | 2007 | This paper studies the nature of innovation processes in service firms, particularly in knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). Our approach is both theoretical and empirical. We examine the different models developed for the analysis of service innovation and aim to clarify the concept of service innovation. The models which we consider are the stage-gate model, the model of the Nordic school of service marketing, and the service innovation model of the Lille school. We conclude that each of these models makes some important contribution to the understanding of the innovation processes in services. We also apply these models in an empirical case study where eleven individual innovation processes in four KIBS companies have been analysed in detail. We could identify three types of innovation processes in these cases: the model of a separate planning stage, the model of rapid application (simultaneous planning and production) and the model of a posteriori recognition of innovation. The model of rapid application was the most typical, i.e. the innovation process proceeded hand in hand with the actual service delivery. | innovation, services, KIBS, stage-gate model, Nordic school model, service innovation model | https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/42861265/Innovation_process_interlinked_with_the_20160219-16344-150rvdl.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DInnovation_process_interlinked_with_the.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20190930%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20190930T043322Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=aa29b8956be399bcfe24e7318d7cdc8a43ec9550f41ad11fca79b21e04c0f8f1 |
| Digital Transformation | Anton, S., McKee, S., Harrison, S. and Farrar, S. | Involving the public in NHS service planning | Journal of Health Organisation Management | 2007 | Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to report the findings of a study that examined the development of an assessment framework for public involvement. Design/methodology/approach: The paper has adopted a multi‐method approach that includes: a focused review of literature relating to tools that might be used to provide valid and reliable assessments of public involvement; key informant interviews with people with experience from various perspectives of efforts to involve the public in the planning and development of health services; and a detailed study of a specific public involvement initiative involving a range of “stakeholder” interviews. Findings: The paper finds that there are uncertainty and a lack of consensus about how assessment of public involvement should be undertaken. The findings emphasise the need to recognise the diverse nature of public involvement, which may require assessment to be employed flexibly at each individual NHS Board level. Research limitations/implications: The paper is a small‐scale study, in which it was only possible to probe a limited number of stakeholders' views due to practical and time restrictions. Originality/value: The paper adds value to the discussions taking place at Scottish Government level as to the best approach in assessing public involvement in health service decision making. | Scotland, National Health Service, national standards | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/14777260710778989/full/html |
| Social Innovation | Dooley, L. and D. O’Sullivan. | Managing within distributed innovation networks | International Journal of Innovation Management 11(3): 397-416 | 2007 | Business competitiveness and sustainability depends on the effective management of innovation. To be effective, innovation needs to take place within every area of an organisation and by association within organisational networks that include key suppliers, customers and other strategic partners. Distributed innovation management is the process of managing innovation both within and across networks of organisations that have come together to co-design, co-produce and co-service the needs of customers. As innovation collaboration spreads outside the reporting structures of any one organisation, its management faces new challenges that must be addressed if collaboration is to be successful. This paper presents a discussion on the relational capabilities that need to be nurtured if distributed innovation management is to occur. It introduces an integrated framework and tools to support innovation from the individual employees to the distributed network level. Finally, it presents a case study of distributed innovation between a consortium of six organisations within the biotechnology area. | Innovation networks | https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919607001801 |
| Social Innovation | Agranoff R. | Managing within Networks: Adding Value to Public Organizations | Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. | 2007 | The real work of many governments is done not in stately domed capitols but by a network of federal and state officials working with local governments and nongovernmental organizations to address issues that cross governmental boundaries. Managing within Networks analyzes the structure, operations, and achievements of these public management networks that are trying to solve intractable problems at the field level. It examines such areas as transportation, economic and rural development, communications systems and data management, water conservation, wastewater management, watershed conservation, and services for persons with developmental disabilities. Robert Agranoff draws a number of innovative conclusions about what these networks do and how they do it from data compiled on fourteen public management networks in Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Nebraska, and Ohio. Agranoff identifies four different types of networks based on their purposes and observes the differences between network management and traditional management structures and leadership. He notes how knowledge is managed and value added within intergovernmental networks. This volume is useful for students, scholars, and practitioners of public management. | public management networks, public services | https://www.amazon.com/Managing-within-Networks-Organizations-Management/dp/1589011546 |
| Social Innovation | Bochel, C., Bochel, H., Somerville, P. and Worley, C. | Marginalised or enabled voices? User participation in policy and practice | Social Policy and Society | 2007 | The idea of participation has been central to many policy developments in recent years. Both Conservative and Labour governments have used notions of participation and involvement in attempts to justify and implement their social policies. Yet, despite a plethora of initiatives and guidance around ‘participation’ emerging from all levels of government, and a substantial academic literature, there remains a major, and potentially damaging, lack of clarity over many aspects of participation, while the secret of achieving ‘real’ participation appears to continue to remain elusive. | participation, involvement, policy | https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-policy-and-society/article/marginalised-or-enabled-voices-user-participation-in-policy-and-practice/350F5E2A2BB7AEF36C23BAF62733DBE9 |
| Social Innovation | Aguado Díaz, A. L., Alcedo Rodríguez, M. Á., Arias Martínez, B., & Rueda Ruiz, M. B. | Necesidades de las personas con discapacidad intelectual en proceso de envejecimiento | Bilbao | 2007 | Necesidades, personas, discapacidad intelectual, proceso de envejecimiento | https://doi.org/84-7752-425-4 | |
| Service Design | Dryzek, J.S. | Networks and democratic ideals: equality, freedom and communication | In 'Theories of Democratic Network Governance', Palgrave MacMillan: London | 2007 | Democratic theory has historically proceeded under the assumption that the proper — and perhaps exclusive — locus of political authority is the sovereign state claiming exclusive political authority over a defined territory and population. A well-defined demos can therefore accompany the sovereign state, with a claim to popular control over policy decisions that is fairly straightforward — at least in theory, if rarely in practice. The democratic ideal of political equality can then be defined in terms of the equal capacity of all citizens in the demos to exercise control over policy decisions. Additionally, state democracy in practice is almost always liberal democracy. And liberal democratic theorists can specify a number of rights — freedom of thought, expression, association, and assembly, more controversially rights to private property and subsistence — necessary to make such a system work.2 Public authority so constructed constitutes a relatively neat package. Those wedded to such a picture greet any departure with horror. So for example Lowi (1999) condemns the cooperative environmental governance applauded by Sabel et al. (1999) as an abdication of public authority that allows stakeholders to generate outcomes that suit themselves — but at the expense of a public interest properly defined at the highest levels of state government. | deliberative democracy, sovereign state, soft power, governance network, democratic theory | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230625006_16 |
| Service Design | Christensen, T., Lægreid, P., Roness, P. G., & Røvik, K. A. | Organization theory and the public sector : instrument, culture and myth | London: Routledge | 2007 | Organization, theory, public sector, instrument, culture, myth | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2008.01746_10.x | |
| Digital Transformation | Manning, N. | Patterns of Environmental Movements in Eastern Europe | Envir- onmental Politics 7(2), 100–33 | 2007 | Environmental movements played an important part in the transitions of 1989/1991. They grew steadily in the early 1980s, and rapidly by the late 1980s. Now they have shrunk considerably. They fed on a legacy of environmental damage, but the pattern of their growth across different countries has varied. There have been notable turning points: ‘phosphorite wars’ in Estonia; Baikal and Chernobyl in Russia; the Danube dam in Hungary. Yet the relative involvement of the public, scientists, and intellectuals has also varied. Evidence from a 1993 survey in these countries shows that the capacity and opportunity to organise movements is more important than the actual level of environmental damage in explaining these patterns. | Patterns, environmental movements | https://doi.org/10.1080/09644019808414395 |
| Social Innovation | Flynn, N. | Public Sector Management | London: Sage publications | 2007 | Public sector management | ||
| Public service value co creation | Bozeman, B | Public values and public interest: Counterbalancing economic individualism | Washington: Georgetown University Press | 2007 | Drawing on the concepts of the common good advocated by Aristotle, Saint Thomas Aquinas, John Locke, and John Dewey, Public Values and Public Interest offers a direct theoretical challenge to the "utility of economic individualism," the prevailing political theory in the western world. In constructing the case for adopting a new governmental paradigm based on what he terms "managing publicness," Bozeman demonstrates why economic indices alone fail to adequately value social choice in many cases. He explores the broad implications of privatization of a wide array of governmental services - among them Social Security, defense, prisons, and water supplies. | public interest- economic aspects, common good- economic aspects, public administration | https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4279315 |
| Social Innovation | Jorgensen, T.B. and Bozeman, B. | Public values: an inventory | Administration and Society | 2007 | Exploring boundaries and meanings of public value, the authors seek to identify some of the impediments to progress in the study of public values. The study of publicvalues is often hamstrung by more general problems in the study of values. The authors begin by identifying analytical problems in the study of values and public values. Then they take stock of the public values universe. To identify public value concepts, relevant literature is reviewed and interpreted. Finally, the analytical questions posed in the first section are addressed, focusing specifically on issues related to the hierarchy, causality, and proximity of public values. | public values, values hierarchy, proximity of values, values causality | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0095399707300703 |
| Public service value co creation | Bourgon, J | Responsive, responsible and respected government: towards a New Public Administration theory | International review of administrative sciences | 2007 | This text aims to explore the rich tapestry of contemporary public administration, from a practitioner’s perspective. Following the threads of academic theory and practical experience, it offers some of my ‘best guesses’ in relation to emerging trends and characteristics that will define innovative patterns and textures in this dynamic field. I want to speak primarily of the need for a ‘New Public Administration’ theory, recognizing that to label anything ‘new’ is risky business. Those who embrace new ideas sometimes tend to regard earlier ways of thinking as old and outdated. In contrast, others are deeply wedded to long-held views and argue that there is nothing new. I would offer a hypothesis that seeks to avoid both of these extremes. I suspect that everything that follows in this text already exists to varying degrees in public administrations around the world. In addition, I would remind readers that the factors I describe are relevant only to the tiny portion of the globe in which liberal democracy exists. Thus, I believe the ‘newness’ of a New Public Administration theory (if indeed newness exists) will not be found in new ideas, but rather ‘in the way the fabric is woven, not necessarily in the threads that are used’. | public administration theory, New Public Management, practitioners | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0020852307075686 |
| Digital Transformation | Den Digitale Taskforce. | Strategi for digitalisering af den offentlige sektor 2007-2010 – Mod bedre digital service, øget effek- tivisering og stærkere samarbejde | 2007 | Strategi, digitalisering, offentlige sektor, digital service | https://digst.dk/media/12701/digitaliseringsstrategi-2007-2010.pdf | ||
| Public service value co creation | Newman, J. | The ‘double dynamics’ of activation: institutions, citizens and the remaking of welfare governance | International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy | 2007 | Purpose – This paper aims to explore activation policy as a condensate for new forms of governance in respect of welfare institutions and in relation to welfare subjects. It asks how far apparently similar concepts – contractualisation, individuation, personalisation – can be applied to the governance of institutions and the governance of persons. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on a model of different governance regimes to trace different dynamics at stake in the shift to activation policy. Findings – Tensions in the dynamics of the transformation of welfare governance around notions of activation are highlighted. It is also argued that different reconfigurations of power are at stake in the governance of institutions and the governance of persons. Finally tensions between notions of active, activist and activation conceptions of citizenship are traced. Research limitations/implications – The paper challenges a govermentality perspective in which managerial discourses are assumed to have similar consequences for institutions and for persons, so drawing attention to the importance of context. Practical implications – Limited value Originality/value – This paper makes an original contribution to the field by tracing a number of different dynamics at stake in activation policy rather than assuming a coherent shift from earlier forms of welfare regime. | activation policy, transformation, power | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42798878_The_'double_dynamics'_of_activation_Institutions_citizens_and_the_remaking_of_welfare_governance |
| Service Design | Kalvet, T. | The Estonian information society developments since the 1990s. | PRAXIS Working Paper29 | 2007 | The current article describes achievements in key fields and discusses the main factors that have made such developments possible. It asserts that the major factors that have affected as well as contributed to the evolution of information society in Estonia include the economic factors, active role of the public sector, technological competency, and socio-cultural factors. It is argued that telecommunications and banking sectors are the cornerstones of Estonian information society developments; they are also behind major initiatives dedicated to computer training and awareness raising. Activities of the public sector have been also crucial in providing favourable legislative environment, but also in launching infrastructural projects and in implementing innovative e-services. Public sector developments have been strongly influenced by some non-governmental organisations. ICT skills and R&D competencies, a lot of which is Soviet inheritance, have been also crucial. | NETIS, information society, Estonia, public sector, technological competency, e-services | http://praxis.ee/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2007-Estonian-information-society-developments.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Nieto, M.J. and L., Santamarina. | The importance of diverse collaborative networks for the novelty of product innovation | Technovation 27 (6): 367-377 | 2007 | Competition today is driving firms to introduce products with a higher degree of novelty. Consequently, there is a growing need to understand the critical success factors behind more novel product innovations. This paper theoretically and empirically analyzes the role of different types of collaborative networks in achieving product innovations and their degree of novelty. Using data from a longitudinal sample of Spanish manufacturing firms, our results show that technological collaborative networks are of crucial importance in achieving a higher degree of novelty in product innovation. Continuity of collaboration and the composition of the collaborative network are highly significant dimensions. Collaboration with suppliers, clients and research organizations—in this order—have a positive impact on the novelty of innovation, while collaboration with competitors has a negative impact. The greatest positive impact on the degree of innovation novelty comes from collaborative networks comprising different types of partners. | Collaborative networks, product innovation | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2006.10.001 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Sundbo, J., Orfila-Sintes and F. Sørensen. | The innovative behaviour of tourism firms-Comparative studies of Denmark and Spain | Research Policy 36 (1): 88-106 | 2007 | Tourism firms operate in a competitive sector where innovating is often a condition for survival. This article presents a theoretical framework for understanding tourist firms’ innovative behaviour and innovation systems in tourism. The innovativeness of tourism firms and its determinants are investigated by analysing quantitative as well as qualitative data comparing Spain and Denmark. A taxonomy of tourism firms is suggested and the firms’ characteristics which influence their innovativeness are presented. Additionally, the role of innovation networks is discussed, as is the role of innovation systems. The article suggests that large size, professionalism, but also entrepreneurship among small tourism firms are important determinants of innovation. Varied innovation networks are another determinant as are supportive innovation systems. These determinants favour Spanish firms, which are more innovative than Danish ones. In the final section, policy recommendations are presented. | Innovative behaviour, tourism firms | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.08.004 |
| Digital Transformation | Rhodes, R.A.W. and Wanna, J. | The limits to Public Value, or rescuing responsible government from the Platonic Guardians | The Australian Journal of Public Administration | 2007 | In various guises, public value has become extraordinarily popular in recent years. We challenge the relevance and usefulness of the approach in Westminster systems with their dominant hierarchies of control, strong roles for ministers, and tight authorising regimes underpinned by disciplined two‐party systems. We start by spelling out the core assumptions behind the public value approach. We identify two key confusions; about public value as theory, and in defining ‘public managers’. We identify five linked core assumptions in public value: the benign view of large‐scale organisations; the primacy of management; the relevance of private sector experience; the downgrading of party politics; and public servants as Platonic guardians. We then focus on the last two assumptions because they are the least applicable in Westminster systems. We defend the ‘primacy of party politics’ and we criticise the notion that public managers should play the role of Platonic guardians deciding the public interest. The final section of the article presents a ‘ladder of public value’ by which to gauge the utility of the approach for public managers in Westminster systems. | bureaucracy, public value, public interest, public management, westminister | https://www.academia.edu/17972745/The_Limits_to_Public_Value_or_Rescuing_Responsible_Government_from_the_Platonic_Guardians |
| Public service value co creation | Rhodes, R, A, W | The Limits to Public Value, or Rescuing Responsible Government from the Platonic Guardians | Australian Journal of Public Administration | 2007 | In various guises, public value has become extraordinarily popular in recent years. We challenge the relevance and usefulness of the approach in Westminster systems with their dominant hierarchies of control, strong roles for ministers, and tight authorising regimes underpinned by disciplined two-party systems. We start by spelling out the core assumptions behind the public value approach. We identify two key confusions; about public value as theory, and in defining ‘public managers’. We identify five linked core assumptions in public value: the benign view of large-scale organisations; the primacy of management; the relevance of private sector experience; the downgrading of party politics; and public servants as Platonic guardians. We then focus on the last two assumptions because they are the least applicable in Westminster systems. We defend the ‘primacy of party politics’ and we criticise the notion that public managers should play the role of Platonic guardians deciding the public interest. The final section of the article presents a ‘ladder of public value’ by which to gauge the utility of the approach for public managers in Westminster systems. | Limits, public value, responsible government | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2007.00553.x |
| Digital Transformation | Lesk, M. | The New Front Line: Estonia under Cyberassault | IEEE Security & Privacy 5(4), 76–9 | 2007 | Estonia, although small is a remarkably Web-dependent country, with widespread Internet access, digital identity cards, an 80-percent usage rate for online banking, electronic tax collection, and remote medical monitoring. The DDoS attacks began on the foreign minister's Web site, but spread to all government institutions and key businesses, such as banks. On balance, the Estonian cyberwar ought to be a wake up call. Producing so much disruption for so little money has to be attractive to many groups. We know that people with evil intentions watched what happened; we can only hope that people with good intentions watched as well | Front line, cyberassault | https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2007.98 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Smedlund, A. and M. Toivonen. | The role of KIBS in the IC development of regional clusters | Journal of Intellectual Capital 8 (1): 159-170 | 2007 | The paper seeks to introduce the concept of knowledge‐intensive business services (KIBS) in the context of regional networks and to analyze the roles of KIBS in regional development, especially from the viewpoint of regional intellectual capital. | KIBS, IC development, regional clusters | https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930710715114 |
| Digital Transformation | Vandenabeele, W. | Toward a public administration theory of public service motivation: An institutional approach | Public Management Review, 9, 545-556 | 2007 | Public service motivation (PSM) is a prominent concept within current Public Administration, as it refers to the drive for public interested and altruistic behaviour. Although substantial empirical research on its nature and its impact is available, little is known on the origins of PSM. Led by cues provided by previous empirical research, this article seeks to develop a general theory of PSM, encompassing both causes and consequences of PSM. Based on an interdisciplinary approach, elements of institutional theory and motivational psychology are fused together, blending into an operational theory of PSM. | Public administration theory, public service motivation | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030701726697 |
| Living Labs | Clark, J. | Unsettled connections: citizens, consumers and the reform of public services | Journal of Consumer Culture | 2007 | This article explores some of the conditions and consequences of the centrality of the figure of the consumer in recent public service reform in the UK. New Labour's view of the modern world as being defined in part by the rise of a consumer culture or consumer society locates the figure of the consumer at the heart of its programme of public service reform in the decade from 1997. Drawing on a recent study of public services, the article considers the impact of this consumerist model of reform on the relationships between public service organizations and their publics, drawing out three particular sites of strain that mark the shifting relationships between the public and services. These are the tensions between rights, resources and rationing; the links and disjunctures between choice and voice; and the tangled formations of knowledge and power. | choice/voice, knowledge/power, power, rationing, resources, rights | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1469540507077671 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Clarke, J | Unsettled connections: Citizens, consumers and the reform of public services | Journal of Consumer Culture | 2007 | This article explores some of the conditions and consequences of the centrality of the figure of the consumer in recent public service reform in the UK. New Labour's view of the modern world as being defined in part by the rise of a consumer culture or consumer society locates the figure of the consumer at the heart of its programme of public service reform in the decade from 1997. Drawing on a recent study of public services, the article considers the impact of this consumerist model of reform on the relationships between public service organizations and their publics, drawing out three particular sites of strain that mark the shifting relationships between the public and services. These are the tensions between rights, resources and rationing; the links and disjunctures between choice and voice; and the tangled formations of knowledge and power. | Citizens, consumers, public services | https://doi.org/10.1177/1469540507077671 |
| Social Innovation | Phlippen S. van der Knaap B. | When clusters become networks | Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers, n°TI 2007-100/3. | 2007 | Policy makers spend large amounts of public resources on the foundation of science parks and other forms of geographically clustered business activities, in order to stimulate regional innovation. Underlying the relation between clusters and innovation is the assumption that co-located firms engaged in innovative activities benefit from knowledge that diffuses locally. In order to access this knowledge, firms are often required to form more- or less formal relations with co-located firms. Empirical evidence shows however that besides some success cases like Silicon Valley and the Emilia-Romagna region where firms collaborate intensively, many regional clusters are mere co-locations of firms. To enhance our understanding of why some clusters become networks of strategic collaboration and others don't, we study link formation within European biopharmaceutical clusters. More specifically we look at the effect of cluster characteristics such as number of start-up firms, established firms or academic institutions, or the nature of the collaborations on the probability of local link formation. | regional clusters, networks, local & global linkages, pharmaceutical industry | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1082689 |
| Service Design | Orlikowski, W. J., & Scott, S. V. | 10 sociomateriality: challenging the separation of technology, work and organization | The academy of management annals, 2(1), 433-474 | 2008 | We begin by juxtaposing the pervasive presence of technology in organizational work with its absence from the organization studies literature. Our analysis of four leading journals in the field confirms that over 95% of the articles published in top management research outlets do not take into account the role of technology in organizational life. We then examine the research that has been done on technology, and categorize this literature into two research streams according to their view of technology: discrete entities or mutually dependent ensembles. For each stream, we discuss three existing reviews spanning the last three decades of scholarship to highlight that while there have been many studies and approaches to studying organizational interactions and implications of technology, empirical research has produced mixed and often‐conflicting results. Going forward, we suggest that further work is needed to theorize the fusion of technology and work in organizations, and that additional perspectives are needed to add to the palette of concepts in use. To this end, we identify a promising emerging genre of research that we refer to under the umbrella term: sociomateriality. Research framed according to the tenets of a sociomaterial approach challenges the deeply taken‐for‐granted assumption that technology, work, and organizations should be conceptualized separately, and advances the view that there is an inherent inseparability between the technical and the social. We discuss the intellectual motivation for proposing a sociomaterial research approach and point to some common themes evident in recent studies. We conclude by suggesting that a reconsideration of conventional views of technology may help us more effectively study and understand the multiple, emergent, and dynamic sociomaterial configurations that constitute contemporary organizational practices. | Sociomateriality, technology, work, organization | https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/19416520802211644 |
| Service Design | Evenson, S. | A Designer’s View of SSME | In B. Hefley & W. Murphy (Eds.), Service Science, Management and Engineering: Education for the 21st Century (pp. 25–30). New York: Springer. | 2008 | A designer's view of the interplay, challenges and opportunities for innovation and research across disciplines is presented. A case is made for the inclusion of design as a discipline that can forge and leverage the required lateral linkages across multiple communities. Examples of some of the opportunities and challenges that arise at the intersection of the disciplines are described. | Service Innovation Multiple Community Business Ecosystem Market Science Institute Service Design Network | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-76578-5_4 |
| Public service value co creation | Windrum P. and Garçia- Goñi M. | A neo-Schumpeterian model of health services innovation | Research Policy, 37 (4), 649-672 | 2008 | The paper presents and empirically applies a neo-Schumpeterian model of innovation capable of studying interactions between service providers, patients and policy makers, and how these complex interactions determine the timing, direction, and success of innovations in the public sector. The model is tested using a case study that traces the introduction and development of ambulatory surgery in a Spanish hospital. The multi-agent model applies the ideas of Schumpeter to services, encompassing Schumpeter's five types of innovation, and re-introducing the policy-maker as a key agent in the innovation process. The model has a number of advantages over previous, reduced form models. First, it can analyse the interactions between the economic, social and political spheres that make up the complex selection environment of innovations. Second, it captures the recursive impact of radical innovations on agents’ competences and preferences, and their relative power. This brings politics, power, and rhetorical persuasion to the fore. Third, it provides an improved set of definitions for radical and incremental innovation. These are not only important for understanding the sources and drivers of innovation, but also for the accurate measurement of innovation. | health services, public sector innovation, Lancaster characteristics | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004873330800019X |
| Social Innovation | Andreas, K. and S. Harald. | Absorptive capacity and innovation in the knowledge intensive business sector | Economics of Innovation and New technology 17(6): 511- 531 | 2008 | Absorptive capacity and innovation in the knowledge intensive business sector | Absorptive capacity, innovation, knowledge intensive business sector | https://doi.org/10.1080/10438590701222987 |
| Social Innovation | Hulgård, L., Bisballe, L., Andersen, L. L. and Spear, R. | Alternativ beskæftigelse og integration af socialt udsatte grupper - erfaringer fra Danmark og Europa | Roskilde: CSE, RUC | 2008 | Alternativ beskæftigelse, integration af socialt udsatte grupper | https://www.udsatte.dk/dyn/resources/Publication/file/9/29/1296810690/alternativ-beskaeftigelse-og-integration-af-socialt-udsatte-grupper.pdf | |
| Digital Transformation | Heikkinen M.T and J. Still. | Benefits and challenges of new mobile service development in R-D network | Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 12(1): 85-94 | 2008 | The competitive environment of organizations has changed remarkably in line with rapid technological development and globalization of markets. This has lead to a situation where the amount of resources and knowledge needed in the development of new offerings has become overwhelming for a single organization. Consequently, nowadays organizations—both commercial and non-commercial—are performing research and development activities in networks consisting of multiple types of actors. This is also the case in industries developing new services for consumers’ mobile handhelds. This paper introduces a network view to new mobile service development and argues that a thorough understanding of acting in the network environment is a pre-requisite for successful mobile service creation. This viewpoint is emphasized in an information-rich case study, which describes the formation and operations of a network, which created a new mobile service for a sports team. | Benefits, challenges, mobile service development | https://www.telefonica.com/documents/341171/3051513/New+Approach+to+Rural+Connectivity.pdf/ac83ffd3-8686-c4c6-7dd0-74027e566d5c |
| Service Design | Holmlid, S., & Evenson, S. | Bringing service design to service sciences, management and engineering | In B. Hefley & W. Murphy (Eds.), Service science, management and engineering education for the 21st century (pp. 341-345). Boston, MA: Springer | 2008 | Service design is defined as applying design methods and principles to the design of services. Service design is complimentary to conventional service development approaches and as such should become a contributor to Services Sciences, Management and Engineering (SSME). Two examples of the unique contribution of methods that Service Design offers are described. | Service design, service sciences, management, engineering | DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-76578-5_50 |
| Service Design | Holmlid, S., & Evenson, S. | Chapter: Bringing Service Design to Service Sciences, Management and Engineering. | Book: Service Science, Management and Engineering Education for the 21st Century. Eds: B. Hefley & W. Murphy. Boston, MA: Springer | 2008 | Service design is defined as applying design methods and principles to the design of services. Service design is complimentary to conventional service development approaches and as such should become a contributor to Services Sciences, Management and Engineering (SSME). Two examples of the unique contribution of methods that Service Design offers are described | Service Development, Interaction Design, Service Innovation, Service Experience, Service Concept | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-76578-5_50 |
| Service Design | Sanders, E. B. N., & Stappers, P. J. | Co-creation and the new landscapes of design | CoDesign: International Journal of CoCreation in Design and the Arts, 4(1), 5-18 | 2008 | Designers have been moving increasingly closer to the future users of what they design and the next new thing in the changing landscape of design research has become co-designing with your users. But co-designing is actually not new at all, having taken distinctly different paths in the US and in Europe. The evolution in design research from a user-centred approach to co-designing is changing the roles of the designer, the researcher and the person formerly known as the ‘user’. The implications of this shift for the education of designers and researchers are enormous. The evolution in design research from a user-centred approach to co-designing is changing the landscape of design practice as well, creating new domains of collective creativity. It is hoped that this evolution will support a transformation toward more sustainable ways of living in the future. | participatory design, design research, co-design, co-creation, collective creativity, user-centred design | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15710880701875068 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Basole R.C., Rouse W.B. | Complexity of service value networks: conceptualization and empirical investigation | IBM Systems Journal, vol. 47 pp. 53-70 | 2008 | This paper explores how service value is created in a network context and how the structure and dynamics of the value network as well as customer expectations influence the complexity of the services ecosystem. The paper then discusses what transformative role information and communication technology (ICT) plays in coordinating and delivering value and managing this complexity. A conceptual model is developed for understanding and investigating the nature, delivery, and exchange of service value and assessing the complexity of a service value network. Three central arguments are presented. First, value in the services economy is driven and determined by the end consumer and delivered through a complex web of direct and indirect relationships between value network actors. Second, the complexity of service value networks not only depends on the number of actors but also on the conditional probabilities that these actors are involved in delivering the service to the consumer. Third, ICT plays a central role in reducing complexity for consumers by providing greater levels of value network integration, information visibility, and means to manage and anticipate change. | Complexity, service value networks | DOI: 10.1147/sj.471.0053 |
| Public service value co creation | Pestoff V.and Brandsen T. | Co-production. The third sector and the delivery of public services | Routledge, London, New York | 2008 | Public management research has in recent years paid increasing attention to the third sector, especially to its role in the provision of public services. Evidence of this is the rising number of publications on the topic, as well as a growing number of sessions and papers on the topic in academic conferences of the EGPA and IRSPM. However, much of the discussion on its role is motivated at least as much by ideology as by fact. We still lack a proper empirical understanding of what happens when the third sector is drawn into public service provision. In this thematic presentation of Co-Production: The Third Sector and the Delivery of Public Services, we will try to enhance this understanding by presenting several new studies on the subject. We also introduce the concepts of co-production, co-management and co-governance as a conceptual framework that enables us to better understand such developments. | public management, public services, empirical evidence, third sector, co-production | https://www.amazon.co.uk/Co-production-Sector-Delivery-Public-Services/dp/0415439639 |
| Public service value co creation | Askim, J. and Sandkjaer Hanssen, G. | Councillors’ receipt and use of citizen input: experience from Norwegian local government | Public Administration | 2008 | The article expands citizen participation research by tackling participation from the viewpoint of elected officials – the recipients of citizen input. The article studies the role citizen input plays in elected officials’ decision making. Citizen input is defined as information elected officials obtain through direct contact with citizens and representatives of local associations. Using survey data from Norwegian local government, the article assesses how much citizen input councillors receive, and to what extent they use it to set local agendas. It is demonstrated that Norwegian councillors have a high degree of exposure to citizen input and that citizen input constitutes most councillors’ primary source of agenda‐setting inspiration. The article also examines differences in the extent to which councillors use citizen input, and draws on existing theoretical and empirical research to discuss how these differences can be explained. For example, findings that local government frontbenchers and highly educated councillors consider citizen input less useful than others do are explained by an analytical perspective emphasizing councillors’ varied needs for such information. | citizen participation, input, local government | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2008.00722.x |
| Public service value co creation | Jones, G, & Needham, C | Debate: Consumerism in Public Services-For and Against | Public money & management | 2008 | This article began life as a debate for MSc students in a public management class at Queen Mary, University of London, convened by the authors. In seeking to explain the significance of consumerism in contemporary public service reform, the authors took different positions on the normative appeal of consumer-oriented public service reforms. In this article George Jones begins by setting out the advantages of consumerism in public services. In the second part of the article, Catherine Needham sets out to rebut some of these purported advantages. In the conclusion, the authors identify some points of consensus and the key points of disagreement. | public serivices, reform, consumer orientation | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9302.2008.00624.x |
| Living Labs | Bolden, R., G. Petrov & J. Gosling. | Developing Collective Leadership in Higher Education | London, UK: Leadership Foundation for Higher Education | 2008 | Executive summary to the interim report, October 2006; full text of the final report may be downloaded free from LFHE website but registration is required Leadership Foundation for Higher Education | Collective leadership, higher education | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/29811105_Developing_collective_leadership_in_higher_education |
| Digital Transformation | Grant, A. M. | Does intrinsic motivation fuel the prosocial fire? Motivational synergy in predicting persistence, performance, and productivity | Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 48-58 | 2008 | Researchers have obtained conflicting results about the role of prosocial motivation in persistence, performance, and productivity. To resolve this discrepancy, I draw on self-determination theory, proposing that prosocial motivation is most likely to predict these outcomes when it is accompanied by intrinsic motivation. Two field studies support the hypothesis that intrinsic motivation moderates the association between prosocial motivation and persistence, performance, and productivity. In Study 1, intrinsic motivation strengthened the relationship between prosocial motivation and the overtime hour persistence of 58 firefighters. In Study 2, intrinsic motivation strengthened the relationship between prosocial motivation and the performance and productivity of 140 fundraising callers. Callers who reported high levels of both prosocial and intrinsic motivations raised more money 1 month later, and this moderated association was mediated by a larger number of calls made. I discuss implications for theory and research on work motivation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) | Intrinsic motivation, performance, productivity | http://selfdeterminationtheory.org/SDT/documents/2008_Grant_JAP_ProsocialMotivation.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Windrum P. and Koch P. (eds). | Entrepreneurship, Creativity and Management, Cheltenham and Northampton | MA: Edward Elgar | 2008 | Entrepreneurship, creativity, management, cheltenham, northampton | ||
| Social Innovation | Novell, R., Nadal, M., Smilges, A., Pascual, J., & Pujol, J. | Envejecimiento y discapacidad intelectual en cataluña | SENECA | 2008 | Envejecimiento, discapacidad intelectual | http://www.pascalpsi.es/Docs/Informe%2520Executiu%2520SENECA%25(castellano).PDF | |
| Living Labs | Ståhlbröst, A. | Forming future IT - The living lab way of user involvement | Doctoral thesis, Luleå: Luleå University of Technology. | 2008 | This thesis addresses the process of user involvement in the development of information technology (IT) systems. The motive for this research is that there is still a need of more knowledge about how users can be involved in IT-development when the aim is to develop solutions that represent user needs. This is especially true when the IT-system is developed to attract users as private persons. One attempt to facilitate inclusion of private persons in IT development processes is a phenomenon called Living Lab. Living Labs is a human-centric research and development approach in which IT-systems are co-created, tested, and evaluated in the users' own private context. The Living Lab phenomena can be viewed in two ways, as an environment, and, as an approach and in this thesis, the perspective taken is Living Lab as an approach. Since the Living Lab phenomena is a rather new area there is a noticeable lack of theories and methods supporting its actions. Hence, the purpose of my research is to contribute to a successful use of Living Labs as a means for user involvement by answering the question: How can a Living Lab approach for user involvement that focus on user needs, be designed? To gain insights into the topic I have been involved in three development projects in which the aim was to develop IT solutions based on users' needs. The research method applied in this research is action research based on an interpretive stance; I have used different methods for data- collection, such as focus-group interviews, surveys, and work-shops. In short, the main lessons learned from this research relates to three overarching themes; User involvement, Grappling with user needs, and Living Labs. The first theme concern issues such as user characteristics, user roles, when and how users should be involved. The second theme is divided into two clusters, collecting user data, and generating and understanding user needs. Lessons related to collecting users data concern topics such as encouraging users, storytelling, understanding the social context and the users' situation. The lessons regarding generating and understanding user needs relates to users motivation, the importance of understanding different perspectives and different levels of user needs. The third theme relates to the key-principles of Living Lab approaches, and how these principles are handled, supported, and related to each other in user involvement processes that embrace a Living Lab approach. Based on the lessons learned about the three themes, a methodology called FormIT is formed. The aim of FormIT is to assist Living Lab activities in Living Lab environments, and the methodology is built on ten guidelines. These guidelines are Identify, Inform, Interact, Iterate, Involve, Influence, Inspire, Illuminate, Integrate, and Implement, and they support the design of a Living Lab way of user involvement processes and contribute to fulfil the key-principles of Living Labs. To conclude, this thesis contributes to the understanding of how data about user needs can be collected, generated, and understood through a Living Lab way of user involvement processes. This in turn, contributes to the development of future IT-systems based on user needs, which increases the probability for system acceptance among private persons. | Living labs, information technology, development, user involvement | https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:999816/FULLTEXT01.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Karp, T, & Helgo, TI | From Change Management to Change Leadership: Embracing Chaotic Change in Public Service Organizations | Journal of Change Management | 2008 | The objective of this article is to describe a way for public services leaders to lead chaotic change. By chaotic change, it is meant changes in an organization when the external and internal complexity and uncertainty is high which is the case for most public organizations. Suggestions are made on how to lead chaotic change by influencing the patterns of human interaction and to focus change management on people, identity and relationships by changing the way people talk in the organization. Building on experiences from the private sector, the authors contend that change management effectiveness is low because leaders underestimate the complexity of change, focusing on tools, strategy and structures instead of paying attention to how human beings change by forming identities through relating. Also, in public services, the complexity of change is high as it equally deals with the transformation of complex patterns of interaction and relating. Successful change management practices in public service organizations should therefore take better account of unpredictability, uncertainty, self-governance, emergence and other premises describing chaotic circumstances. For a leader, this necessitates paying attention to how people form identities in organizations and avoiding design-oriented managerial interventions, as well as keeping at bay the anxiety caused by not being in managerial control. | Public service, organizations | https://doi.org/10.1080/14697010801937648 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Maglio P.P. and Spohrer J. | Fundamentals of Service Science | Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 36 (1), March, p. 18-20 | 2008 | Service systems are value-co-creation configurations of people, technology, value propositionsconnecting internal and external service systems, and shared information (e.g., language, laws, measures, and methods). Service science is the study of service systems, aiming to create a basis for systematicservice innovation. Service science combines organization and human understanding with business andtechnological understanding to categorize and explain the many types of service systems that exist as wellas how service systems interact and evolve to co-create value. The goal is to apply scientific understandingto advance our ability to design, improve, and scale service systems. To make progress, we think servicedominantlogic provides just the right perspective, vocabulary, and assumptions on which to build a theory ofservice systems, their configurations, and their modes of interaction. Simply put, service-dominant logicmay be the philosophical foundation of service science, and the service system may be its basic theoreticalconstruct. | service science, service systems, service-dominant logic | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11747-007-0058-9 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Gebauer, H. Krempl, R. Fleisch, E. and T. Friedli. | Innovation in product-related services | Managing Service Quality 18(4): 387-404 | 2008 | Purpose – This paper aims to answer the following two research questions: “What antecedents are required for the innovation of product-related services?” and “How do the antecedents differ for product-related services developed during the product development process or during the product usage?” Design/methodology/approach – A multi-case research design was employed. Findings – Involvement of frontline employees, information sharing, multifunctional teams, funnel tools, information technology, internal organization, and training and education have a similar impact on the success of integrated and separated service innovations. Presence of service champion, autonomy of employees, market testing, and market research have a positive effect on separated, but a negative impact on integrated service innovations. The strategic focus, external contacts, availability of resources, and management support are positively associated with both innovation types, but their importance is essentially higher for separated than for integrated product-related service innovations. Research limitations/implications – The external validity (generalizability) of the antecedents could not be assessed accurately. Practical implications – The explanation of antecedents forms a model that can guide managers who wish to develop product-related services successfully. Originality/value – The findings imply that managers contemplating a product-related service innovation project have to consider the innovation type (integrated or separated) and reframe the antecedents accordingly. | Innovation, product services | |
| Living Labs | Windrum P. and Koch P. (eds) | Innovation in public sector services. Entrepreneurship, Creativity and Management | Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. | 2008 | This groundbreaking book provides new key insights and opens up an important research agenda. The book develops a new taxonomy of the different types of innovation found in public sector services, and investigates the key features and drivers of public sector entrepreneurship. The book contains new statistical studies and a set of six international case studies in health and social services. The research shows that public sector organisations are important innovators in their own right. Economic growth and social development depend on efficient public sector organisations that deliver high quality services, are effectively organised, and have excellent interactions with the private sector, NGOs and citizens. Public sector innovation is complex, invariably involving changes in services, organisational structures, and managerial practices. Essential to successful innovation are the policy entrepreneurs and service entrepreneurs who develop, organise and manage new innovations. This book provides key lessons for these public sector entrepreneurs. Innovation in Public Sector Services fills a fundamental gap; explaining the dynamics of innovation and entrepreneurship in public sector services and is of great importance for researchers, academics and students interested in innovation, entrepreneurship and strategy management. It provides a stimulating read for anyone working or interested in health and social services. | innovation, public sector, public services, entrepreneurship, drivers, evidence | https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/innovation-in-public-sector-services?___website=uk_warehouse |
| Public Sector Innovation | Moore, M. and J. Hartley. | Innovations in Governance | Public Management Review, 10(1): 3-20 | 2008 | This article explores a special class of innovations - innovations in governance – and develops an analytical schema for characterizing and evaluating them. To date, the innovation literature has focused primarily on the private rather than the public sector, and on innovations which improve organizational performance through product and process innovations rather than public sector innovations which seek to improve social performance through re-organizations of cross-sector decision-making, financing and production systems. On the other hand, the governance literature has focused on social co-ordination but has not drawn on the innovation literature. The article uses four case studies illustratively to argue that innovations in governance deserve greater attention theoretically. Further, it argues that five inter-related characteristics distinguish public sector innovations in governance from private sector product and process innovations. Innovations in governance: go beyond organizational boundaries to create network based decision-making, financing, decision making, and production systems; tap new pools of resources; exploit government’s capacity to shape private rights and responsibilities; redistribute the right to define and judge value; and should be evaluated in terms of the degree to which they promote justice and the development of a society as well as their efficiency and effectiveness in achieving collectively established goals. | innovation, governance, private vs. public sector | http://oro.open.ac.uk/36821/ |
| Living Labs | Kanstrup, A. M. | Living Lab Skagen 2008. | In Proceedings of the Eighth Danish Human Computer Interaction Research Symposium | 2008 | This paper presents ongoing work on development and experiments in a Living Laboratory for ict health services in the city of Skagen in Denmark. First, the paper presents a general description and definition of Living Laboratories followed by a definition used for Living Lab Skagen. Second, Living Lab Skagen 2008 is presented with recent experiments and lessons learned. | Living lab, ict health services, diabetes, user-driven innovation | http://denver.bth.se/hal/halsoteknik.nsf/bilagor/living_lab_Skagen_2008_pdf/$file/living_lab_Skagen_2008.pdf |
| Living Labs | Følstad, A. | Living labs for innovation and development of information and communication technology: a literature review | Electronic Journal of Virtual Organisations,10(5): 99-131 | 2008 | Living Labs are environments for involving users in innovation and development, and are regarded as a way of meeting the innovation challenges faced by information and communication technology (ICT) service providers. Living Labs have thus generated a great deal of interest in the field of ICT in the course of the last few years. However, the current body of Living Lab research literature indicates a lack of common understanding of how Living Labs can be used for ICT innovation and development. Moreover, there appears to be little agreement regarding needed future research. In order to establish a basis for future work on Living Labs, a review of the Living Lab literature related to ICT innovation and development has been carried out. Literature searches were made in four academic archives, as well as the ISI Web of Knowledge, Google and Google Scholar. Thirty-two relevant academic papers were retrieved. An overview of the literature was established and the literature was analyzed with regard to (1) common and diverging perspectives on Living Labs, (2) the state-of-the-art of Living Lab processes and methods, and (3) theoretical foundations of Living Labs. On the basis of the analyses, a common Living Lab definition is suggested. Two emerging Living Lab trends, as well as a pressing need for future research on Living Lab processes and methods, are introduced and discussed. | Living labs, innovation, ICTs, literature review | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272566802_LIVING_LABS_FOR_INNOVATION_AND_DEVELOPMENT_OF_INFORMATION_AND_COMMUNICATION_TECHNOLOGY_A_LITERATURE_REVIEW |
| Public service value co creation | A.F. Payne, K. Storbacka, and P. Frow. | Managing the co-creation of value | Journal of the Academy of Maketing Science, 36:83–96 | 2008 | Central to service-dominant (S-D) logic is the proposition that the customer becomes a co-creator of value. This emphasizes the development of customer–supplier relationships through interaction and dialog. However, research to date suggests relatively little is known about how customers engage in the co-creation of value. In this article, the authors: explore the nature of value co-creation in the context of S-D logic; develop a conceptual framework for understanding and managing value co-creation; and utilize field-based research to illustrate practical application of the framework. This process-based framework provides a structure for customer involvement that takes account of key foundational propositions of S-D logic and places the customer explicitly at the same level of importance as the company as co-creators of value. Synthesis of diverse concepts from research on services, customer value and relationship marketing into a new process-based framework for co-creation provide new insights into managing the process of value co-creation. | Co-creation of value | DOI: 10.1007 / s11747-007-0070-0 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Djellal F., Gallouj F. | Measuring and Improving Productivity in Services: Issues, Strategies and Challenges | Edward Elgar, Cheltenham | 2008 | The definition and measurement of productivity in services raises important conceptual, methodological and strategic problems. This book aims to provide a critical review of the main debates on productivity in the domain of services. The first part examines the theoretical consequences of services specificities on the concept of productivity and reviews the attempts to measure it. The second part is devoted to the main determinants of productivity growth and the strategies to increase productivity in service firms and organisations. | Productivity, services, issues, strategies, challenges | DOI:10.4337/9781848444966.00001 |
| Digital Transformation | Coursey D. and Norris D. F. | Models of E-government: Are they correct? An empirical assessment. | Public Administration Review | 2008 | Research into e‐government is relatively new. Nevertheless, much contemporary thinking and writing about e‐government is driven by normative models that appeared less than a decade ago. The authors present empirical evidence from three surveys of local e‐government in the United States to test whether these models are accurate or useful for understanding the actual development of e‐government. They find that local e‐government is mainly informational, with a few transactions but virtually no indication of the high‐level functions predicted in the models. Thus, the models do not accurately describe or predict the development of e‐government, at least among American local governments. These models, though intellectually interesting, are purely speculative, having been developed without linkage to the literature about information technology and government. The authors offer grounded observations about e‐government that will useful to scholars and practitioners alike. | e-government, local government, survey, United States | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.00888.x |
| Digital Transformation | Perry, J. L., & Vandenabeele, W. | Motivation in public management: The call of public service | J. L. Perry & A. Hondeghem (Eds.), Behavioral dynamics: Institutions, identi- ties, and self-regulation (pp. 56-79). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press | 2008 | Motivation, public management, public service | https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=Ct8TDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=Motivation+in+public+management:+The+call+of+public+service&ots=imUmR_DGOW&sig=zTvE0waCYQBVtRqfYbhtzAl4dDY#v=onepage&q=Motivation%20in%20public%20management%3A%20The%20call%20of%20public%20service&f=false | |
| Service Design | Hendricks, C.M. | On inclusion and network governance: the democratic disconnect of Dutch energy transitions | Public Administration | 2008 | The coordination of policy networks, or network governance, poses threats and opportunities for democracy. Against the norms of liberal democracy, multi‐actor partnerships do not fare well: they appear to lack responsiveness, public accountability and democratic legitimacy. But in terms of promoting deliberation and participation, networks could potentially deepen democracy. This paper injects some empirical insights into this debate by exploring network governance from the perspective of inclusion. It argues that any account of ‘democratic’ network governance must look beyond outputs, and consider the extent to which network arrangements include both ‘functional’ and ‘descriptive’ representatives of those potentially affected by decisions. An analysis of the inclusivity of network governance in recent Dutch energy reforms finds that partnerships are dominated by industry and government elites, at the expense of broader democratic engagement. A series of strategies are proposed for how to make network governance more accessible and accountable to affected publics. | network governance, democracy, inclusion, accountability | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2008.00738.x |
| Public service value co creation | S.L. Vargo, P.P. Maglio, and M.A. Akaka. | On value and value co-creation: A service systems and service logic perspective | European Management Journal, 26:145–152 | 2008 | Summary The creation of value is the core purpose and central process of economic exchange. Traditional models of value creation focus on the firm's output and price. We present an alternative perspective, one representing the intersection of two growing streams of thought, service science and service-dominant (S-D) logic. We take the view that (1) service, the application of competences (such as knowledge and skills) by one party for the benefit of another, is the underlying basis of exchange; (2) the proper unit of analysis for service-for-service exchange is the service system, which is a configuration of resources (including people, information, and technology) connected to other systems by value propositions; and (3) service science is the study of service systems and of the co-creation of value within complex configurations of resources. We argue that value is fundamentally derived and determined in use - the integration and application of resources in a specific context - rather than in exchange - embedded in firm output and captured by price. Service systems interact through mutual service exchange relationships, improving the adaptability and survivability of all service systems engaged in exchange, by allowing integration of resources that are mutually beneficial. This argument has implications for advancing service science by identifying research questions regarding configurations and processes of value co-creation and measurements of value-in-use, and by developing its ties with economics and other service-oriented disciplines. | Value, value co-creation, service systems, service logic | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2008.04.003 |
| Public service value co creation | Vargo, SL, Maglio, P, & Akaka, M | On value and value co-creation: A service systems and service logic perspective | European Management Journal | 2008 | The creation of value is the core purpose and central process of economic exchange. Traditional models of value creation focus on the firm’s output and price. We present an alternative perspective, one representing the intersection of two growing streams of thought, service science and service-dominant (S-D) logic. We take the view that (1) service, the application of competences (such as knowledge and skills) by one party for the benefit of another, is the underlying basis of exchange; (2) the proper unit of analysis for service-for-service exchange is the service system, which is a configuration of resources (including people, information, and technology) connected to other systems by value propositions; and (3) service science is the study of service systems and of the co-creation of value within complex configurations of resources. We argue that value is fundamentally derived and determined in use – the integration and application of resources in a specific context – rather than in exchange – embedded in firm output and captured by price. Service systems interact through mutual service exchange relationships, improving the adaptability and survivability of all service systems engaged in exchange, by allowing integration of resources that are mutually beneficial. This argument has implications for advancing service science by identifying research questions regarding configurations and processes of value co-creation and measurements of value-in-use, and by developing its ties with economics and other service-oriented disciplines. | Value, value co-creation, service systems, service logic | DOI:10.1016/j.emj.2008.04.003 |
| Public service value co creation | Needham, C | Realising the Potential of Co-production: Negotiating Improvements in Public Services | Journal of the Social Policy Association | 2008 | The concept of co-production – also called co-creation – is gaining widespread attention as a way to increase user involvement in service provision in the UK. It is usually taken as self-evident that more co-production will improve services. However, it is necessary to be clear about how far and in what ways co-production can improve public services. This article looks at the purported advantages of co-production, and considers how these can best be accessed. A case study workshop involving social housing users and providers, conducted as part of the National Consumer Council-Unison Shared Solutions project, is used to illustrate the need for collective dialogue and deliberation between co-producers rather than purely transactional forms of co-production. | co-production, public services, participation, collective dialogue, UK social housing | https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-policy-and-society/article/realising-the-potential-of-coproduction-negotiating-improvements-in-public-services/022288E64E487154364335EFF8CC39E1 |
| Service Design | Noy, C. | Sampling knowledge: The hermeneutics of snowball sampling in qualitative research. | International Journal of Social Research Methodology | 2008 | During the past two decades we have witnessed a rather impressive growth of theoretical innovations and conceptual revisions of epistemological and methodological approaches within constructivist‐qualitative quarters of the social sciences. Methodological discussions have commonly addressed a variety of methods for collecting and analyzing empirical material, yet the critical grounds upon which these were reformulated have rarely been extended to embrace sampling concepts and procedures. The latter have been overlooked, qualifying only as a ‘technical’ research stage. This article attends to snowball sampling via constructivist and feminist hermeneutics, suggesting that when viewed critically, this popular sampling method can generate a unique type of social knowledge—knowledge which is emergent, political and interactional. The article reflects upon researches about backpacker tourists and marginalized men, where snowball sampling was successfully employed in investigating these groups' organic social networks and social dynamics. In both studies, interesting interrelations were found between sampling and interviewing facets, leading to a reconceptualization of the method of snowball sampling in terms of power relations, social networks and social capital. | qualitative research, snowball sampling, social sciences, research methodology | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13645570701401305 |
| Service Design | Bitner, M. J., Ostrom, A. L., & Morgan, F. N | Service blueprinting: a practical technique for service innovation | California management review | 2008 | With the global focus on service-led growth has come increased need for practical techniques for service innovation. Services are fluid, dynamic, experiential, and frequently -produced in real time by customers, employees, and technology, often with few static physical properties. However, most product innovation approaches focus on the design of relatively static products with physical properties. Thus, many of the invention and prototype design techniques used for physical goods and technologies do not work well for human and interactive services. This article describes one technique—service blueprinting—that has proven useful for service innovation. Service blueprinting is securely grounded in the customer's experience and it allows the clear visualization of dynamic service processes. The technique is described in detail including real case examples that illustrate the value and breadth of its applications. | services, innovation, service blue-printing | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215915405_Service_Blueprinting_A_Practical_Technique_for_Service_Innovation |
| Service Design | Grönroos, C. | Service logic revisited: who creates value? And who co‐creates? | European Business Review, 20(4), 298-314 | 2008 | In the discussion on service‐dominant logic and its consequences for value creation and marketing the inner meaning of the value‐in‐use notion and the nature of service marketing have not been considered thoroughly. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the meaning of a service logic as a logic for consumption and provision, respectively, and explore the consequences for value creation and marketing. Discussing the differences between value‐in‐exchange and value‐in‐use, the paper concludes that value‐in‐exchange in essence concerns resources used as a value foundation which are aimed at facilitating customers' fulfilment of value‐in‐use. When accepting value‐in‐use as a foundational value creation concept customers are the value creators. Adopting a service logic makes it possible for firms to get involved with their customers' value‐generating processes, and the market offering is expanded to including firm‐customer interactions. In this way, the supplier can become a co‐creator of value with its customers. Drawing on the analysis, ten concluding service logic propositions are put forward. | services marketing, marketing theory, value analysis | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/09555340810886585/full/html |
| Public service value co creation | Spohrer, J, Anderson, L, Pass, N | Service science and service-dominant logic | Paper presented at the Otago Forum | 2008 | Service Science is an interdisciplinary effort to understand how service systems interact and co-create value. Service-dominant (S-D) logic is an alternative perspective to the traditional, goods-dominant (G-D) logic paradigm, which has been recognized as a potential theoretical foundation on which a science of service can be developed. While there are efforts to support and develop an S-D-logic-grounded service science, the paradigmatic power of G-D logic remains strong. This is evidenced by several recurring misconceptions about S-D logic and its application in service science. This chapter aims to guide the advancement of an S-D-logic-grounded service science by clarifying several misconstruals associated with S-D logic and moving forward with the formalization of key concepts associated with S-D logic and service science. | Service science, service-dominant logic | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1628-0_8 |
| Public service value co creation | Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. | Service-dominant logic: continuing the evolution | Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 36(1), 1-10 | 2008 | Since the introductory article for what has become known as the “service-dominant (S-D) logic of marketing,” “Evolving to a New Dominant Logic for Marketing,” was published in the Journal of Marketing (Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2004a)), there has been considerable discussion and elaboration of its specifics. This article highlights and clarifies the salient issues associated with S-D logic and updates the original foundational premises (FPs) and adds an FP. Directions for future work are also discussed. | Service-dominant logic, New-dominant logic, Service | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11747-007-0069-6 |
| Social Innovation | Arranz, N. and J.C. Fernandez de Arroyabe. | The choice of partners in R-D cooperation: an empirical analysis of Spanish firms | Technovation 28(1): 88.100 | 2008 | This article develops a framework to examine the determinants for the choice of partners among firms that cooperate in R&D. This framework is used to predict the relative efficiency of cooperation with different types of partners in innovation. We employed the resource-based perspective to shed light on who firms cooperate with. The empirical work is based on the Spanish CIS-2 survey conducted in 1997 by the National Institute of Statistics (INE). The sample of 1652 Spanish firms gives a reliable image of the behaviour of manufacturing firms as regards cooperation in innovation. Our results have revealed several distinctions between vertical and horizontal cooperation, and the role of public institutions as partners in R&D cooperation. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that the objectives of cooperation with national or European Union (EU) partners is different, from a strategic point of view, than cooperation with US firms in terms of efficiency, that is, the expected results of R&D cooperation are based on the type of partner in the agreement. These findings and their implications are discussed. | I-D cooperation | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2007.07.006 |
| Social Innovation | Young, G. | The Culturization of Planning | Planning Theory, 7(1), 71–91 | 2008 | Culture as an organizing concept and framework offers planning a new, deeper and more sustainable foundation. The fact that culture constitutes and is constituted by our geographies, histories and societies, is expanding, and is the world's leading intellectual resource, can be the basis for a new positionality for planning. A positionality of this kind is proposed as a new paradigm, and tagged with the neologism of `culturization'. As a specifically ethical, reflexive and critical approach, it stands in contrast to the broader, socio-economic trend to `culturalization' and its acknowledged commodification. For the purposes ofculturization, an integrated concept of culture and an integrated approach to planning research are described in order to engage all of the forms and dimensions of culture, and to link a plurality of cultural theory and communicative and postmodern planning theory to the enterprise. Further, innovations in theoretical writings and culturized planning practices that have emerged in recent times are cited for their relevance to a more systematic culturization of planning with greater sustainable and transformational potential. | Culturization of planning | https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095207082035 |
| Digital Transformation | Kalvet, T. and A. Aaviksoo. | The Development of e-Services in an Enlarged EU: e-Government and e-Health in Estonia | JRC Scientific and Technical Reports | 2008 | The University of Malta would like to acknowledge its gratitude to the European Commission, Joint Research Centre for their permission to upload this work on OAR@UoM. Further reuse of this document can be made, provided the source is acknowledged. This work was made available with the help of the Publications Office of the European Union, Copyright and Legal Issues Section. | Development of e-services, e-government, e-health | http:// publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC40679/jrc40679.pdf. |
| Service Design | Dawes S. S. | The evolution and continuing challenges of e-governance. | Public Administration Review | 2008 | E‐governance comprises the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to support public services, government administration, democratic processes, and relationships among citizens, civil society, the private sector, and the state. Developed over more than two decades of technology innovation and policy response, the evolution of e‐governance is examined in terms of five interrelated objectives: a policy framework, enhanced public services, high‐quality and cost‐effective government operations, citizen engagement in democratic processes, and administrative and institutional reform. This summary assessment of e‐governance in U.S. states and local governments shows that the greatest investment and progress have been made in enhanced public services and improved government operations. Policy development has moved forward on several fronts, but new policy issues continually add to an increasingly complex set of concerns. The least progress appears to have occurred in enhancing democracy and exploring the implications of e‐governance for administrative and institutional reform. ICT‐enabled governance will continue to evolve for the foreseeable future providing a dynamic environment for ongoing learning and action. | e-govenance, information technologies, policy, reform, citizen engagement | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.00981.x |
| Public Sector Innovation | Tether, B. and A. Tajar. | The organizational-cooperation mode of innovation and its prominence amongst European service firms | Research Policy 37(4): 720-739 | 2008 | Analysing survey data concerning the innovation orientations of 2500 European firms, this paper uses the exploratory statistical technique of multiple correspondence analysis to identify three distinct modes of innovation: a product-research mode; a process-technologies mode; and an organisational-cooperation mode. The first two of these are forms of technological innovation that are well established in the innovation studies literature. The third is a form of organisational innovation, about which much less is known. Aside from identifying statistically these three modes of innovation, we show that firms of different sizes and in different sectors have different propensities to engage in each of them. High-technology firms are, for example, the most likely of all firms to engage in the product-research mode, whilst low-technology manufacturers are the most likely to engage in the process-technologies mode. Meanwhile, the organisational-cooperation mode, which involves supply-chain rather than research-based cooperative practices, is particularly prominent in services, especially in trade and distribution services. This fits with the view that innovation in services is often ‘soft’, rather than primarily technological, involving organisational and relational changes within supply-chains or networks. | The organizational-cooperation mode, innovation | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.01.005 |
| Public Sector Innovation | J.M. Epstein. | Why model? | Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 11 | 2008 | This lecture treats some enduring misconceptions about modeling. One of these is that the goal is always prediction. The lecture distinguishes between explanation and prediction as modeling goals, and offers sixteen reasons other than prediction to build a model. It also challenges the common assumption that scientific theories arise from and 'summarize' data, when often, theories precede and guide data collection; without theory, in other words, it is not clear what data to collect. Among other things, it also argues that the modeling enterprise enforces habits of mind essential to freedom. It is based on the author's 2008 Bastille Day keynote address to the Second World Congress on Social Simulation, George Mason University, and earlier addresses at the Institute of Medicine, the University of Michigan, and the Santa Fe Institute. | Model | http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/11/4/12.html |
| Social Innovation | Schön B. Pyka A. | A taxonomy of innovation networks | FZID discussion papers, No. 42-2012, Univ. Hohenheim, Forschungszentrum Innovation und Dienstleistung | 2009 | In this discussion paper we develop a theory-based typology of innovation networks with a special focus on public-private collaboration. This taxonomy is theoretically based on the concept of life cycles which is transferred to the context of innovation networks as well as on the mode of network formation which can occur either spontaneous or planned. The taxonomy distinguishes six different types of networks and incorporates two plausible alternative developments that eventually lead to a similar network structure of the two types of networks. From this, important conclusions and recommendations for network actors and policy makers are drawn. | innovation networks, typology, public-private partnership | https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/54762 |
| Public service value co creation | Rhodes, R.A.W. and Wanna, J. | Bringing the politics back in: public value in Westminster Parliamentary Government | Public Administration | 2009 | We challenge the usefulness of the ‘public value’ approach in Westminster systems with their dominant hierarchies of control, strong roles for ministers, and tight authorizing regimes underpinned by disciplined two‐party systems. We identify two key confusions: about public value as theory, and in defining who are ‘public managers’. We identify five linked core assumptions in public value: the benign view of large‐scale organizations; the primacy of management; the relevance of private sector experience; the downgrading of party politics; and public servants as platonic guardians. We identify two key dilemmas around the ‘primacy of party politics’ and the notion that public managers should play the role of platonic guardians deciding the public interest. We illustrate our argument with short case studies of: the David Kelly story from the UK; the ‘children overboard’ scandal in Australia; the ‘mad cow disease’ outbreak in the UK; the Yorkshire health authority's ‘tea‐parties’, and the Cave Creek disaster in New Zealand | public value, public managers, public servants, political leadership | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2009.01763.x |
| Digital Transformation | R. K. Yin | Case Study Research: Design and Methods | (L. Bickman & D. J. Rog, Eds.), Essential guide to qualitative methods in organizational research (Vol. 5). Sage Publications | 2009 | Case study research, design, methods | DOI:10.3138/cjpe.30.1.108 | |
| Service Design | Yin, R. K. | Case study research: Design and methods. | Thousand Oaks, C.A: Sage. | 2009 | Providing a complete portal to the world of case study research, the Fourth Edition of Robert K. Yin’s bestselling text Case Study Research offers comprehensive coverage of the design and use of the case study method as a valid research tool. This thoroughly revised text now covers more than 50 case studies (approximately 25% new), gives fresh attention to quantitative analyses, discusses more fully the use of mixed methods research designs, and includes new methodological insights. The book’s coverage of case study research and how it is applied in practice gives readers access to exemplary case studies drawn from a wide variety of academic and applied fields. | research, case studies, methodology, case study design | https://books.google.com.mx/books/about/Case_Study_Research.html?hl=es&id=FzawIAdilHkC&redir_esc=y |
| Public Sector Innovation | Arthur W.B. | Complexity and the Economy | Rosser B.J. (Eds.) Handbook of research on Complexity, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 12-21 | 2009 | After two centuries of studying equilibria—static patterns that call for no further behavioral adjustments—economists are beginning to study the general emergence of structures and the unfolding of patterns in the economy. When viewed in out-of-equilibrium formation, economic patterns sometimes simplify into the simple static equilibria of standard economics. More often they are ever changing, showing perpetually novel behavior and emergent phenomena. Complexity portrays the economy not as deterministic, predictable, and mechanistic, but as process dependent, organic, and always evolving. | Complexity, economy | |
| Public service value co creation | Dunston, R, Lee, A, Boud, D, Brodie, P, & Chiarella, M | Co-Production and Health System Reform - From Re-Imagining To Re-Making | Australian Journal of Public Administration | 2009 | There is growing interest in the application of citizen participation within all areas of public sector service development, where it is increasingly promoted as a significant strand of post-neoliberal policy concerned with re-imagining citizenship and more participatory forms of citizen/consumer engagement. The application of such a perspective within health services, via co-production, has both beneficial, but also problematic implications for the organisation of such services, for professional practice and education. Given the disappointing results in increasing consumer involvement in health services via ‘choice’ and ‘voice’ participation strategies, the question of how the more challenging approach of co-production will fare needs to be addressed. The article discusses the possibilities and challenges of system-wide co-production for health. It identifies the discourse and practice contours of co-production, differentiating co-production from other health consumer-led approaches. Finally, it identifies issues critically related to the successful implementation of co-production where additional theorisation and research are required. | co-production, healt service reform, professional learning | http://dro.deakin.edu.au/view/DU:30071843 |
| Public service value co creation | Benington, J | Creating the public in order to create public value? | Journal of Public Administration | 2009 | This paper extends and develops both the theory and the application of the notion of Public Value developed in Moore (1997) Creating Public Value, Harvard University Press, and transposes them into an alternative framework which starts with the public sphere and the collective as the primary units of analysis, rather than with the private market and the individual. The article addresses basic questions about public value, how, by whom and where is it produced, and how can it be measured. It argues that PV often depends upon processes of co-creation with citizens and users at the front-line. It also argues that public value is a contested concept which depends upon a deliberative process within which competing interests and perspectives can be debated. This requires the creation of a well informed “public” with the consciousness and the capability to engage actively in this kind of democratic dialogue. | Value, public | https://doi.org/10.1080/01900690902749578 |
| Public service value co creation | Gains, F. and Stoker, G. | Delivering ‘public value’: implications for accountability and legitimacy | Parliamentary Affairs | 2009 | The possibility that public servants can act to create ‘public value’ offers a popular and potentially liberating normative code for the activity of public managers. The adoption of the concept however implies a changed understanding of legitimacy and accountability for policy actions. It is argued this new ‘public service contract’ is likely to be easier to adopt in local settings than in the core executive although in neither case is the adoption of new modes of working between politicians, officials and citizens unproblematic. Old codes and informal ways of thinking provide an awkward backcloth for the adoption of public value as a guideline for public management | public value, public management, norm code, local vs core executive government | https://researchprofiles.canberra.edu.au/en/publications/delivering-public-value-implications-for-accountability-and-legit |
| Service Design | Bessant, J., & Maher, L. | DEVELOPING RADICAL SERVICE INNOVATIONS IN HEALTHCARE — THE ROLE OF DESIGN METHODS | International Journal of Innovation Management | 2009 | This paper looks at the management of service innovation. In particular, it explores the challenge of public services and argues that there is a need for new approaches to the ways which engage users as more active co-creators within the innovation process. It draws on wider research on radical innovation being carried out as part of a long-term international programme and reports on a series of case studies of experiments in the health sector in the UK using tools like ethnography and prototyping to enable innovation. The paper argues that a potentially valuable toolkit can be found in the field of design methods. By their nature, design tools are used to help articulate needs and give them shape and form; as such they are critical to the "front end" of any innovation process. Methods like ethnography allow for deep insights into user needs, including those not clearly articulated whilst prototyping provides the possibility of creating a set of "boundary objects" around which design discussions which include users and their perspectives can be carried out. | Service innovation; Healthcare; Radical innovation; Prototyping; Design tools | https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919609002418 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Kindström, D. and C. Kowalkowski. | Development of industrial service offerings - a process framework | Journal of service management 20(2): 156-172 | 2009 | The purpose of this paper is to propose a service development process that is adapted to manufacturing companies and to discuss its implications for companies with a traditional focus on product development and product sales. | Industrial service, offerings | http://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:234016/FULLTEXT01 |
| Social Innovation | Agarwal, R. and W. Selen. | Dynamic capability building in service value networks for achieving service innovation | Decision Sciences, 40(3): 431-475 | 2009 | Service organizations increasingly create new service offerings that are the result of collaborative arrangements operating on a value network level. This leads to the notion of “elevated service offerings,” our definition of service innovation, implying new or enhanced service offerings that can only be eventuated as a result of partnering, and one that could not be delivered on individual organizational merits. Using empirical data from a large telecommunications company, we demonstrate through structural equation modeling (SEM) that higher-order dynamic capabilities in services are generated as a result of collaboration between stakeholders. Furthermore, it is through collaboration and education of the stakeholders that additional higher-order capabilities emerge (customer engagement [CuE], collaborative agility [CA], entrepreneurial alertness [EA], and collaborative innovative capacity), all of which influence the service innovation outcome. Our study also reveals empirical evidence for an ongoing process of continuous dynamic capability building in accordance with the changing dynamics of business. Managers of service organizations should recognize the potential embedded in these higher-order skill sets, starting from collaboration, learning, and management of creative ideas for both strategic and operational benefits. Moreover, the capabilities of CA, EA, and CuE are even more important in managing the flexibility, timely delivery, and reliability of service offerings. Managers should take measures to inculcate, promote, and manage these dynamic capability skill sets to foster innovation in services. | Dynamic capability, service value, service innovation | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.2009.00236.x |
| Social Innovation | Alford J. | Engaging public sector clients. From Service Delivery to Coproduction | Houndmills, Hamps and New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan | 2009 | Exploring three rich cases across three countries, this book shows how government organizations need their clients to contribute time and effort to co-producing public services, and how organizations can better elicit this work from them, by providing good client service and appealing to their intrinsic needs and social values. | Engaging, public sector, clients, service delivery, coproduction | |
| Public service value co creation | Alford J. | Engaging public sector clients: from service-delivery to co-production | Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. | 2009 | Exploring three rich cases across three countries, this book shows how government organizations need their clients to contribute time and effort to co-producing public services, and how organizations can better elicit this work from them, by providing good client service and appealing to their intrinsic needs and social values. | co-production, services, engagement, public sector | https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9780230223769#aboutBook |
| Public service value co creation | Alford, J | Engaging public sector clients: From service-delivery to co-production | Springer | 2009 | Exploring three rich cases across three countries, this book shows how government organizations need their clients to contribute time and effort to co-producing public services, and how organizations can better elicit this work from them, by providing good client service and appealing to their intrinsic needs and social values. | Public sector, client, Service-delivery, co-production | |
| Digital Transformation | Mastracci, S. H. | Evaluating HR management strategies for recruiting and retaining IT professionals in the US federal government | Public Personnel Management, 38(2), 19-34 | 2009 | Public personnel management research and practices increasingly focus on creative human resource management (HRM) strategies for recruiting individuals with information technology (IT) expertise and retaining employees with institutional knowledge, particularly in light of impending retirements. Some agencies face unique workforce demographic challenges, while others face shifts in missions or technologies. For these reasons, the U.S. Office of Personnel Management relaxed some regulations to allow federal agencies to meet their staffing needs. This article presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of creative HRM strategies during the late 1990s, when federal agencies sought to hire and keep IT professionals to do Year 2000 conversions. | Management strategies, recruiting, retaining, US federal government | https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009102600903800202 |
| Service Design | Morrell, K. | Governance and the public good | Public Administration | 2009 | The paper examines the control of power, using an account of the public good developed from Aristotle. It identifies three different perspectives on the relationship between governance (the control of power) and the public good: a ‘cybernetic’ perspective, an ‘axiological’ perspective, and a perspective of ‘critique’. This framework offers a way to scrutinize the exercise of power, and to evaluate the linkages between a political administration and its citizenry. To evaluate an administration’s legacy, this framework suggests we should study: (1) how an administration controls power over time; (2) how an administration exhibits virtue; and (3) how an administration creates conditions which enable its citizens to live the good life. Narrative theory is one basis for empirical development of this framework. This contributes to some long‐standing debates in management, public administration, economics and political science. It also enables critical examination of a fashionable, though vague, term: ‘public value’. | public value, citizenry, narrative theory | https://www.academia.edu/19429291/Morrell_K._2009_Governance_and_the_Public_Good_Public_Administration_87_3_538-556 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Gallouj F., Savona M. | Innovation in services: a review of the debate and a research agenda | Journal of Evolutionary Economics, vol. 19 pp. 149-172 | 2009 | The paper reviews the debate on innovation in services which has flourished over the last 20years and suggests a research agenda for the services innovation literature. We discuss whether, and the extent to which, the ill-definition and mis-measurement of service output have influenced the conceptualization and analysis of innovation in services. We propose a reclassification of the literature according to whether it has been mainly assimilated or differentiated with respect to the traditional conceptualization of innovation in the manufacturing sector. We also review the integrative (or synthesizing) contributions, and suggest a taxonomy for the modes of innovation in services, based on the Lancasterian characteristics-based approach to product definition. We conclude with a summary of the key arguments and a proposed agenda for the evolutionary theory to integrate the conceptualization of innovation in services. | Innovation services, debate, research agenda | DOI:10.1007/s00191-008-0126-4 |
| Digital Transformation | Droege H., Hildebrand D. and Heras Forcada M. | Innovation in services: present findings and future pathways | Journal of Service Management, 20 (2), p. 131-155 | 2009 | The purpose of this paper is, firstly, to review existing schools of thought and to identify present research fields in new service development (NSD) and service innovation research, and, secondly, to discuss future research opportunities. The literature review is based on a search for “service innovation” and “NSD” in titles, abstracts and keywords of articles. As a result of looking at the references, as well as through analysis of papers which cite the articles identified, additional publications are included in this study. Four schools of thought and five distinct research fields are presented. Herein, the authors show that there is a lack of studies of organisational innovations, and that differences in the drivers for radical or incremental innovations may be of degree rather than of kind. Further, contradictory results in the research field on differences versus similarities of new product and NSD are identified. In addition, the authors propose possible pathways for future research for each research field and school of thought. The scope of publications included in this review may be subject to criticism as book‐publications may be under‐represented in this review. Also, the keywords used for the initial search could include additional words. The paper groups previously scattered research activities from various backgrounds such as marketing and operations into distinct research fields, and presents both the status quo and a discussion of possible directions for future research. | research work, services, innovation | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/09564230910952744/full/html |
| Service Design | Holmlid, S. | Interaction design and service design: Expanding a comparison of design disciplines | Nordic Research Design | 2009 | While product design and interaction design are establishing themselves as ordinary practices, service design is still largely not well understood. Moreover, interactive artefacts are being introduced into service settings in a larger degree than before. We tend to rely on these artefacts as one, or sometimes the sole, possibility to do banking, to declare our taxes, etc. In this article we seek to identify common ground and differentiation in order to create supportive structures between interaction design and service design. The analysis relies on two frameworks, one provided by Buchanan, defining orders of design, and one provided by Edeholt and Löwgren, providing a comparative framework between design disciplines. The framework of Edeholt & Löwgren is amended through the comparison, to include service design. Comparative dimensions added pertains to all areas of Edeholt & Löwgren’s framework; Design process, design material and deliverable. | interaction design, service design, comparative dimensions | https://archive.nordes.org/index.php/n13/article/view/157/140 |
| Social Innovation | Ozman, M. | Inter-firm networks and innovation: a survey of the literature | Economics of Innovation and New Technology 18 (1): 39-67 | 2009 | This survey covers the recent literature on inter-firm networks as far as they have implications for innovation and technological change. The studies are classified according to the direction of causality in network studies. In the literature, some studies focus on the effect of networks, while others on the origins and formation of networks. These are represented as a circular flow diagram of network research. Circular diagram includes three themes of analysis as: (1) origins of networks, (2) firm performance, (3) network structure, and shows the relationship between these themes as observed in network research. The aim of this survey is to guide researchers working on inter-firm networks about the theoretical and empirical results obtained up to now in the field and to highlight those areas which need further work. | Inter-firm networks, innovation, literature | https://doi.org/10.1080/10438590701660095 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Rosser B.J. | Introduction | Rosser B.J. (Ed.) Handbook of research on Complexity, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 4-11 | 2009 | SARS-CoV-2 infection is a new viral infection that has emerged in the form of a pandemic, with a respiratory and multisystemic clinical spectrum, which causes high morbidity and mortality. Its rapid expansion is dependent on the absence of previous exposure and immunity, the absence of a vaccine and specific treatments, as well as its mechanism of air transmission and contact with mucous membranes, including asymptomatic individuals. The need for protection on the population and its health professionals requires the establishment of exposure and prevention protocols. One of the new situations generated is the need for a safe return to normal healthcare activities, which in many cases are specific to each specialty. | Introduction | https://assets.cambridge.org/97811070/07604/frontmatter/9781107007604_frontmatter.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Bogner A., Littig B. and Menz W. | Introduction: Expert interviews—An introductionto a new methodological debate. | In 'Interviewing experts'; London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. | 2009 | Before we go any further, we would like to begin by providing the reader with a step-by-step introduction to the methodological debate surrounding expert interviews. In doing so, we will start with a brief discussion of the generally accepted advantages and risks of expert interviews in research practice (1). We will follow this by outlining current trends in the sociological debate regarding experts and expertise, since expert interviews are — at least on the surface — defined by their object, namely the expert (2). We will then conclude with a look at the current methodological debate regarding expert interviews, an overview of the layout and structure of this book, as well as summaries of the 12 articles it contains (3). | expert knowledge, expert interview, methodological debate, data gathering, process, actual research design | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230244276_1 |
| Digital Transformation | Sirianni C. | Investing in Democracy. Engaging citizens in Collaborative Governance. | Washington DC, Brookings Inst. Pr. | 2009 | The health of American democracy ultimately depends on our willingness and ability to work together as citizens and stakeholders in our republic. Government policies often fail to promote such collaboration. But if designed properly, they can do much to strengthen civic engagement. That is the central message of Carmen Sirianni's eloquent new book. Rather than encourage citizens to engage in civic activity, government often puts obstacles in their way. Many agencies treat citizens as passive clients rather than as community members, overlooking their ability to mobilize assets and networks to solve problems. Many citizen initiatives run up against rigid rules and bureaucratic silos, causing all but the most dedicated activists to lose heart. The unfortunate—and unnecessary—result is a palpable decline in the quality of civic life. Fortunately, growing numbers of policymakers across the country are figuring out how government can serve as a partner and catalyst for collaborative problem solving. Investing in Democracy details three such success stories: neighborhood planning in Seattle; youth civic engagement programs in Hampton, Virginia; and efforts to develop civic environmentalism at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The book explains what measures were taken and why they succeeded. It distills eight core design principles that characterize effective collaborative governance and concludes with concrete recommendations for federal policy. | government, citizen participation, policy, democracy, environment | https://www.amazon.com/Investing-Democracy-Engaging-Collaborative-Governance/dp/0815703120 |
| Living Labs | Winthereik, J. C. T., Malmborg, L., & Andersen, T. B. | Living Labs as a Methodological Approach to Universal Access in Senior Design International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction | Berlin: Springer | 2009 | In this paper we discuss the potential of using the Living Lab methodology as an approach to ensuring universal access when designing for senior citizens. Our understanding of Living Labs is based on a recent study of 32 Living Labs cases, identifying central activities and issues in different applications of the methodology. We describe a Danish Living Lab project initiated to design for better quality of life for senior citizens in Sølund, a nursing home in Copenhagen. Two crucial concepts from the Living Lab methodology – co-creation and context – act as the core concepts for our analysis of user participation and universal access in Living Labs in general and in the Sølund Living Lab specifically. In our conclusion we suggest areas that should be given special attention when designing Living Lab projects and selecting user participants. | Universal access, living labs, co-creation, participatory design | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-02707-9_19 |
| Social Innovation | Sørensen, E, & Torfing, J | Making Governance Networks Effective and Democratic through Metagovernance | Public administration (London) | 2009 | In response to the growing discrepancy between the steadily rising steering ambitions and the increasing fragmentation of social and political life, governance networks are mushrooming. Governance through the formation of networks composed of public and private actors might help solve wicked problems and enhance democratic participation in public policy‐making, but it may also create conflicts and deadlocks and make public governance less transparent and accountable. In order to ensure that governance networks contribute to an effective and democratic governing of society, careful metagovernance by politicians, public managers and other relevant actors is necessary. In this paper, we discuss how to assess the effective performance and democratic quality of governance networks. We also describe how different metagovernance tools can be used in the pursuit of effective and democratic network governance. Finally, we argue that public metagovernors must develop their strategic and collaborative competences in order to become able to metagovern governance networks. | governance networks, participatoon, democracy, metagovernance | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2009.01753.x |
| Public service value co creation | Alford J. and O’Flynn J. | Making sense of public value : concepts, critiques and emergent meanings | International Journal of Public Administration, 32(3‑4), 171‑191 | 2009 | It has been two decades since the “public value” framework emerged, articulated initially at the Harvard Kennedy School. In this paper we set out the basics of the original approach, and then consider emerging critiques and meanings. Our aim is firstly to clarify the core concepts of Moore's approach, and secondly to track the new meanings of public value which are developing. This allows us to engage with the growing debate about public value both inside and outside academia, and also to discuss its trajectory as a new idea in public sector management. | public value, public management, politics/administration dichotomy | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01900690902732731 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Rouse W.B., McGinnis L.F., Basole R.C., Bodner D.A., Kessler W.C. | Models of complex enterprise networks | Second International Symposium on Engineering Systems, MIT Cambridge, Massachusetts, June 15-17 | 2009 | This article describes the development of a modeling hierarchy for complex enterprise networks. Drawing on the extant modeling literature, these network models are elaborated in terms of 4 salient problem characteristics: conversions, flows, controls, and social/organizational relationships. The authors relate these 4 characteristics to phenomena, representations, micromodels, macromodels, and modeling tools. The roles of information and incentives in complex enterprises networks are considered. Examples of 2 domains, global manufacturing and healthcare delivery, are woven through these discussions of alternative representations and models. The authors conclude by providing a structured comparison of these 2 domains, discussing theoretical and practical implications, and presenting opportunities for future enterprise transformation research. | Models, complex enterprise, networks | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f37f/8ce82ecb14a7ecfdc00d84655b87b00939cc.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Diefenbach, T. | New public management in public sector organizations: The dark sides of managerialistic ‘enlightenment. | Public Administration, 87(4), 892–909 | 2009 | For many years the proponents of New Public Management (NPM) have promised to improve public services by making public sector organizations much more ‘business‐like’. There have been many investigations and empirical studies about the nature of NPM as well as its impact on organizations. However, most of these studies concentrate only on some elements of NPM and provide interesting, but often anecdotal, evidence and insights. Perhaps exactly because of the large amount of extremely revealing and telling empirical studies, there is, therefore, a lack of a systematic identification and understanding of the nature of NPM and its overall relevance. This paper contributes to a systematic identification and understanding of the concept of NPM as well as its multi‐dimensional impact on public sector organizations. First, the paper aims at (re‐) constructing a comprehensive taxonomy of NPM's main assumptions and core elements. Secondly, the paper tries to provide a more comprehensive and meta‐analytical analysis of primarily the negative consequences of NPM‐strategies for public sector organizations as well as the people working in them. | New Public Management, impact | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2009.01766.x |
| Digital Transformation | The White House. In Executive Office of the President (Ed.). | Open government directive | Washington, DC: Office of Management and Budget | 2009 | Government, directive | ||
| Public service value co creation | Kluvers, R. and Pillay, S. | Participation in the budgetary process in local government | Australian Journal of Public Administration | 2009 | Direct democracy is seen as a means of reengaging citizens in the political process. However, it is a contested concept that requires further development by being grounded in a specific context. This article reports on research undertaken in Victorian local government where the New Public Management (NPM) has been in evidence for a number of decades which according to the literature has impacted on accountability to the broader community. The possibility of consultation and citizen participation in the local government budgetary process was examined. The results reported suggest that participation in the budgetary decisions in local government is possible. | participation, New Public Management, local government | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229648346_Participation_in_the_Budgetary_Process_in_Local_Government |
| Public service value co creation | Holmlid, S. | Participative, co-operative, emancipatory: From participatory design to service design. | Conference Proceedings ServDes.2009; DeThinking Service; ReThinking Design; Oslo Norway 24-26 November 2009 | 2009 | In the discourse of service design, terms such as platforms, transformation and co-creation have become part of what seems to be an emergent lingua franca. In the participatory design discourse, and the surrounding design traditions, related terms and ideas were developed. The development of the discourse of participatory design, during the last three decades of the 20th century, influence the way we understand the provisions for and possibilities of service design. The analysis is performed along three themes collected from the development of participatory design, and examples of how the legacy of participatory design has been appropriated are given. We conclude that the two disciplines share a basic structure consisting of involvement techniques, cooperative approaches, and emancipatory objectives. Moreover, some areas of future research for service design are identified. | participatory design, service design, cooperativer approaches | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228629923_Participative_co-operative_emancipatory_From_participatory_design_to_service_design |
| Public Sector Innovation | Mohrer, J., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J. and D.G. Altman. | Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA statement | Annals of Internal Medecine 151 (4): 264-269 | 2009 | The aim of the PRISMA Statement is to help authors improve the reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. We have focused on randomized trials, but PRISMA can also be used as a basis for reporting systematic reviews of other types of research, particularly evaluations of interventions. PRISMA may also be useful for critical appraisal of published systematic reviews. However, the PRISMA checklist is not a quality assessment instrument to gauge the quality of a systematic review. | PRISMA statement, systematic review, meta-analysis, research | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2707599/ |
| Public service value co creation | Talbot, C. | Public Value – the next 'big thing' in Public Management? | International Journal of Public Administration | 2009 | Are we about to enter a new era of public management? There are good reasons to think that this may be the case. This special issue of the InternationalJournal of Public Administration on “Public Value” was commissioned wellbefore the current global financial and economic crisis struck, but these eventsmay make the debate in these pages all the more salient. Public Value may,just possibly and as a result of the current tumultuous events, turn out to be thenext “Big Thing” in public management a lot faster than any thought possible. | public management, public value | https://tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01900690902772059?src=recsys&journalCode=lpad20 |
| Public service value co creation | Meynhardt, T | Public Value Inside: What is Public Value Creation? | International journal of public administration | 2009 | The author develops building blocks for a non-normative public value theory. After a short overview of the rise of public value and challenges in defining public value, the constructs “value,” “public,” “public value,” and “public value creation” are systematically introduced by drawing on a range of philosophical, psychological, and economic concepts. Psychological accounts are identified as the key to understand public value creation. Derived from needs theory, four basic public value dimensions are proposed and related to a public value landscape. Consequences of this re-conceptualization of public value are discussed with special emphasis of the public sector. | public value, value creation, basic needs | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01900690902732632 |
| Public service value co creation | Bozeman B. | Public values theory: three big ques‑ tions | International Journal of Public Policy, 4(5), 369‑375 | 2009 | The "three big questions" of the title include: What is 'public value'?; Is public value different from the aggregation of private values?; Is it possible to identify and evaluate public values? The author provides qualified responses to each of these questions and then turns to the issue of public values and infrastructure, suggesting that infrastructure provides an especially useful laboratory for studying public value. First, infrastructure issues force an engagement of both public and private values and decisions about the nexus of the two. Second, infrastructures provide a good vantage point for studying both empirical and normative 'publicness'. | Public values, theory, questions | DOI:10.1504/IJPP.2009.025077 |
| Social Innovation | Gallouj F., Rubalcaba L. and Windrum P. | Public-private networks and service innovation in knowledge intensive services: a report of European case studies | ServPPIN project | 2009 | The research presented in this book expands both the breadth and the depth of knowledge on public-private sector innovation networks in service sectors (ServPPINs), and how these networks contribute to the knowledge society through the development of technological and non-technological innovations. Given the increasing prevalence of these networks, improved understanding of the processes and outputs of these innovation networks is important for the development of policy for the knowledge society | public-private partnership, networks, knowledge society | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322342514_Public-private_innovation_networks_in_services_ServPPINs |
| Social Innovation | Sundbo J. | Public-private networks and service innovation in knowledge intensive services: a report of European case studies | ServPPIN project, WP5, Octobe | 2009 | Social innovations are often seen as the product of social entrepreneurs. This paper instead asserts that social innovations are also routinized. This is the result of the appearance of a new type of actors: Knowledge Intensive Social Services (KISS). Like Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS), KISS are consultancy organizations that provide their clients with specific knowledge to assist them in their innovation efforts. KISS differ from KIBS in that KISS agents are specializing in social innovations. KISS also involve third party agents - public and private - in the service relationship. We show that these connecting activities are creating growing social innovation networks. Despite being very dependent on the initial KISS actor, such networks can become more robust by interacting with other social innovation networks. | Public-private networks, service innovation, knowledge intensive services | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120068 |
| Digital Transformation | Ragin C. | Reflections on casing and case-oriented research. | The Sage handbook of case-based methods (pp. 522–534) | 2009 | This book goes far beyond its predecessor in several important respects. First, it takes as its starting point the centrality of case-oriented research to contemporary social science and seeks to improve its practice. One implicit goal of Ragin and Becker (1992) was to make the case for case-oriented research by bringing the case concept to the foreground of social science discourse (see also Feagin et al. 1991). Comparing today with the early 1990s, it is clear that the status of case-oriented work has improved, and scholars can describe their work as case-oriented without feeling awkward or vulnerable to attack. Second, unlike its predecessor, which was short on practical advice, this Handbook is both conceptually oriented and practically oriented. It not only revisits conceptual issues addressed in the previous work but also raises an array of new issues, packaged around discussions of a variety of case-oriented techniques. The practical advice offered in the present book spans the entire spectrum of case-oriented inquiry, with a special emphasis on analytic /techniques that maintain the integrity of cases through the research process and also provide ways of viewing cases as coherent bundles of aspects and attributes (e.g. cluster analysis, correspondence analysis, singlecase probabilities, qualitative comparative analysis). Third, many of the contributions to this Handbook explicitly engage the realist perspective in some way. In essence, to posit cases is to engage in ontological speculation regarding what is obdurately real but only partially and indirectly accessible through social science. Bringing a realist perspective to the case question deepens and enriches the dialogue, clarifying some key issues while sweeping others aside. | research, case studies, social science | https://marcell.memoryoftheworld.org/David%20Byrne/The%20SAGE%20Handbook%20of%20Case-Based%20Methods%20(2580)/The%20SAGE%20Handbook%20of%20Case-Based%20Methods%20-%20David%20Byrne.pdf#page=541 |
| Social Innovation | Pyka A., Schön A. | Taxonomy of innovation, cooperation and networks in service industries | ServPPIN, European Commission | 2009 | In this discussion paper we develop a theory-based typology of innovation networks with a special focus on public-private collaboration. This taxonomy is theoretically based on the concept of life cycles which is transferred to the context of innovation networks as well as on the mode of network formation which can occur either spontaneous or planned. The taxonomy distinguishes six different types of networks and incorporates two plausible alternative developments that eventually lead to a similar network structure of the two types of networks. From this, important conclusions and recommendations for network actors and policy makers are drawn. | Taxonomy of innovation, cooperation, networks in service industries | https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/54762/1/683498916.pdf |
| Social Innovation | O’Leary R. and Bingham L.B. (eds) | The Collaborative Public Manager | Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. | 2009 | Today's public managers not only have to function as leaders within their agencies, they must also establish and coordinate multi-organizational networks of other public agencies, private contractors, and the public. This important transformation has been the subject of an explosion of research in recent years. The Collaborative Public Manager brings together original contributions by some of today's top public management and public policy scholars who address cutting-edge issues that affect government managers worldwide. State-of-the-art empirical research reveals why and how public managers collaborate and how they motivate others to do the same. Examining tough issues such as organizational design and performance, resource sharing, and contracting, the contributors draw lessons from real-life situations as they provide tools to meet the challenges of managing conflict within interorganizational, interpersonal networks. This book pushes scholars, students, and professionals to rethink what they know about collaborative public management―and to strive harder to achieve its full potential. | public management, networks, collaboration, design, organizations | https://www.amazon.com/Collaborative-Public-Manager-Twenty-First-Management/dp/1589012232 |
| Social Innovation | Zirulia L. | The dynamics of networks and the evolution of industries: a survey of the empirical literature | Malerba F. and N.S. Vonortas eds. Innovation networks in industries, 45-77. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar | 2009 | Innovation Networks in Industries provides an extensive study in the fields of industry structure, firm strategy and public policy through the use of network concepts and indicators. It also elucidates many of the complexities and challenges involved. | Dynamics of networks, evolution of industries | https://ideas.repec.org/h/elg/eechap/12781_3.html |
| Public Sector Innovation | Farmer J.D., Foley D. | The economy needs agent-based modelling | Nature, vol. 460 pp. 685-686 | 2009 | The leaders of the world are flying the economy by the seat of their pants, say J. Doyne Farmer and Duncan Foley. There is, however, a better way to help guide financial policies. | Economy, agent-based modelling | DOI:10.1038/460685a |
| Public service value co creation | Liberati, A, Altman, D G, Tetzlaff, J, Mulrow, C | The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration | BMJ | 2009 | Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are essential to summarise evidence relating to efficacy and safety of healthcare interventions accurately and reliably. The clarity and transparency of these reports, however, are not optimal. Poor reporting of systematic reviews diminishes their value to clinicians, policy makers, and other users. Since the development of the QUOROM (quality of reporting of meta-analysis) statement-a reporting guideline published in 1999-there have been several conceptual, methodological, and practical advances regarding the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Also, reviews of published systematic reviews have found that key information about these studies is often poorly reported. Realising these issues, an international group that included experienced authors and methodologists developed PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) as an evolution of the original QUOROM guideline for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of evaluations of health care interventions. The PRISMA statement consists of a 27-item checklist and a four-phase flow diagram. The checklist includes items deemed essential for transparent reporting of a systematic review. In this explanation and elaboration document, we explain the meaning and rationale for each checklist item. For each item, we include an example of good reporting and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature. The PRISMA statement, this document, and the associated website (www.prisma-statement.org/) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. | healthcare, evidence, efficacy and quality | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19622552 |
| Living Labs | Eggers B. and Singh S. | The Public Innovators Playbook | Washington, DC: Harvard Kennedy School of Government. | 2009 | Now more than ever, government needs to embrace innovative approaches to daunting problems. The reason is simple: existing practices will not suffice. To have any hope of success, governments must embrace innovation as a core discipline, becoming adept at adopting new practices. Innovation must become part of the public sector DNA. In this book, authors William D. Eggers and Shalabh Singh lay out a blueprint for how to do this. The concrete insights they offer will prove invaluable to those public officials seeking to apply innovative solutions to unprecedented problems. As the authors point out, innovation can and does occur in the public sector. Too often, however, the public sector fails to actively promote innovation—a shortcoming this book can help rectify. | government, public sector, innovation, new practices, solutions | https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Public-Sector/dttl-ps-public-innovators-playbook-08082013.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Bolisani, E. and E. Scarso. | The role of KIBS in the technological renovation of local economies. Evidence from the computer services sector | International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management 9 (1-2): 29-46 | 2009 | In the current economic climate, the survival of local production systems of small firms depends on their capability to keep pace with the technological progress. This requires the inclusion in innovation networks, where an important role is played by Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS) firms. The paper investigates the role of local KIBS companies as disseminators of innovations to regional production systems. A study of computer KIBS in the North-east of Italy is illustrated. The analysis provides insights into technology transfer seen as a process of knowledge communication and transfer, and the central role of KIBS in this process. | KIBS, technological renovation, local economies, services sector | DOI: 10.1504/IJEIM.2009.023843 |
| Digital Transformation | Mergel I., Schweik C.M. and Fountain J.E. | The transformational effect of Web 2.0 technologies on government. | Available at SSRN | 2009 | Web 2.0 technologies are now being deployed in government settings. For example, public agencies have used blogs to communicate information on public hearings, wikis and RSS feeds to coordinate work, and wikis to internally share expertise, and intelligence information. The potential for Web 2.0 tools create a public sector paradox. On the one hand, they have the potential to create real transformative opportunities related to key public sector issues of transparency, accountability, communication and collaboration, and to promote deeper levels of civic engagement. On the other hand, information flow within government, across government agencies and between government and the public is often highly restricted through regulations, specific reporting structures and therefore usually delayed through the filter of the bureaucratic constraints. What the emergent application and popularity of Web 2.0 tools show is that there is an apparent need within government to create, distribute and collect information outside the given hierarchical information flow. Clearly, these most recent Internet technologies are creating dramatic changes in the way people at a peer-to-peer production level communicate and collaborate over the Internet. And these have potentially transformative implications for the way public sector organizations do work and communicate with each other and with citizens. But they also create potential difficulties and challenges that have their roots in the institutional contexts these technologies are or will be deployed within. In other words, it is not the technology that hinders us from transformation and innovation – it is the organizational and institutional hurdles that need to be overcome. This paper provides an overview of the transformative organizational, technological and informational challenges ahead. | web 2.0, government 2.0, public sector reform, organizational transformation | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1412796 |
| Service Design | Styhre A. | Tinkering with material resources: Operating under ambiguous conditions in rock construction work | The Learning Organization 16 (5), p. 386-397 | 2009 | Ethnographic studies of, for instance, laboratory work show that practices never reach a full closure but are always open to contingencies and ambiguities, making it possible to accommodate new empirical findings. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that this is true also for less “high‐brow” work in, for example, the construction industry. A case study of a Swedish rock construction company is reported. The study suggests that activities accruing less prestige than scientific laboratory work also share this basic openness. In rock construction work, there is always uncertainty involved when engaging material resources such as equipment, tools and technologies and when exploring literary previously unknown ground. Practice is therefore what is of necessity and is simultaneously enclosed in terms of drawing on a relatively stable specific set of know‐how, routines, beliefs, and norms, while remaining attentive to emerging events. Any practice must be regarded as resting on detailed know‐how and experience and therefore the management of seemingly “low‐skilled work” needs to be reconsidered as what is demanding informed vocabularies and insight in to the domain of practice. In theoretical terms the paper bridges practice theory, science and laboratory studies, and theory about construction work. In addition, the empirical study reported calls for a revaluation of the term “low‐skilled work”. | construction works, rocks, resources, working practices, Sweden | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/09696470910974171/full/html |
| Service Design | Vargo, S.L. | Toward a transcending conceptualization of relationship: a servicedominant logic perspective | Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing | 2009 | The purpose of this paper is to propose and elaborate on a service‐dominant‐logic‐based conceptualization of relationship that transcends traditional conceptualizations. Design/methodology/approach – The paper consists of a review of traditional conceptualizations of relationship, a review of service‐dominant logic foundational premises that are useful in reframing the concept, and supporting views from the institutional economics and business ecosystems literature. Findings – A transcending, service‐dominant‐logic‐based conceptualization of relationship as a general term representing the network‐with‐and‐within‐network nature of value creation, with transactions as “temporal isolates” of relationships is suggested. Originality/value – This higher‐order conceptualization of relationship provides a foundation for better understanding the role of relationship in value creation, as well as its correspondence to transactions and products. | service dominant logic, business, network, value creation | https://www.academia.edu/22738803/Toward_a_transcending_conceptualization_of_relationship_a_service-dominant_logic_perspective |
| Social Innovation | Pestoff V. | Towards a paradigm of democratic participation: Citizen Participation and Co-Production of Personal Social Services in Sweden | Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics | 2009 | Many countries in Europe are now searching for new ways to engage citizens and involve the third sector in the provision and governance of social services in order to meet major demographical, political and economic challenges facing the welfare state in the 21st Century. Co‐production provides a model for the mix of both public service agents and citizens who contribute to the provision of a public service. Citizen participation involves several different dimensions: economic, social, political and service specific. The extent of citizen participation varies between different providers of welfare services, as too does user and staff influence. Empirical materials from a recent study of childcare in Sweden will be used to illustrate these points. However, the role of citizens and the third sector also varies between countries and social sectors. Third sector providers facilitate citizen participation, while a glass ceiling for participation exists in municipal and for‐profit providers. Moreover, co‐production takes place in a political context, and can be crowded‐in or crowded‐out by public policy. These findings can contribute to the development of a new paradigm of participative democracy. | engagement, social services, co-production, citizen participation, third sector | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1467-8292.2009.00384.x |
| Public Sector Innovation | Ritala, P., Hurmelinna-Laukkanen, P., and K. Blomqvist. | Tug of war in innovation- coopetitive service development | International Journal of Service Technology and Management 12(3): 255-272 | 2009 | Innovative new services are increasingly being developed in close collaboration between different organisations. As part of this development, competing firms have started collaborating with each other. These firms face new challenges arising from the service context and the existence of competitive tensions. We present an explorative case study of Finnish mobile TV service development with a focus on inter-firm coopetition (simultaneous competition and cooperation). Our results carry implications in terms of the nature, the challenges and opportunities involved, and of the management of coopetitive service development. | Innovation, coopetitive service development | https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSTM.2009.02539 |
| Digital Transformation | Rainey, H. G. | Understanding and managing public organizations. | John Wiley & Sons. | 2009 | “For more than a decade, Rainey’s book has been a must-read for everyone in the community of public management in Korea, just like in many places all over the world. Undoubtedly, it provides a valuable resource for researchers and students who are interested in public management and applications of organization theory to public organizations. It is quite simply the best investigation of public organization and management that I’ve read.” —Young Han Chun, associate dean, Graduate School of Public Administration, Seoul National University | public management, public organizations | https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Understanding+and+Managing+Public+Organizations%2C+5th+Edition-p-9781118583715 |
| Social Innovation | Becheikh N., Halilem N., Jbilou J., Landry R. | Vers une conceptualisation de l’innovation dans le secteur public | Economies et Sociétés, série EGS, n°10, 4/2009, p. 579-614 | 2009 | Cet article vise un double objectif: 1) caracteriser l'innovation au sein des organisations du secteur public, et 2) degager les principaux determinants qui facilitent la generation ou l'adoption des innovations dans ce contexte. Se basant sur la methode des revues systematiques, les resultats permettent de constater la multi-dimensionnalite du concept. Ainsi, a la place d'une definition generique focalisant sur la nouveaute et les modifications apportees aux services ainsi qu'aux facons de les produire et de les livrer, nous proposons de capter la diversite des innovations du secteur public a partir de la distinction des differents aspects sur lesquels elles portent. Concernant les determinants, le leadership, la culture organisationnelle et les relations avec les instances superieures representent ceux les plus etudies dans la litterature et sont consideres comme critiques a l'innovation dans les organisations du secteur public. | Conceptualisation, l’innovation, secteur public | |
| Service Design | Davis, P. and West, K. | What do public values mean for public action? Putting public values in their plural place | The American Review of Public Administration | 2009 | Public values are moving from a research concern to policy discourse and management practice. There are, though, different readings of what public values actually mean. Reflection suggests two distinct strands of thinking: a generative strand that sees public value emerging from processes of public debate; and an institutional interpretation that views public values as the attributes of government producers. Neither perspective seems to offer a persuasive account of how the public gains from strengthened public values. Key propositions on values are generated from comparison of influential texts. A provisional framework is presented of the values base of public institutions and the loosely coupled public propositions flowing from these values. Value propositions issue from different governing contexts, which are grouped into policy frames that then compete with other problem frames for citizens’ cognitive resources. Vital democratic commitments to pluralism require public values to be distributed in competition with other, respected, frames. | public values, modeling, value framing regime, values conflict, plurality | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0275074008328499 |
| Social Innovation | Ankestyrelsen. | §18-Redegørelsen 2009: Det kommunale samarbejde med frivillige sociale foreninger - En kvantitativ analyse af kommunernes fordeling af §18-midler | København: Socialministeriet | 2010 | Communerne udbetalte i 2012 mere i støtte til det frivillige sociale arbejde efter servicelovens § 18, end de modtog i bloktilskud. Det var første gang siden 2009, at kommunerne udbetalte mere end det modtagne statstilskud. Det bloktilskud, som staten udbetalte til kommunerne i 2012 til det lokale, frivillige sociale arbejde, udgjorde for hele landet 153,5 mio. kr. Kommunerne udbetalte i 2012 156,2 mio. kr. på landsplan. De udbetalte således 2,7 mio. kr. mere i § 18-støtte, end de modtog i statstilskud, svarende til 102 pct. af det samlede statstilskud målrettet det frivillige sociale arbejde. I mere end en tredjedel af kommunerne blev der udbetalt mere til det frivillige sociale arbejde end kommunerne mod-tog i bloktilskud. Omvendt udbetalte hver fjerde kommune mindre end 50 pct. af statstilskuddet som § 18-støtte. | Kommunale samarbejde, kvantitativ analyse, kommunernes fordeling | https://docplayer.dk/3531147-Det-kommunale-samarbejde-med-frivillige-sociale-foreninger.html |
| Service Design | Stickdorn, M. | 5 principles of service design thinking | Amsterdam BIS Publishers | 2010 | This book outlines a contemporary approach for service innovation. »This is Service Design Thinking.« introduces a new way of thinking to beginners but also serves as a reference for professionals. It explains the approach, its background, process, methods and tools — and connects theory to contemporary case studies. | service design, service innovation | http://thisisservicedesignthinking.com |
| Public Sector Innovation | Furrer O. | A customer relationship typology of product services strategies | Gallouj, F. and F. Djellal eds. The Handbook of Innovation and Services. A Multi- Disciplinary Approach, 679-721. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar | 2010 | With the advent of the service economy (Gadrey, 2005), product services (i.e., services off ered as complements to tangible products) have taken on critical roles in the competitive arsenal of many manufacturing fi rms (Furrer, 1997, 1998; Gebauer et al., 2005; Malleret, 2006). For example, IBM has become a service provider more than a manufacturer of tangible products (BusinessWeek, 2005). Following Anderson and Narus (1995), this chapter considers product services to include much more than after-sales service, such as technical problem-solving, equipment installation, training or maintenance. Rather, product services also include programs that help customers design their products or reduce their costs, as well as rebates or bonuses that infl uence how customers conduct business with a supplier. Despite their increasing managerial importance, academic research on the strategic role of product services remains embryonic (see Bowen et al., 1989; Dornier, 1990; Furrer, 1997; Horovitz, 1987; Mathe and Shapiro, 1993), and the concept still appears vague and ambiguous. Nor has existing research integrated product services into a coherent concep-tual framework. Therefore, this chapter further refi nes the concept of product services and integrates it into a relationship marketing framework (Berry, 1995; Sheth and Parvatiyar, 1995), which suggests a consistent and managerially relevant typology of product services strategies. The remainder of this chapter is organized as follows. First, in section 29.2, I defi ne product services and discuss their strategic role, which depends on their position on the tangible product–service continuum. In section 29.3 I present a typology of four product service strategies – discount strategy, relational strategy, individual strategy and outsourcing strategy – illus-trated by best practice examples that highlight the value-creation mecha-nisms. I then present in section 29.4 the required conditions for successful implementations of product service strategies. Section 29.5 concludes. 29.2 Product services: a defi nition One of the fi rst defi nitions of the concept of product services, proposed by Caussin (1955), highlights the measures that a supplier takes to facilitate 702 The handbook of innovation and services the choice, purchase and use of a tangible product. Later, Horovitz (1987) defi ned product services further as all the benefi ts expected by a customer that go beyond the core product. Similarly, Davidow and Uttal (1989) refer to product services as the features, acts and information that increase customers' ability to leverage the value of a tangible or intangible core product. On the basis of an extensive literature review, Furrer (1997, 99) proposes the following comprehensive defi nition: Product services are services that are supplied complementary to a product to facilitate its choice and its purchase, to optimize its use and to increase its value for customers. For the fi rm providing them, they are a direct and indirect source of profi t: direct because they are often more profi table than the product they surround and indirect because when expected by customers they induce demand for the product and are a source of diff erentiation on the fi rm's off ering. | Customer, typology, product, services, strategies | https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849803304.00044 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Fuglsang L. | Bricolage and invisible innovation in public service innovation | Journal of Innovation Economics, 2010/1, n°5, p. 67-87 | 2010 | The purpose of the paper is to discuss how the definitions of innovation must be extended in order to analyse innovation in a public service-institution and uncover the reality of innovation in such an institution. A case study of home-help for the elderly has been carried out. Interviews with top-management, middle management as well as nurses and home helpers have been conducted. The case-study shows that innovation is a core activity and that process-based concepts such as “ad hoc innovation” (Gallouj & Weinstein, 1997), “a posteriori recognition of innovation” (Toivonen et al., 2007) and “bricolage” (see e.g. Styhre, 2009) are highly relevant to understanding and analysing development processes in this context. These concepts point to a more process- and practise-based approach to innovation. | services, innovation, public sector | https://www.cairn.info/revue-journal-of-innovation-economics-2010-1-page-67.htm?contenu=resume |
| Public Sector Innovation | Powell, M., Greener, I., Szmigin, I, Doheny, S. and Mills, N. | Broadening the focus of public service consumerism | Public Management Review | 2010 | The figure of the consumer has been central to the UK New Labour government's approach to reforming public services. However, this article is critical of the narrow debate of the Government and its critics around the consumer as chooser. It aims to broaden the debate by drawing attention to relatively neglected historical, geographical and conceptual material on consumerism in order to present a wider view of the consumer of public services. | choice, consumer, public services, typology | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719030903286615 |
| Public service value co creation | Jung, T | Citizens, co-producers, customers, clients, captives?: A critical review of consumerism and public services | Public management review | 2010 | Consumerism and choice have become prominent ideas in the design and delivery of public services. Often perceived as a way to improve the quality and value of public services, potential downsides and areas of concern that relate to a consumerist approach are frequently ignored. This review essay takes a critical stance on the application of a consumerist discourse to public service provision and management by exploring four key areas of concern: definitional problems, questions about the concept's transferability from a private to a public sector setting, the problematic nature of ‘choice’, and difficulties associated with implementing consumerist ideas within public service contexts | citizens, consumers, customers, clients, consumerism, public services | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719031003787940 |
| Social Innovation | Bommert B. | Collaborative innovation in the public sector | International Public Management Review | 2010 | This article claims that there is a need for a new form of innovation in the public sector because bureaucratic (closed) ways of innovating do not yield the quantity and quality of innovations necessary to solve emergent and persistent policy challenges. Based on these shortcomings the article defines a set of criteria, which a suitable form of public sector innovation needs to fulfill. The article shows that collaborative innovation meets these criteria because it opens the innovation cycle to a variety of actors and taps into innovation resources across borders, overcomes cultural restrictions and creates broad socio-political support for public sector innovation. The article highlights risks and issues associated with collaborative innovation and that the concept should not be discarded on these grounds since there is no suitable alternative to tackle emergent and persistent challenges. Finally, the article suggests capacities, which government needs to develop to successfully implement collaborative innovation. However as research on innovation in the public sector is rather thin the article suggests a map for further research to substantiate the role of collaborative innovation in the public sector. | public sector innovation, collaboration, research agenda | http://journals.sfu.ca/ipmr/index.php/ipmr/article/view/73 |
| Social Innovation | Sørensen E. and Torfing J. | Collaborative Innovation in the Public Sector: An Analytical Framework | Working paper n°1/2010, Research project Collaborative Innovation in the Public Sector (CLIPS) funded by the Danish Strategic Research Council, Roskilde: Roskilde Universitet. | 2010 | This paper aims to discuss the need and conditions for public innovation and to analyse how multi-actor collaboration can enhance public innovation through the facilitation of creative learning, the production of joint ownership and the exercise of metagovernance aiming to sustain drivers and remove barriers to collaborative innovation. Section 2 focuses on the needs and conditions for innovation in the public sector. Section 3 defines innovation, identifies the constitutive phases in innovation processes and highlights the role and impact of collaboration. Section 4 explores different theoretical advances in the social sciences that support the idea of collaborative innovation. Section 5 identifies some key dimensions in the analysis of collaborative innovation in the public sector. Section 6 provides some empirical insights into how collaborative innovation can be enhanced through organisational reform and innovation management. Finally, the conclusion presented in section 7 reflects on the ambiguous impact of New Public Management (NPM) on collaborative innovation and points to the need for the development of a NPM 2.0. | public innovation, collaboraton, theory, evidence, NPM | https://rucforsk.ruc.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/32897073/Working_paper_no._1._STUDIES_IN_COLLABORATIVE_INNOVATION_1_.pdf |
| Service Design | Verhoest K. | Common data in the COBRA research – an outline | Public Management Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven | 2010 | Aim of document: In this document we develop a common data set which the Cobra-partners aim to develop for their own country or area under research. In this document the data set is formulated in questions, as surveys would be the main method for gathering data that has been used by the early COBRA partners (Belgium-Flanders, Ireland, Norway). However, these data can be gathered also by other means, such as documentation analysis (legalisation, year reports and so on) and structured interviews. The aim is ultimately to develop a cross-national compatible database on public sector organisations. We refer such surveys, interviews or document analysis by the term ‘data gathering‘ in the remainder of the document. We distinguish three levels of commonality in data sets. For each cluster of issues we develop a set of questions on each level, drawing from the original Flemish, Norwegian and Irish surveys. By using this document each new partner should be able to construct its own database, takeninto account the obliged and optional questions set and the particularities of its own country. | COBRA, survey, questionning, data, analysis | https://soc.kuleuven.be/io/cost/survey/surv_core.pdf |
| Service Design | Wetter-Edman, K. | Comparing design thinking with service dominant logic | Design research journal, 2(2), 39-45 | 2010 | Design tradition takes the user as a starting point and focuses on his or her needs, wants and expectations. Recently, within the service marketing/management area, the user has been highlighted not only as “the king”, but as the only one to determine value. This new logic is termed Service Dominant Logic. Some of the key principles underlying Service Dominant Logic (SDL) and Design Thinking. (DT) are strikingly similar. Even if the two concepts stem from different backgrounds, both are deeply concerned with the creation of value and the importance of understanding the users/customers. This similarity could be a fruitful ground for further intellectual discussion concerning the development of the service concept. This paper presents the characteristics of SDL to the design community and compares SDL with the central characteristics of DT. The aim of this paper is to explore possible connections and overlaps between SDL and DT. The paper suggests the connections to be complementary, and some practical implications of the use of SDL for design thinking and service design practice are proposed. | design thinking, SDL, value, user centered | http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp/059/016/ecp09059016.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Van Slyke, D.M., O’Leary, R. and Kim, S. | Conclusion: challenges and opportunities, crosscutting themes, and thoughts on the future of Public Administration | In 'The Future of Public Administration Around the World', Georgetown University Press: Washington. | 2010 | All academic disciplines have had enduring theoretical, empirical, methodological, and conceptual debates. Since the debate between Waldo and Simon, there has been continued unrest in the academic field of public administration. Such field definition and debate by Waldo, Simon, and others is a trend line that has continued over the course of the Minnowbrook meetings. Though scholars may no longer “genuflect” as a sign of reverence to either Waldo or Simon, the camps and general axioms by which scholars define themselves have retained a more lasting currency. | public administration, research agenda | https://archives.kdischool.ac.kr/handle/11125/29168 |
| Social Innovation | Martinelli, F., Moulaert, F. and González, S. | Creatively designing urban futures: a Transversal analysis of socially innovative initiatives | in Moulaert, F., Martinelli, F., Swyngedouw, E. and González, S. (eds.), Can neighbourhoods save the city? Community development and social innovation, London: Routledge, pp. 198–218 | 2010 | For decades, neighbourhoods been pivotal sites of social, economic and political exclusion processes, and civil society initiatives, attempting bottom-up strategies of re-development and regeneration. In many cases these efforts resulted in the creation of socially innovative organizations, seeking to satisfy the basic human needs of deprived population groups, to increase their political capabilities and to improve social interaction both internally and between the local communities, the wider urban society and political world. | Urban futures, socially innovative initiatives | https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203849132 |
| Digital Transformation | Georgellis, Yannis, Iossa, Elisabetta & Tabvuma, Vurain. | Crowding out intrinsic motivation in the public sector | Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 21(3), 473-493 | 2010 | Employing intrinsically motivated individuals has been proposed as a means of improving public sector performance. In this article, we investigate whether intrinsic motivation affects the sorting of employees between the private and the public sectors, paying particular attention to whether extrinsic rewards crowd out intrinsic motivation. Using British longitudinal data, we find that individuals are attracted to the public sector by the intrinsic rather than the extrinsic rewards that the sector offers. We also find evidence supporting the intrinsic motivation crowding out hypothesis, in that, higher extrinsic rewards reduce the propensity of intrinsically motivated individuals to accept public sector employment. This is, however, only true for two segments of the UK public sector: the higher education sector and the National Health Service. Although our findings inform the literature on public service motivation, they also pose the question whether lower extrinsic rewards could increase the average quality of job matches in the public sector, thus improving performance without the need for high-powered incentives. | Intrinsic motivation, public sector | DOI:10.2307/25836116 |
| Public service value co creation | Osborne, S.P. | Delivering Public Services: Time for a New Theory? | Public Management Review, 12: 1–10 | 2010 | Public services, new theory | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030903495232 | |
| Digital Transformation | OECD. | Denmark: Efficient e-Government for Smarter Public Service Delivery | OECD e-Government Studies. OECD Publishing | 2010 | Efficient e-Government, public service delivery | https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264087118-en | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Toivonen M. | Different types of innovation processes in services and their organisational implications | Gallouj F. Djellal F. (eds), The handbook of innovation and services, Edward Elgar, p. 221-249 | 2010 | Marja Toivonen 10.1 Introduction Since the mid-1990s, innovation in services has aroused growing interest and studies on this topic are today accumulating rapidly. One of the observations confirmed in several studies is that innovation activities in service sectors and service firms are less systematic than in the industrial context. Researchers have usually linked this observation to the fact that service firms only rarely have research and development (R&D) departments for innovation activities. Rather, these activities are distributed within the firm; they are conducted, for example, in connection with strategic planning, training and market development (Coombs and Miles, 2000; Djellal and Gallouj, 2001; Preissl, 2000). Many researchers have emphasised that this finding should not lead us to conclude that service firms are less innovative than industrial firms. On the contrary, we should broaden our view about the organisation of innovation, and strive for a better understanding of other forms of innovation activities in addition to those concentrating on the conduct of R&D (Hipp and Grupp, 2005). Three main approaches can be identified in studies that aim at revealing alternative forms of innovation – important in services but remaining hidden if the starting point is a manufacturing-based innovation paradigm and accompanying indicators. The first approach focuses on quantitative innovation surveys and in this context has tried to develop such new indicators that are better applicable in services than the earlier ones. Both input and output indicators have been suggested. As regards the former, investments in human resources have been highlighted in... | services, innovation | https://www.elgaronline.com/view/9781847205049.00021.xml |
| Public Sector Innovation | Kesting P., Ulhoi J.P. | Employee-driven innovation: extending the license to foster innovation | Management Decision, 48 (1), p. 65-84 | 2010 | The purpose of this paper is to outline the “grand structure” of the phenomenon in order to identify both the underlying processes and core drivers of employee‐driven innovation (EDI). This is a conceptual paper. It particularly applies the insights of contemporary research on routine and organizational decision making to the specific case of EDI. The main result of the paper is that, from a theoretical point of view, it makes perfect sense to involve ordinary employees in innovation decisions. However, it is also outlined that naïve or ungoverned participation is counterproductive, and that it is quite difficult to realize the hidden potential in a supportive way. The main implication is that basic mechanisms for employee participation also apply to innovation decisions, although often in a different way. However, the paper only identifies the grand structure of the phenomenon. The different identified drivers have to be further elaborated and empirically tested. EDI is a helpful tool to gain competitive advantage by utilizing the knowledge and creative potential of employees. This is the first paper that gives a systematic overview of the grand structure of EDI and derives the most important moderating factors from that. | innovation, employees participation, decision-making, organizational culture, human capital | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/00251741011014463/full/html |
| Social Innovation | Bland T., Bruk B., Kim D., and Lee K. T. | Enhancing Public Sector Innovation: Examining the Network-Innovation Relationship | The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal | 2010 | Communities around the country are facing an increasing number of problems for which traditional government action is failing. This has led to a growing realization that the public sector must increase its capacity to innovate. In an effort to do so, the public sector has increasingly turned to networks of public, private, and non-profit organizations. While a considerable body of academic research has examined the relationship between collaboration and innovation, the research has focused primarily on the network’s capacity to generate new ideas. Recognizing that innovation is a dynamic and iterative process, which includes the generation, acceptance, and implementation of a new idea or approach to an issue, we argue that previous studies have provided for a somewhat limited understanding of this relationship. Consequently, these studies have provided little to no practical guidance for public managers. To address this gap in the literature, the present study makes a first step in the development of a management perspective on the relationship between collaboration and innovation. In doing so, we present an exploratory case study of the Texoma Regional Consortium, a regional partnership that brought together Texas and Oklahoma workforce development efforts, that suggests the design, development, and institutionalization of specific mechanisms (integration, dialogue, and coordination) to facilitate the use of the network form of governance for the specific purposes of public sector innovation. | public sector, innovation, collaboration, networks | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Enhancing-Public-Sector-Innovation%3A-Examining-the-Bland-Bruk/36a535d0db61c682a3bf3cd6a979c4f119bfeab8 |
| Digital Transformation | Axelsson, Karin, Melin, Ulf & Lindgren, Ida. | Exploring the importance of citizen participation and involvement in e-government projects: practice, incentives, and organization | Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 4(4), 299-321 | 2010 | Purpose – The purpose of this research is to investigate if, and in that case, how and what the e-government field can learn from user participation concepts and theories in general information systems (IS) research. It aims to contribute with further understanding of the importance of citizen participation and involvement within the e-government research body of knowledge and when developing public e-services in practice. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis in the paper is made from a comparative, qualitative case study of two e-government projects. Three analysis themes are induced from the literature review; practice of participation, incentives for participation, and organization of participation. These themes are guiding the comparative analysis of our data with a concurrent openness to interpretations from the field. Findings – The main results in this paper are that the e-government field can get inspiration and learn from methods and approaches in traditional IS projects concerning user participation, but in e-government, methods are also needed to handle the challenges that arise when designing public e-services for large, heterogeneous user groups. Citizen engagement cannot be seen as a separate challenge in e-government, but rather as an integrated part of the process of organizing, managing, and performing e-government projects. Analysis themes of participation generated from literature; practice, incentives and organization can be used in order to highlight, analyze, and discuss main issues regarding the challenges of citizen participation within e-government. This is an important implication based on this paper that contributes both to theory on and practice of e-government. Practical implications – Lessons to learn from this paper concern that many e-government projects have a public e-service as one outcome and an internal e-administration system as another outcome. A dominating internal, agency perspective in such projects might imply that citizens as the user group of the e-service are only seen as passive receivers of the outcome – not as active participants in the development. By applying the analysis themes, proposed in this paper, citizens as active participants can be thoroughly discussed when initiating (or evaluating) an e-government project. Originality/value – The paper addresses challenges regarding citizen participation in e-government development projects. User participation is well researched within the IS discipline, but the e-government setting implies new challenges that are not explored enough. | Citizen participation, e-government projects, practice, incentives, organization | DOI:10.1108/17506161011081309 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Schramm C.J., Baumol W.J. | Foreword | Maglio P.P., Kieliszewski C.A. and Spohrer | 2010 | Using a cross-section of Nasdaq and NYSE-listed foreign companies, we examine the impact of financial and innovation variables on the registration. We find a strong association between the variables and Nasdaq. This suggests that Nasdaq-type financial stock market has a link with the enterpreneurial ecosystem. The availability of high-tech firms is strongly associated with funding and research availabilities. | Foreword | http://people.stern.nyu.edu/wbaumol/BaumolPublications7-26-2012.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Moynihan, D. P. | From performance management to democratic performance governance | In 'The Future of Public Administration Around the World', Georgetown University Press: Washington | 2010 | A once-in-a-generation event held every twenty years, the Minnowbrook conference brings together the top scholars in public administration and public management to reflect on the state of the field and its future. This unique volume brings together a group of distinguished authors—both seasoned and new—for a rare critical examination of the field of public administration yesterday, today, and tomorrow. The book begins by examining the ideas of previous Minnowbrook conferences, such as relevance and change, which are reflective of the 1960s and 1980s. It then moves beyond old Minnowbrook concepts to focus on public administration challenges of the future: globalism, twenty-first century collaborative governance, the role of information technology in governance, deliberative democracy and public participation, the organization of the future, and teaching the next generation of leaders. The book ends by coming full circle to examine the current challenge of remaining relevant. There is no other book like this—nor is there ever likely to be another—in print. Simply put, the ideas, concepts, and spirit of Minnowbrook are one-of-a-kind. This book captures the soul of public administration past, present, and future, and is a must-read for anyone serious about the theory and practice of public administration. | public administration, public management, Minnowbrook, governance, future challenges | https://books.google.com.mx/books?hl=es&lr=&id=kTdK6SUAd8QC&oi=fnd&pg=PA21&dq=%E2%80%98From+performance+management+to+democratic+performance+governance%E2%80%99&ots=vvzsmh11vg&sig=IXgpDYMOWxMGRs8HJwH6bQIKkD8#v=onepage&q=%E2%80%98From%20performance%20management%20to%20democratic%20performance%20governance%E2%80%99&f=false |
| Service Design | A. Lomi, E.R. Larsen, and F.C. Wezel. | Getting there: Exploring the role of expectations and preproduction delays in processes of organizational founding | Organization Science, 21:132–149 | 2010 | Because of preproduction delays, environmental conditions at founding cannot explain organization-building decisions taken earlier. As a consequence, environmental conditions at founding cannot explain organizational founding. Future levels of resource availability may be estimated, but not directly observed by potential entrepreneurs at the time at which they decide to enter preproduction. In this paper, we take these considerations as our starting point to build a dynamic feedback model of organization founding. According to the model, organizational founding is driven by expectations that entrepreneurs form about future levels of resources and, only indirectly, by current levels of population density. We explore the behavior of the model under a variety of experimental conditions. We show that the qualitative behavior of the model is consistent with studies that have linked the duration of preproduction stage with fluctuations in density during population maturity. Our simulation analyses sustains three main conclusions. First, historical trajectories of organizational populations that are consistent with empirical observations may be produced by mechanisms that are not directly dependent on density. Second, alternative hypotheses about how expectations are formed produce qualitatively different historical trajectories of density. Third, fluctuations in numbers of organizations are linked to specific aspects of individual organization-building decisions. | Expectations, preproduction delays, processes of organizational founding | https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1090.0437 |
| Public service value co creation | Kennett, P. | Global perspectives on governance | In 'The New Public Governance?', Routledge: Oxon. | 2010 | The concepts of globalization and governance are firmly established within public policy debates. However, the dynamics, nature and implications of the relationship between globalization and governance are fiercely contested. This chapter will begin by examining various definitions of the concepts and the linkages between them. It will then go on to consider the spaces and practices of governance under the condition of globalization. It will focus particularly on the emergence of the institutional structures of global governance, the key actors, dynamics and practices of public governance. The remainder of the chapter will consider whether new forms and layers of decision-making and participation herald the arrival of a new multi-layered public governance. | multi-layered governance, globalization, institutional set-up | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780203861684/chapters/10.4324/9780203861684-9 |
| Service Design | Enjolras B. | Gouvernance verticale gouvernance horizontale et économie sociale et solidaire : le cas des services à la personne | Géographie, économie et société, 12 (1), p. 15-30 | 2010 | The approach in terms of new governance gives a significant place to civil society’s actors both within policy-making and policy implementation processes. The issue of governance has to be understood against the backdrop of the erosion of state’s prerogatives in industrialized countries. The governance perspective mirrors a move of the focus on public organizations toward an increased interest on actors’ networks. This article is concerned with the conceptualization of two perspectives on governance- one state-centered, the other centered on civil society- and attempts to draw some conclusions for the empirical analysis of governance processes. In a first place, the article develops the concept of “governance regime” which allows highlighting the plurality of modalities in which state and civil society relate to each others. The second part of the article contrasts this “vertical” approach to governance with a civil society-centered “horizontal” approach where civil society ability to self-organize and to cooperate within networks is under focus. In conclusion the article argues for the development of research articulating those two perspectives. | governance, social and solidarity eonomy, network, governance regimes, personal services | https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_GES_121_0015--vertical-governance-horizontal.htm#xd_co_f=MjU0ZmUxZGU4YThmN2NiMzkxODE1NjY0MDI5MjgwNjE=~ |
| Social Innovation | Kooiman, J. | Governance and governability | In 'The New Public Governance?', Routledge: Oxon | 2010 | This chapter is not about governance in general. There are several introductions available giving a fair picture of the many approaches to the concept . Three features are common to them: they reflect the growth of social, economic and political interdependencies; governance is a matter of public as well as private actors; and dividing lines between public and private sectors become blurred. They differ mainly by directing themselves at a particular level, such as local, European or global governance, or by focusing on a particular form or aspect, such as network, multi-level, or participatory governance. The governance perspective discussed in this chapter fits more in the second group looking at governance as a societal phenomenon to be studied at all levels. In its theoretical framework, interactions are given a central place as it takes as its (normative) starting point that the solving of major problems and the creation of major opportunities in modern societies are a combined responsibility of state, market and civil society together – be it in different and shifting combinations of interactions between actors and institutions within and between them. The more detailed elaboration of the governance approach now becomes part of the broader governability concept consisting of a system-to-begoverned (SG), a governing system (GS) and the interactions between the two (GI). The first part of the chapter is devoted to the interactive governance perspective as such, and the governability framework forms the second part of this chapter. | governance, participation, accountability, New Public Management | https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230512641_4 |
| Public Sector Innovation | J.C. (eds.). | Handbook of Service Science | Springer, New York, pp. ix-xi | 2010 | Handbook, service science | http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/609796216.pdf | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Zhao, Y., Zhou, W. and S. Huesig. | Innovation as clusters in knowledge intensive business services: taking ICT services in Shangai and Bavaria as an example | International Journal of Innovation Management 14(1): 1-18 | 2010 | Due to the quick advancement of science and technology, the services sector which has a high content of knowledge and technology has experienced globally expeditious development in the past decade. Development in general and the growth of Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS) such as Information and Communication Technology services (ICT services) in particular are at the core of the major trends that are restructuring the economic landscape of not only German but also Chinese economies. In Germany, in the new era of service economy, more emphases are put on KIBS instead of the traditional giant clusters of steel manufacturing and auto manufacturing. Especially in Bavaria, high technology clusters are prospering. The ICT services in Bavaria accounts for 40% of all software companies in Germany. A lot of ICT services clusters can be found, including IT Speicher, FIWM, BICC-NET, etc. Similar cases can be found in Shanghai, where a number of government driving as well as market pulling ICT services cluster are also coming into being. Previous empirical evidence shows an asymmetric bipolarity in the location behavior of KIBS. There is a general predominance of low concentration due to equal diffusion of these services in many regions, and a high concentration in some regions located at the top of the spatial hierarchy, particularly capital cities. The current exploratory research, drawing upon cluster theory and network theory, aims at discovering the cluster features both from the perspective of the company executives in the cluster. Using the data collected through interviews and questionnaire surveys from company managers, incorporated with current theoretical framework and, through integration and analysis, important features of the cluster such as network mechanism are calculated both in Bavaria and Shanghai. We check the supply side as well as the demand side of the reasons why clusters are formulated in the first place, and they both have a positive effect on the network mechanism of the cluster. The network mechanism has a positive effect on innovation performance of the ICT service companies. The reasons are also discussed. Suggestions are provided for policy making about the KIBS cluster forming for both regions and the cooperation in these fields, especially in terms of service outsourcing relationship. Valuable implications for deciding the location for a KIBS company on the firm level are also provided. | Innovation, clusters, knowledge intensive business services | DOI:10.1142/S1363919610002520 |
| Social Innovation | Ahrweiler, P. | Innovation in complex social systems | London: Routledge | 2010 | Innovation is the creation of new, technologically feasible, commercially realisable products and processes and, if things go right, it emerges from the ongoing interaction of innovative organisations such as universities, research institutes, firms, government agencies and venture capitalists. Innovation in Complex Social Systems uses a "hard science" approach to examine innovation in a new way. Its contributors come from a wide variety of backgrounds, including social and natural sciences, computer science, and mathematics. Using cutting-edge methodology, they deal with the complex aspects of socio-economic innovation processes. Its approach opens up a new paradigm for innovation research, making innovation understandable and tractable using tools such as computational network analysis and agent-based simulation. This book of new work combines empirical analysis with a discussion of the tools and methods used to successfully investigate innovation from a range of international experts, and will be of interest to postgraduate students and scholars in economics, social science, innovation research and complexity science. | Innovation, complex, social systems | https://www.routledge.com/Innovation-in-Complex-Social-Systems/Ahrweiler/p/book/9780415632362 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Rangel, T. and J. Galende. | Innovation in public-private partnerships (PPPs): the Spanish case of highway concessions | Public Money and Management (30)1: 49-54 | 2010 | This article identifies the factors that determine innovation in transport PPPs in Spain. Innovation is an important way of achieving efficiency but it is not an intrinsic characteristic of PPP projects. The authors describe the multiple regression model they devised to estimate innovation. The results show that PPP contracts can be designed to maximize innovation in R&D. However, there does not appear to be greater innovation in any other areas. The information provided has important implications for public service organizations considering new contracts with the private sector. | Innovation, public-private partnerships | DOI:10.1080/09540960903492380 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Moore, M, & Hartley, J | Innovations in governance | 2010 | This article explores a special class of innovations - innovations in governance – and develops an analytical schema for characterizing and evaluating them. To date, the innovation literature has focused primarily on the private rather than the public sector, and on innovations which improve organizational performance through product and process innovations rather than public sector innovations which seek to improve social performance through re-organizations of cross-sector decision-making, financing and production systems. On the other hand, the governance literature has focused on social co-ordination but has not drawn on the innovation literature. The article uses four case studies illustratively to argue that innovations in governance deserve greater attention theoretically. Further, it argues that five inter-related characteristics distinguish public sector innovations in governance from private sector product and process innovations. Innovations in governance: go beyond organizational boundaries to create network-based decision-making, financing, decision-making, and production systems; tap new pools of resources; exploit government's capacity to shape private rights and responsibilities; redistribute the right to define and judge value; and should be evaluated in terms of the degree to which they promote justice and the development of a society as well as their efficiency and effectiveness in achieving collectively established goals. | Innovations, governance | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719030701763161 | |
| Digital Transformation | Laar, M. | Interview with Stephen J. Dubner, Freakonomics Radio | Freakonomics Radio podcast, 24 March | 2010 | Interview, Stephen J. Dubner | ||
| Public service value co creation | Osborne, S P | Introduction The (New) Public Governance: a suitable case for treatment? | London: Routledge | 2010 | More than a decade has passed since the publication of Christopher Hood’s influential piece that codified the nature of the New Public Management (NPM) paradigm (Hood 1991). At that time it seemed likely, certainly within the Anglo-American research community, that this paradigm would sweep all before it in its triumphal recasting of the nature of our discipline – in theory and in practice. A hundred-odd years of the hegemony of Public Administration (PA) in the public sphere seemingly counted for nothing in this momentous shift. Since then, though, the debate on the impact of the NPM upon the discipline, and indeed about whether it is a paradigm at all (Gow and Dufour 2000), has become more contested. | Public governance | |
| Social Innovation | Teigen, H., Skjeggedal, T. & Skålholt, A. | Kommunesektorens Innovasjonsarbeid – ein analyse av verkemidlar og verkemiddelaktørar (Innovation in municipalities) | ØF-report 11/2010. Lillehammer: Østlandsforskning | 2010 | This report presents for the first time an extensive analysis of innovation in the municipality sector in Norway. The public sector is comprehensive and the performance of the welfare society is dependent on this sector being innovate. The report is based on two nationwide surveys, and a series of interviews with key informants at county and municipality level in government. Of the two surveys one is conducted by this project and the other by Statistics Norway (SSB). The analysis is also supplied with other relevant information about innovation in the municipality sector. | innovation, local government, Norway, survey | https://www.ostforsk.no/publikasjoner/kommunesektorens-innovasjonsarbeid-ein-analyse-av-verkemiddel-og-verkemiddelaktorar/ |
| Public service value co creation | Bason, C. | Leading public sector innovation : co-creating for a better society | Bristol: Policy Press. | 2010 | In a time of unprecedented turbulence, how can public sector organisations increase their ability to find innovative solutions to society's problems? "Leading public sector innovation" shows how government agencies can use co-creation to overcome barriers and deliver more value, at lower cost, to citizens and business. Through inspiring global case studies and practical examples, the book addresses the key triggers of public sector innovation. It shares new tools for citizen involvement through design thinking and ethnographic research, and pinpoints the leadership roles needed to drive innovation at all levels of government. "Leading public sector innovation" is essential reading for public managers and staff, social innovators, business partners, researchers, consultants and others with a stake in the public sector of tomorrow. "This is an excellent book, setting out a clear framework within which the practical issues involved in public sector innovation are explored, using insights drawn from extensive practical experience of implementing and supporting it. It draws on an impressive range of research and relevant wider experience in both public and private sectors and is written in a clear and persuasive style. The book offers an excellent synthesis of principles, practices and tools to enable real traction on the innovation management problem - and it ought to find a place on any manager's bookshelf." John Bessant, Director of Research and Knowledge Transfer and Professor of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, University of Exeter Business School | public sector, innovation, co-creation, experience, innovation leaders | https://www.amazon.es/Leading-Public-Sector-Innovation-Co-Creating/dp/1847426336 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Bason, C. | Leading Public Sector Innovation: co-creating for a better society | Bristol: The Policy Press | 2010 | In a time of unprecedented turbulence, how can public sector organisations increase their ability to find innovative solutions to society's problems? "Leading public sector innovation" shows how government agencies can use co-creation to overcome barriers and deliver more value, at lower cost, to citizens and business. Through inspiring global case studies and practical examples, the book addresses the key triggers of public sector innovation. It shares new tools for citizen involvement through design thinking and ethnographic research, and pinpoints the leadership roles needed to drive innovation at all levels of government. "Leading public sector innovation" is essential reading for public managers and staff, social innovators, business partners, researchers, consultants and others with a stake in the public sector of tomorrow. "This is an excellent book, setting out a clear framework within which the practical issues involved in public sector innovation are explored, using insights drawn from extensive practical experience of implementing and supporting it. It draws on an impressive range of research and relevant wider experience in both public and private sectors and is written in a clear and persuasive style. The book offers an excellent synthesis of principles, practices and tools to enable real traction on the innovation management problem - and it ought to find a place on any manager's bookshelf." John Bessant, Director of Research and Knowledge Transfer and Professor of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, University of Exeter Business School | co-creation, design thinking, leadership, innovation | https://www.amazon.es/Leading-Public-Sector-Innovation-Co-Creating/dp/1847426336 |
| Public service value co creation | Fox, L., & Martha | Letter to Francis Maude: DirectGov 2010 and beyond | Revolution not evolution | 2010 | Francis Maude, DirectGov | https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Bryson J.R., Daniels P.W. | Manuservice economy | Maglio P.P., Kieliszewski C.A. and Spohrer J.C. (eds.), Handbook of Service Science, Springer, New York, pp. 79-104 | 2010 | This paper investigates the impact of the increase in service output on the demand for different categories of service occupations in the EU manufacturing sector. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of the global sourcing of producer services on the demand for different service occupations. Using fixed-effects models based on the manufacturing sector for 18 EU countries for the period 1995-2008, we find that the employment share of service occupations is significantly and positively related to the output share of producer services in manufacturing. In particular, the increase in the output share of services accounts for an average of 13 percent of the increase in the share of service occupations. When service occupations are disaggregated by different categories, we find that the output share of services is significantly and positively related to the share of managers, professionals, and technicians. In contrast, service occupations involving clerks, administrative support, and other office-related personnel do not benefit from increasing service revenues. Finally, professionals and technicians are complementary to intermediate producer services (either from domestic or foreign suppliers), while clerks do not benefit from the rise in intermediate service inputs in manufacturing. | Manuservice economy | https://portal.research.lu.se/ws/files/6043069/4317414.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Peters, G. | Meta-governance and public management | In 'The New Public Governance?', Routledge: Oxon. | 2010 | The reforms that have been implemented in the public sector over the past several decades have had a very wide range of motivations, and have had an equally wide range of consequences for the public sector for the citizens of the countries in which they are being implemented. In almost any country one can identify, the public sector is now significantly different from that which was to be found several decades ago, and indeed in some cases the public bureaucracy would be hardly recognizable to civil servants who had previously worked in government. The idea of many political leaders has been that the bureaucracy was the problem, not the solution, and that fundamental changes were required. | public sector, reform, transformation, public servants | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780203861684/chapters/10.4324/9780203861684-10 |
| Social Innovation | Van Tatenhove, J., Edelenbos, J. and Klok, P.J. | Power and interactive policymaking: a comparative study of power and influence in eight interactive projects in the Netherlands | Public Administration | 2010 | A number of countries use forms of interactive policy-making to increase the influence of citizens on decision making. Since there has also been an increase in citizen participation in The Netherlands over the last decade, in this paper, we provide a comparative analysis of 8 interactive projects initiated by the Dutch central government. The central aim of the paper is to understand processes of power in interactive policy-making. We do so by raising two central questions: (1) how do power processes influence the setting-up of a project, the negotiations within a project and the translation of the results of interactive projects into formal decision making circuits?; (2) to what extent and under what conditions do citizens and other stakeholders obtain influence in interactive projects, especially in defining problems, selecting solutions/instruments and realizing outcomes? Our findings show there is relatively little translation of the outcomes of the projects in regular decision making. | interactive policy-making, citizen participation, Dutch government | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263195049_Power_and_interactive_policy-making_A_comparative_study_of_power_and_influence_in_8_interactive_projects_in_the_Netherlands |
| Social Innovation | Hurmelinna-Laukkanen, P. and P. Ritala. . | Protection for profiting from collaborative service innovation | Journal of Service Management 21(1): 6-24 | 2010 | Purpose – Profiting from service innovations can be challenging. It is not only a question of pricing and marketing the services appropriately, but also of keeping competitors from imitating them. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how service innovation differs from technology/product innovation in terms of protection, and how this shows in collaborative innovation activities. Design/methodology/approach – The paper offers a literature review combining discussion related to service research and strategic management. Empirical evidence is provided in the form of a multifaceted case study illustrating some of the aspects of collaborative service innovation. Findings – The results indicate that characteristics separating service innovations from product or process innovations influence the efficacy of protection. This, in turn, may make or break the subsequent value appropriation. Furthermore, as service innovation typically includes collaborative activities, there is another twist to protection: companies must protect knowledge that brings them competitive advantage, but on the other hand they need to foster knowledge sharing, which may be in conflict with protective measures. As a result, service innovators cannot rely solely on intellectual property right strategies, as their counterparts working with products might do, but the service element requires taking a wider look around, and utilizing means such as human resource management, lead time, and contracting. Originality/value – The novelty of this paper lies in its analysis of two very recent trends: collaboration (and coopetition) in innovation, and the tendency to introduce business models that bring service innovations to the core of the offering. Augmenting prior knowledge, the paper brings forth issues that need to be acknowledged when service innovations are created, protected, and appropriated. | Protection, collaborative service innovation | https://doi.org/10.1108/09564231011025092 |
| Public service value co creation | Pestoff, V, & Brandsen, T | Public sector governance and the third sector: opportunities for co-production and innovation? | London: Routledge | 2010 | We will explore what role the third sector can play in the public services. None of these roles are exclusive to the third sector and there are good grounds to challenge whether it has a specific contribution to make –indeed, whether the third sector concept is truly useful. This chapter will argue that, if we are to judge the distinct contribution of the third sector to service delivery, an analysis should take account of the institutional framework within which it operates. Blanket statements on the specific nature of the third sector tend to be simplistic and this is why further comparative work is needed. In the current chapter, we will lay out some basic concepts along which a comparative analysis could be organised. | Public sector governance, opportunities, co-production, innovation | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/PUBLIC-GOVERNANCE-AND-THE-THIRD-SECTOR%3A-FOR-AND-Pestoff-Brandsen/ee25b527b0d2143881dc311300d736b4f34a9562#paper-header |
| Service Design | Pestoff, V. and Brandsen, T. | Public sector governance and the third sector: opportunities for co-production and innovation? | In 'The New Public Governance?', Routledge: Oxon. | 2010 | We will explore what role the third sector can play in the public services. None of these roles are exclusive to the third sector and there are good grounds to challenge whether it has a specific contribution to make –indeed, whether the third sector concept is truly useful. This chapter will argue that, if we are to judge the distinct contribution of the third sector to service delivery, an analysis should take account of the institutional framework within which it operates. Blanket statements on the specific nature of the third sector tend to be simplistic and this is why further comparative work is needed. In the current chapter, we will lay out some basic concepts along which a comparative analysis could be organised. | third sector, public services, co-production, innovation | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/PUBLIC-GOVERNANCE-AND-THE-THIRD-SECTOR%3A-FOR-AND-Pestoff-Brandsen/ee25b527b0d2143881dc311300d736b4f34a9562#paper-header |
| Public Sector Innovation | Potts J., Kastelle T. | Public sector innovation research: what’s next? | Innovation: Management, Policy and Practice, 12, p. 122-137 | 2010 | This paper introduces the analytic context of public sector innovation studies along with an overview of the nine papers in this volume. But it also seeks to advance a new research agenda in public sector innovation studies from the economic perspective of the incentives to innovation in the public sector. This argues for a practical model of public sector innovation that is less about imitation of the market sector or other public sector best practice and more cognizant of the scientific method of randomised controlled experiments. | innovation, public sector, market sector, research agenda, scientific method, randomised control experiments | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.5172/impp.12.2.122 |
| Digital Transformation | Perry, J. L., Hondeghem, A., & Wise, L. R. | Revisiting the motivational bases of pub- lic service: Twenty years of research and an agenda for the future | Public Administration Review, 70, 681-690 | 2010 | How has research regarding public service motivation evolved since James L. Perry and Lois Recascino Wise published their essay “The Motivational Bases of Public Service” 20 years ago? The authors assess subsequent studies in public administration and in social and behavioral sciences as well as evolving definitions of public service motivation. What have we learned about public service motivation during the last two decades? What gaps in our understanding and knowledge have appeared with respect to the three propositions offered by Perry and Wise? This essay charts new directions for public service motivation scholarship to help clarify current research questions, advance comparative research, and enhance our overall understanding of individuals’ public service motives. | Motivational bases, public service | DOI:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02196.x |
| Digital Transformation | Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. | Self-determination | Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley | 2010 | Early psychological scientists interested in the regulation of behavior focused primarily on reinforcements such as tangible rewards that were said to strengthen the associative bonds that regulated people's behavior (Hull, 1943; Skinner, 1953). An associative bond is a hypothetical construct represented as a mechanistic link between some type of stimulus and a particular response, which then prompts the response when that stimulus is present. With reinforcements and associative bonds as the determiners of behavior, people's thoughts were said to be irrelevant to the causes of behavior. | Self-determination | https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0834 |
| Service Design | Blomkvist, J., Holmlid, S., & Segelström, F. | Service design research: yesterday, today and tomorrow | J. Schneider, M. Stickdorn, F. Bisset, K. Andrews, & A. Lawrence (Eds.), This is Service Design thinking Amsterdam: BIS Publishers | 2010 | How to design and market services to create outstanding customer experiences. Service design thinking is the designing and marketing of services that improve the customer experience, and the interactions between the service providers and the customers. If you have two coffee shops right next to each other, and each sell the exact same coffee at the exact same price, service design is what makes you walk into one and not the other. Maybe one plays music and the other doesn't. Maybe one takes credit cards and the other is cash only. Maybe you like the layout of one over the other, or one has more comfortable seating. Maybe the staff at one is friendlier, or draws fun shapes on the top of their lattes. All of these nuances relate to service design. "This Is Service Design Thinking" combines the knowledge of twenty-three international authors and even more online contributors from the global service design community and is divided into three sections: Basics: outlines service design thinking along five basic principlesTools: describing a variety of tools and methods used in Service Design ThinkingCases: vivid examples for the introduced fundamentals with real-life case studies from 5 companies that did inspiring projects within the field of Service Design. At the end, a one-page "Customer Journey Canvas" is included, which can be used to quickly sketch any service on a single sheet of paper--capturing different stakeholder concerns: e.g. customers, front-line staff and management. | design thinking, customer experience, fundamentals, tools | http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A549518&dswid=https://images-eu.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/01LAv8I1AxL._RC|01MPykUsrCL.css,01LKsGfpclL.css,01PTkp9JOCL.css,01cdXa5nSoL.css_.css?AUIClients/DesktopMedleyFilteringMetaAsset |
| Social Innovation | Bryson J. R. | Service innovation and manufacturing innovation: bundling and blending services and products in hybrid production systems to produce hybrid products | Gallouj F. and F. Djellal eds. The Handbook of Innovation and Services. A Multi-Disciplinary Approach,679-721. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar | 2010 | This Handbook brings together 49 international specialists to address an issue of increasing importance for the world’s post-industrial economies; innovation as it relates to services. | Service innovation, manufacturing innovation, services, products, hybrid production systems | https://econpapers.repec.org/bookchap/elgeechap/12872_5f28.htm |
| Public Sector Innovation | Gallouj F. | Services innovation: assimilation, differentiation, inversion and integration | chapter 75, in Bidgoli H. (ed), The Handbook of Technology Management, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, p. 989-1000 | 2010 | This chapter aims to provide a review of the literature on innovation in services and to focus on the analytical strategies carried out in order to fill in the innovation gap in the service economy (i.e. the difference between what the traditional innovation indicators are capable of capturing, and the reality of innovation activities undertaken in a given economy). Four analytical perspectives are distinguished in this chapter, which are labeled: assimilation, differentiation, inversion and integration. The assimilation perspective analyses innovation in services just as innovation in manufacturing, focusing on their relationships with technological systems. The differentiation (or demarcation) perspective focuses on services specificities and aims to capture innovation activity where the traditional (technologist or assimilation) gaze perceives nothing. The inversion perspective reflects the “revenge” of the service sector : it emphasizes the active role of KIBS in other sectors innovations. The integrative or synthetic perspective provides more a balanced view of innovation in services. It seeks to provide the same analytical frameworks for both goods and services, and for both technological and non-technological forms of innovation. | innovation, research and development, information and communication technologies, services, Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS), servitization | https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/62174/ |
| Service Design | Menschner, P., & Leimeister, J. M. | Systematische Entwicklung mobiler und IT-gestützter Dienstleistungen für die Generation 50+. | Mit Dienstleistungen die Zukunft gestalten - Impulse aus Forschung und Praxis | 2010 | Demographic change is opening up ways to develop new markets for tailored services for the target group (s) 50+. The use of new technologies in the field of mobile communications, such as Near Field Communication (NFC), allows the IT support of innovative service concepts that are tailored to the needs of an older target group. A multi level, holistic approach to the structured and systematic development of services will be presented, with which new ways of IT-based support of services in the segment 50+ can be found and developed. This includes, on the one hand, the early involvement of users and, on the other hand, a focus on the needs and demands of service providers. The first stages of this approach have already been carried out for the generation of promising applications and explained using the example of nutrition management. In addition, the concept of the "neighborhood solution" - a web platform for the local communication of commercial and voluntary services - will be presented. | services, mobile communications, users, target, demographic change | http://pubs.wi-kassel.de/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/JML_202.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Leighninger, M. | Teaching democracy in Public Administration: trends and future prospects | In 'The Future of Public Administration Around the World', Georgetown University Press: Washington | 2010 | Over the last century, the skills, ideas, and values upheld within the field of public administration (PA) have undergone several major shifts. We seem to be in the midst of another such transition, as PA schools react to new perspectives about the state of democracy and citizenship. Most of these arguments focus on the more participatory aspects of democracy, and emphasize the need for governments to work more directly and interactively with citizens. “Democratic governance” is one term used to describe this set of ideas. This article explores the relationship between PA and democratic governance through interviews with professors and other observers of the discipline. The picture that emerges is that of a field in flux, spurred both by theoretical claims and by the practical needs of administrators, being pushed from a narrow focus on management to a broader conception of governing. | public administration, democratic governance, collaborative governance, democracy, citizenship, public engagement, citizen involvement, participation | https://www.publicdeliberation.net/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1149&context=jpd |
| Living Labs | Perez C. | Technological revolutions and techno-economic paradigms. | Cambridge Journal of Economics | 2010 | This paper locates the notion of technological revolutions in the neo-Schumpeterian effort to understand innovation and to identify the regularities, continuities and discontinuities in the process of innovation. It looks at the micro- and meso-foundations of the patterns observed in the evolution of technical change and at the interrelations with the context that shape the rhythm and direction of innovation. On this basis it defines technological revolutions, examines their structure and the role that they play in rejuvenating the whole economy through the application of the accompanying techno-economic paradigm. This over-arching meta-paradigm or shared best practice ‘common sense’ is in turn defined and analysed in its components and its impact, including its influence on institutional and social change. | innovation, research and development, technological change, intellectual property rights | https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bep051 |
| Public service value co creation | Osborne, S.P. | The (New) Public Governance: a suitable case for treatment? | In 'The New Public Governance?', Routledge: Oxon | 2010 | More than a decade has passed since the publication of Christopher Hood’s influential piece that codified the nature of the New Public Management (NPM) paradigm (Hood 1991). At that time it seemed likely, certainly within the Anglo-American research community, that this paradigm would sweep all before it in its triumphal recasting of the nature of our discipline – in theory and in practice. A hundred-odd years of the hegemony of Public Administration (PA) in the public sphere seemingly counted for nothing in this momentous shift. Since then, though, the debate on the impact of the NPM upon the discipline, and indeed about whether it is a paradigm at all (Gow and Dufour 2000), has become more contested. | Public administration, New Public Management, New Public Governance, | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780203861684/chapters/10.4324/9780203861684-7 |
| Digital Transformation | Dewan, T., & Myatt, D. P. | The declining talent pool of government | American Journal of Political Science, 54, 267-286 | 2010 | We consider a government for which success requires high performance by talented ministers. A leader provides incentives to her ministers by firing those who fail. However, the consequent turnover drains a finite talent pool of potential appointees. The severity of the optimal firing rule and ministerial performances decline over time: the lifetime of an effective government is limited. We relate this lifetime to various factors, including external shocks, the replenishment of the talent pool, and the leader's reputation. Some results are surprising: an increase in the stability of government and the exogenous imposition of stricter performance standards can both shorten the era of effective government, and an increase in the replenishment of the talent pool can reduce incumbent ministers' performance. | Talent pool, government | DOI:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00430.x |
| Service Design | Gallouj F. and Djellal F. (eds) | The Handbook of Innovation and Services: a multidisciplinary perspective | Edward Elgar Publishers. | 2010 | This Handbook brings together 49 international specialists to address an issue of increasing importance for the world’s post-industrial economies; innovation as it relates to services. | services, innovation | https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/the-handbook-of-innovation-and-services?___website=uk_warehouse |
| Social Innovation | Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., | The PRISMA Group Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement | International Journal of Surgery | 2010 | David Moher and colleagues introduce PRISMA, an update of the QUOROM guidelines for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses | healthcare, evaluation, systematic review | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41508088_Altman_DG_PRISMA_Group_Preferred_reporting_items_for_systematic_reviews_and_meta-analyses_the_PRISMA_statement |
| Service Design | Bryson, J. M., Berry, F. S., & Kaifeng, Y. | The State of Public Strategic Management Research: A Selective Literature Review and Set of Future Directions. | The American Review of Public Administration, 40(5) | 2010 | Strategic planning and related strategic management elements have become ubiquitous practices at all levels of U.S. government and many nonprofit organizations over the past 25 years. The authors review strategic planning and management research over that time period using the premises of practice theory to guide the discussion. The review is organized according to 10 research directions proposed by Bryson, Freeman, and Roering (1986). Important gains have been made in a number of areas, but much more remains to be done. The authors also propose four new research directions, including the need to (1) attend more fully to the nature of strategic management practice, (2) focus on learning and knowledge management generally as part of strategic management, (3) focus specifically on how strategy knowledge develops and is used, and (4) understand how information and communication technologies can be best integrated into strategic management. The fruits of further concentrated research can be improved public strategic management practice, including enhanced organizational capacity for addressing current and future challenges and improvements in long-term performance. | Strategic planning, strategic management, strategy, budgeting, performance, practice theory, learning, information and communication technology (ICT), case study methodology. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0275074010370361 |
| Service Design | Schneider, J., Stickdorn, M., Bisset, F., Andrews, K., & Lawrence, A. | This is service design thinking : basics, tools, cases | Amsterdam: BIS Publishers | 2010 | This book outlines a contemporary approach for service innovation. »This is Service Design Thinking.« introduces a new way of thinking to beginners but also serves as a reference for professionals. It explains the approach, its background, process, methods and tools — and connects theory to contemporary case studies. A set of 23 international authors created this interdisciplinary textbook applying exactly the same user-centered and co-creative approach it preaches. | service design, service innovation, theory, case studies, user centered, co-creation | http://thisisservicedesignthinking.com/ |
| Public Sector Innovation | Spohrer J.C., Maglio P.P. | Toward a science of service systems: value and symbols | Maglio P.P., Kieliszewski C.A. and Spohrer J.C. (eds.), Handbook of Service Science, Springer, New York, pp. 157-194 | 2010 | Economics has accumulated a great body of knowledge about value. Building on economics and other disciplines, service science is an emerging transdiscipline. It is the study of value-cocreation phenomena (Spohrer & Maglio , 2010). Value cocreation occurs in the real-world ecology of diverse types of service system entities (e.g., people, families, universities, businesses, and nations). These entities use symbols to reason about the value of knowledge. Like mathematics (quantity relationship proofs) and computer science (efficient representations and algorithms), service science must ultimately embody a set of proven techniques for processing symbols, allowing us to model the world better and to take better actions. In addition, the emergence of service science promises to accelerate the creation of T-shaped Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) professionals who are highly adaptive innovators that combine deep problem solving skills in one area with broad communication skills across many areas. This paper casts service science as a transdiscipline based on symbolic processes that adaptively compute the value of interactions among systems. | Science of service systems, value, symbols | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1628-0_9 |
| Social Innovation | Billis D. | Towards a theory of hybrid organizations | In 'Hybrid Organizations and the Third Sector. Challenges for Practice, Theory and Practice'; Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke | 2010 | Hybrid organizations are ubiquitous. They are international, multi-sector phenomena and their unclear sector accountability often engenders unease and distrust. And in our area of concern we appear to have stumbled into a period of intense organizational hybridity in which we appear to be drifting up the (welfare hybrid) creek not only without a paddle, but also without a reliable map. Expressed in a somewhat more scholarly fashion the first priority in the preliminary agenda of issues laid out in Chapter 1 is the need to develop ‘tentative theories’ (Popper, 1972) of hybrid organizations. The objective of this chapter is therefore to begin to get to grips with the agenda of questions. It is laid out as a ‘building blocks’ exercise and contains five parts. | hybrid organizations, theory, research agenda | http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/55260/1/Billis_Towards_a_theory_of_hybrid_organizations_Ch3_HybridOrganizations_2010.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Rouse W.B., Basole R.C. | Understanding complex product and service delivery systems | Maglio P.P., Kieliszewski C.A. and Spohrer J.C. (eds.), Handbook of Service Science, Springer, New York, pp. 461-480 | 2010 | This chapter considers alternative views of complex systems that deliver products and services to consumers and other constituencies. Holistic views of complex systems are discussed in the context of several public-private systems and a notional model is introduced that relates complexity to the number of enterprises in a domain and the levels of integration required for these enterprises to function successfully. | Product, service delivery systems | http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.522.1229&rep=rep1&type=pdf |
| Living Labs | Dutilleul, B., Birrer, F.A.J. & Mensink, W. | Unpacking European Living Labs: Analysing Innovation’s Social Dimensions. | Central European Journal of Public Policy, 4 (1), 60–85 | 2010 | Since their official launch in 2006, over one hundred Living Labs have been established and networked to tackle Europe’s declining economic competitiveness and societal challenges. The innovative potential of Living Labs is based on new social configurations for organising innovation. Applying a framework that focuses on barriers presented by such social configurations, by motivational factors and by cognitive/background asymmetries, our paper analyses the contributions and impediments to innovation, and the dilemmas that may arise when innovating in Living Labs. The first contribution of the paper is to demonstrate the framework’s analytical power to uncover and articulate contributions and challenges inherent to the social dimension of innovation. The second contribution of this explorative study is to pinpoint and examine a number of contributions of and challenges for Living Labs. On the basis of a literature re- view, we untangle and describe the three main facets of the concept: in vivo experimentation on social systems, innovation and product development approaches involving users, or innovation systems. We conclude by gathering crucial questions facing contemporary Living Labs. | Living Labs; innovation; collaboration and communication barriers | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2533251 |
| Public service value co creation | Gebauer H, Johnson M, Enquist B. | Value co-creation as a determinant of success in public transport services: A study of the Swiss Federal Railway operator SBB. | Managing Service Quality. Vol. 20 No. 6, 2010. Emerald Group Publishing Limited | 2010 | Purpose: This paper seeks to utilise Prahalad’s five activities of co-creation (customer engagement,self-service, customer involvement, problem-solving, and co-design) to explore how value co-creation occurs in the context of a public-transport service provider. | Rail transport, Switzerland, Value chain, Customer orientation, Critical success factors, Service delivery | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235271892_Value_co-creation_as_a_determinant_of_success_in_public_transport_services_A_study_of_the_Swiss_Federal_Railway_operator_SBB |
| Digital Transformation | Brainard, L A, & McNutt, J | Virtual government–citizen relations: Informational, transactional, or collaborative? | Administration & society | 2010 | Public administration theory and practice suggest that e-government, citizen participation, and government–citizen collaboration are contributing to a movement toward New Public Service—as opposed to Old Public Administration and New Public Management. We explore this by focusing on the relationship between the Washington, D.C., police and local residents via online discussion groups. We ask, How do police interact with citizens virtually? How are these interactions structured? and Are they informational, transactional, or collaborative? Using descriptive data and thread analysis, and drawing distinctions between districts, we conclude that the bulk of activity is informational, a fair amount of activity is transactional, and less activity is collaborative. Thus, the relationship most closely approximates Old Public Administration, rather than New Public Management or New Public Service. The evidence offers some cause for hope for the future of police–community relations in virtual space and ideas for future research. | citizen engagement, social media, police, New Public Service, New Public Management | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0095399710386308 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Nabatchi, T. | Why public administration should take deliberative democracy seriously | In 'The Future of Public Administration Around the World', Georgetown University Press: Washington | 2010 | A once-in-a-generation event held every twenty years, the Minnowbrook conference brings together the top scholars in public administration and public management to reflect on the state of the field and its future. This unique volume brings together a group of distinguished authors—both seasoned and new—for a rare critical examination of the field of public administration yesterday, today, and tomorrow. The book begins by examining the ideas of previous Minnowbrook conferences, such as relevance and change, which are reflective of the 1960s and 1980s. It then moves beyond old Minnowbrook concepts to focus on public administration challenges of the future: globalism, twenty-first century collaborative governance, the role of information technology in governance, deliberative democracy and public participation, the organization of the future, and teaching the next generation of leaders. The book ends by coming full circle to examine the current challenge of remaining relevant. There is no other book like this—nor is there ever likely to be another—in print. Simply put, the ideas, concepts, and spirit of Minnowbrook are one-of-a-kind. This book captures the soul of public administration past, present, and future, and is a must-read for anyone serious about the theory and practice of public administration. | public administration, public management, Minnowbrook, governance, future challenges | https://books.google.com.mx/books?hl=es&lr=&id=kTdK6SUAd8QC&oi=fnd&pg=PA21&dq=%E2%80%98From+performance+management+to+democratic+performance+governance%E2%80%99&ots=vvzsmh11vg&sig=IXgpDYMOWxMGRs8HJwH6bQIKkD8#v=onepage&q=%E2%80%98From%20performance%20management%20to%20democratic%20performance%20governance%E2%80%99&f=false |
| Service Design | Junginger, & Sangiorgi. | Public Policy and Public Management: Contextualizing Service Design in the Public Sector | In R. Cooper, T. Lockwood, & J. S. (Eds.), The Handbook of Design Management. Berg: Oxford | 2011 | Influences That Led To The Emergence Of Service Design. Service Design As A Second-, Third- And Fourth-Order Design Activity. Three Examples. Third- And Fourth-Order Issues Involve Participation, Facilitation, Visualization. (Public) Design Management, Service Design And Organizational Change. | service design, public sector, participation, management | https://www.bloomsburydesignlibrary.com/encyclopedia-chapter?docid=b-9781474294126&tocid=b-9781474294126-chapter29&st= |
| Public service value co creation | Randma, T. | A small civil service in transition: The case of Estonia. | Public Administration and Development, 21(1), 41–51 | 2011 | Although scholars have shown consistent interest in small states in past decades, the Republic of Estonia has not been included in any study of small states owing to its brief history of independent statehood. This article provides an overview of the development of the Estonian civil service, to enable readers to understand the background and scope of reforms in the 1990s. The objective of the study is to test previous findings on small states using empirical research into the Estonian civil service. Interviews with civil servants reveal a few new characteristics attributable to the size of a state such as personalization of units and organizational objectives, and additional sources of organizational instability. However, it is argued that several problems of public administration in developing countries and small states overlap, which creates difficulties in distinguishing between developmental factors and the size of the state as determinants. | Estonian civil service, reform, small states, empirical research | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pad.153 |
| Social Innovation | D'agostino M. J., Schwester R., Carrizales T. and Melitski J. | A study of e-government and e-governance: An empirical examination of municipal websites. | Public Administration Quarterly | 2011 | Website progression has been rapid in the public sector, especially in terms of functionality and performance. Public sector websites have sought to go beyond the static dissemination of contact information. The following study highlights two constructs of information technology and the public sector: e-government and e-governance. An examination of websites for the 20 largest cities in the U.S. reveals that e-government is prominently practiced. However, e-governance applications are only marginally practiced via the Internet. The research further highlights the most popular website functions offered by municipalities. | e-government/e-governance, local government, website functionality | https://www.jstor.org/stable/41804540?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |
| Social Innovation | Agarwal, R. Selen, W., Demirkan, H., Spohrer, JC., Krishna, V. | An Integrated View of Service Innovation in Service Networks? | In Demirkan, H?, Spohrer J.C. and V. Krishna eds. Service Systems Implementation, 253-273. London, New York: Springer | 2011 | This chapter provides an insight into how service innovation may be enabled in service systems. In particular, we look at the ability of the organizational networks to collaboratively generate the capacity to adapt to changing circumstances rather than as individual firms on their own, using the RARE (Resources, Activities and Routines configured and reconfigured through Entrepreneurial actions) strategic framework. This leads into unraveling the complexity of strategic decision making in service networks through co-evolutionary adaptation, or the learning of organizations over time and the resulting virtuous process of experience, learning, and dynamic capabilities enabling them to respond to and launch a variety of competitive actions. Finally, we report on how service networks can address the duality of dynamic control capacity and responsiveness, known as the Paradox of Flexibility, through linking strategic and operational capabilities, as well as customer-supplier duality capabilities, in real time. This in the end results in innovation in services or our notion of “elevated” service offerings. | Service innovation, service networks | DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-7904-9_16 |
| Public Sector Innovation | EC (European Commission) | Analytical Report Innovation in Public Administration | DG Enterprise, Brussels | 2011 | Innovation, public administration | ||
| Public service value co creation | Dougherty, G.W. and Easton, J. | Appointed public volunteer boards: exploring the basics of citizen participation through boards and commissions | American Review of Public Administration | 2011 | Public participation is essential to a functioning democracy, as rule by the people presumes that citizens will take some responsibility for a properly functioning society. This article reports on a 2006 survey of citizen participation in appointed public volunteer boards, a widely used but rarely studied mechanism for citizen involvement in local government administration. The survey, which covered a 10-county area surrounding Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, revealed that 75% of municipalities use appointed volunteer boards as part of their governance structure. Our findings that management capacity affects board use, that empty seats often go unfilled, that board members usually get no training or orientation, and that few boards reflect the diversity of local communities suggest that this mechanism for citizen involvement must be improved and better understood to benefit local leaders and their communities. | citizen participation, public boards, public commissions | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0275074010385838 |
| Public service value co creation | Williams, I. and Shearer, H. | Appraising Public Value: past, present and futures | Public Administration | 2011 | Despite the increasing popularity of the concept of ‘public value’ within both academic and practice settings, there has to date been no formal review of the literature on its provenance, empirical basis, and application. This paper seeks to fill this gap. It provides a critical introduction to public value and its conceptual development before presenting the main elements of the published literature. Following this, a series of key areas of disagreement are discussed and implications for future research and practice put forward. The authors argue that if the espoused aspirations for the public value framework are to be realized, a concerted process of research, debate and application is required. Although some criticisms of public value are argued to be unwarranted, the authors acknowledge ongoing concerns over the apparent silence of public value on questions of power and heterogeneity, and the difficulties in empirically testing the framework's propositions. | public value | https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-social-sciences/social-policy/HSMC/publications/2011/appraising-public-value.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Steen, M., Manschot, M., & Koning, N. D. | Benefits of co-design in service design projects | International Journal of Design, 5(2) | 2011 | In many service design projects, co-design is seen as critical to success and a range of benefits are attributed to co-design. In this paper, we present an overview of benefits of co-design in service design projects, in order to help the people involved to articulate more precisely and realistically which benefits to aim for. Based on a literature review and a discussion of three service design projects, we identified three types of benefits: for the service design project; for the service’s customers or users; and for the organization(s) involved. These benefits are related to improving the creative process, the service, project management, or longer-term effects. We propose that the people involved in co-design first identify the goals of the service design project and then align their co-design activities, and the associated benefits, to these goals. The paper closes with a brief discussion on the need for developing ways to monitor and evaluate whether the intended benefits are indeed realized, and the need to assess and take into account the costs and risks of co-design. | Benefits, Co-Design, Service Design, Cases | http://www.ijdesign.org/index.php/IJDesign/article/view/890/346 |
| Digital Transformation | Reddick C.G | Citizen interaction and e-government: Evidence for the managerial, consultative, and participatory models. | Transforming Government: People, Process, and Policy | 2011 | This paper aims to examine citizen interaction with e‐government using three e‐participation models. The two major research questions of this paper are: what is the current level of e‐participation in the USA?; and what factors explain why citizens participate in online government? Survey evidence of citizens in the USA and their use of e‐participation is examined using quantitative methods. Citizens were most likely to use e‐participation for management activities. Citizens were much less likely to use the internet for more advanced consultative and participatory activities. Using regression analysis, factors such as demand by citizens for e‐government, the digital divide, and political factors influenced the level of e‐participation. The results of this study imply that governments should do more to stimulate demand for e‐government, address issues of the digital divide, and provide for more open and transparent government. A limitation of this study is its focus on e‐participation through a survey instrument, which does not consider all possible forms of e‐participation. For e‐participation to blossom, governments should do more to promote citizens' demand for e‐government, bridge the digital divide, and promote more open and transparent government. Existing research on e‐participation has focused on theory building and case studies; this paper provides empirical evidence, through a survey, of the level of e‐participation and factors that promote e‐participation. | citizens, government, communication technologies, open systems, surveys, internet | https://doi.org/10.1108/17506161111131195 |
| Public service value co creation | Echeverri, P, & Skalen, P | Co-creation and co-destruction: A practice-theory based study of interactive value formation | Marketing Theory, 11(3), 351-373 | 2011 | Drawing on an empirical study of public transport, this paper studies interactive value formation at the provider—customer interface, from a practice—theory perspective. In contrast to the bulk of previous research, it argues that interactive value formation is not only associated with value co-creation but also with value co-destruction. In addition, the paper also identifies five interaction value practices — informing, greeting, delivering, charging, and helping — and theorizes how interactive value formation takes place as well as how value is intersubjectively assessed by actors at the provider—customer interface. Furthermore, the paper also distinguishes between four types of interactive value formation praxis corresponding with four subject positions which practitioners step into when engaging in interactive value formation. | co-creation, co-destruction, interactive value formation, marketing, practice theory, praxis, subject positions, value | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1470593111408181 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Moore, M. and Benington, J. | Conclusions: looking ahead | In 'Public Value: Theory and Practice', Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan | 2011 | This text provides a concise and internationalized restatement of the public value approach, an assessment of its impact to date - in theory and practice - and of its particular relevance to the challenges of public management in a time of crisis and austerity. | public value, theory, practice | https://www.macmillanexplorers.com/conclusions-looking-ahead/14242334?searchResult=1.conclusions%20looking%20ahead&searchBackButton=true |
| Public service value co creation | Chandler, JD, & Vargo, SL | Contextualization and value-in-context: How context frames exchange | Marketing Theory | 2011 | The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of context in service provision and, more broadly, in market co-creation. We oscillate foci from an individual actor at the micro level to a market at the macro level to make the scaleable influence of context more salient. This reveals the meso level, which is nestled between the micro and macro levels. We discuss how these market levels influence one another. We conceptualize markets as simultaneous, continuous exchanges that are bounded by each of these levels of context | Value, frames | https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1470593110393713 |
| Public service value co creation | Mention, A.-L. | Co-operation and co-opetition as open innovation practices in the service sector: which influence on innovation novelty? | Technovation 31(1): 55-62 | 2011 | This study aims to identify the influence of co-operation practices and the use of internal and external information sources on the propensity of firms to introduce new to the market innovations in the service sector. Data come from the 4th Community Innovation Survey, which covers the years 2002–2004. A logistic regression model is applied with the degree of novelty of good/service innovation as dependent variable. The analysis of the parameter estimates shows that firms provided with information from market sources and from internal sources as well as firms involved in science-based collaboration for their product innovations are more likely to introduce new to the market innovations, whereas information coming from competitors seems to have a negative influence on the degree of novelty of innovation | Co-operation, co-opetition, open innovation, service sector | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2010.08.002 |
| Public service value co creation | Lövbrand, E | Co-producing European climate science and policy: a cautionary note on the making of useful knowledge | Science and Public Policy | 2011 | This paper examines the tight coupling between European climate science and policy. Drawing upon the analytical idiom of co-production it examines how knowledge-making practices are incorporated into European climate policy-making, and more importantly, how EU climate policy has influenced the funding, making and interpretation of useful European climate policy research. The paper identifies a tension between the critical/reflexive ambition built into the co-production idiom, and the more utilitarian interpretation of the term. Whereas the former sets out to expose and interrogate the ontological assumptions underpinning public policy, the latter seeks to be useful by responding to the knowledge needs of societal decision-makers. This tension is analysed through a case study of the integrated research project ADAM (Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies: Supporting European Climate Policy) funded under the 6th Framework Programme of the EU. | Climate, science, policy, knowledge | https://doi.org/10.3152/030234211X12924093660516 |
| Public service value co creation | Faguet, J.P. | Decentralization and governance. | Working paper | 2011 | The most important theoretical argument concerning decentralization is that it can improve governance by making government more accountable and responsive to the governed. Improving governance is also central to the motivations of real-world reformers, who bear risks and costs in the interest of devolution. But the literature has mostly focused instead on policy-relevant outcomes, such as education and health services, public investment, and fiscal deficits. This paper examines how decentralization affects governance, in particular how it might increase political competition, improve public accountability, reduce political instability, and impose incentive-compatible limits on government power, but also threaten fiscal sustainability. | decentralization, governance, local government, political competition, accountability, instability | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1892149 |
| Public service value co creation | Christensen, T. and Laegreid, P. | Democracy and administrative policy: contrasting elements of New Public Management (NPM) and post- NPM | European Policy Science Review | 2011 | This article presents an analytical platform for discussing and analyzing administrative reforms in terms of democracy. First, we present the democratic theory positions represented by output democracy and input democracy. These two positions are used to classify different types of reform. The second explanatory approach on democracy and reforms is transformative, and it applies a mixture of external features, domestic administrative culture, and polity features to understand variations in the democratic aspects of public sector reforms. Central issues are whether these reforms can be seen as alternatives or whether they complement each other in terms of layering processes. Third, we take a broad overview of New Public Management (NPM) and post-NPM reforms and carry out an in-depth analysis of a new administrative policy report by the Norwegian centre-left government. Finally, we discuss briefly the broader comparative implications of our findings. | public administration, reform, transformation, democracy | https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-political-science-review/article/democracy-and-administrative-policy-contrasting-elements-of-new-public-management-npm-and-postnpm/0F5B81A403DC0C744CC629417FB393B3 |
| Public service value co creation | Jeffares, S and Skelcher, C. | Democratic subjectivities in network governance: a Q methodology study of English and Dutch public managers | Public Administration (London) | 2011 | Network forms of governance enable public managers to exercise considerable agency in shaping the institutions through which government interacts with citizens, civil society organizations and business. These network institutions configure democratic legitimacy and accountability in various ways, but little is known about how managers‐as‐designers think about democracy. This Q methodology study identifies five democratic subjectivities. Pragmatists have little concern for democracy. Realists regard networks as one of a number of arenas in which the politics is played out. Adaptors identify the potential for greater inclusiveness. Progressive Optimists think that network governance will fill the gap between the theory and practice of representative democracy, while Radical Optimists focus on its potential for enabling direct dialogue. Institutional design alone is not sufficient to enhance the democratic possibilities of governance networks. The choice of public manager is also salient. Adaptors or, preferably, Progressive or Radical Optimists should be selected for this role. | public management, democracy, theory vs. practice | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2010.01888.x |
| Service Design | Meroni, A., & Sangiorgi, D. | Design for services. Design for social responsibility | Farnham : Gower | 2011 | In Design for Services, Anna Meroni and Daniela Sangiorgi articulate what Design is doing and can do for services, and how this connects to existing fields of knowledge and practice. Designers previously saw their task as the conceptualisation, development and production of tangible objects. In the twenty-first century, a designer rarely 'designs something' but rather 'designs for something': in the case of this publication, for change, better experiences and better services. The authors reflect on this recent transformation in the practice, role and skills of designers, by organising their book into three main sections. The first section links Design for Services to existing models and studies on services and service innovation. Section two presents multiple service design projects to illustrate and clarify the issues, practices and theories that characterise the discipline today; using these case studies the authors propose a conceptual framework that maps and describes the role of designers in the service economy. The final section projects the discipline into the emerging paradigms of a new economy to initiate a reflection on its future development. | services, design, innovation, service economy, practice, theory | https://www.amazon.com/Design-Services-Social-Responsibility/dp/0566089203 |
| Service Design | Cross, N. | Design thinking : understanding how designers think and work | Oxford: Berg. Curedale, R. A | 2011 | Design thinking is the core creative process for any designer; this book explores and explains this apparently mysterious "design ability". Focusing on what designers do when they design, Design Thinking is structured around a series of in-depth case studies of outstanding and expert designers at work, interwoven with overviews and analyses. The range covered reflects the breadth of Design, from hardware to software product design, from architecture to Formula One design. The book offers new insights and understanding of design thinking, based on evidence from observation and investigation of design practice. Design Thinking is the distillation of the work of one of Design's most influential thinkers. Nigel Cross goes to the heart of what it means to think and work as a designer. The book is an ideal guide for anyone who wants to be a designer or to know how good designers work in the field of contemporary Design. | design thinking, case studies, expert designers, | https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=F4SUVT1XCCwC&oi=fnd&pg=PT5&dq=Design+thinking+:+understanding+how+designers+think+and+work.&ots=7PXwCXQr1m&sig=_vRuMVtbDH6hala7P4RGk2E0AlA#v=onepage&q=Design%20thinking%20%3A%20understanding%20how%20designers%20think%20and%20work.&f=false 2) https://www.amazon.es/Design-Thinking-Process-Methods-Manual/dp/1940805201 |
| Service Design | Kimbell, L. | Designing for Service as One Way of Designing Services | International Journal of Design, 5(2), 41-52 | 2011 | This paper considers different ways of approaching service design, exploring what professional designers who say they design services are doing. First it reviews literature in the design and management fields, including marketing and operations. The paper proposes a framework that clarifies key tensions shaping the understanding of service design. It then presents an ethnographic study of three firms of professional service designers and details their work in three case studies. The paper reports four findings. The designers approached services as entities that are both social and material. The designers in the study saw service as relational and temporal and thought of value as created in practice. They approached designing a service through a constructivist enquiry in which they sought to understand the experiences of stakeholders and they tried to involve managers in this activity. The paper proposes describing designing for service as a particular kind of service design. Designing for service is seen as an exploratory process that aims to create new kinds of value relation between diverse actors within a socio-material configuration. This has implications for existing ways of understanding design and for research, practice and teaching. | Designing for Service, Service Design, Service Management | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282989518_Designing_for_Service_as_One_Way_of_Designing_Services |
| Social Innovation | Jesson, J. K., Matheson, L., & Lacey, F. M. | Doing your literature review : traditional and systematic techniques. | Colum Cronin (2011): Doing your literature review: traditional and systematic techniques, Evaluation & Research in Education, 24:3, 219-221 | 2011 | The literature review is a compulsory part of research and, increasingly, may form the whole of a student research project. This highly accessible book guides students through the production of either a traditional or a systematic literature review, clearly explaining the difference between the two types of review, the advantages and disadvantages of both, and the skills needed. It gives practical advice on reading and organising relevant literature and critically assessing the reviewed field. | literature review, guide | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241720862_Doing_your_literature_review_traditional_and_systematic_techniques |
| Public Sector Innovation | Cosmos and Cultura National Public. | Economics And The Collectively Autocatalytic Structure Of The Real Economy | 2011 | www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2011/11/21/142594308/economics-and-the-collectively-autocatalytic- structure-of-the-real-economy | |||
| Public Sector Innovation | Kauffman. | Economics and the collectively autocatalytic structure of the real economy | 13.7 | 2011 | The origin of life is one of the most important but also one of the most difficult problems in science. Autocatalytic sets are believed to have played an important role in the origin of life. An autocatalytic set is a collection of molecules and the chemical reactions between them, such that the set as a whole forms a functionally closed and self-sustaining system. In this article, I present an overview of recent work on the theory of autocatalytic sets and on how this theory can be used to study the probability of emergence, the overall structure, and the further evolution of such systems, both in simple mathematical models and in real chemical systems. I also describe some (still speculative) ideas of how this theory can potentially be applied to living systems in general and perhaps even to social systems such as the economy. | Economics, collectively autocatalytic structure | https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2013.63.11.6 |
| Service Design | Ho, D. K.-l., Ma, J., & Lee, Y. | Empathy @ design research: a phenomenological study on young people experiencing participatory design for social inclusion | CoDesign: International Journal of CoCreation in Design and the Arts, 7(2), 95-106 | 2011 | This paper presents the results of an experiment in teaching participatory design for social inclusion based on an interdisciplinary effort between sociologists and design researchers to study design participation for social inclusion. Using their experiences from the Design.Lives Lab 2009, the researchers adopted a phenomenological perspective to analyse the extent to which co-design relationships are interrupted by designers' natural attitudes and the possibility of employing the concept of layers of embodied relationship to improve participatory design. It was found that the natural attitudes of designers can lead to an unbalanced relationship between designers and potential users, resulting in a lack of concern for designers' sensitivity to the spatial dimension of the designer-and-user relationship. With the potential impact of designers' natural attitudes in mind, it is suggested that interrelated layers of empathy are practised as a process to provide more opportunities to understand users' experience. These findings offer a different perspective on the form, extent and nature of co-creation. This experience could help to formulate an agenda for developing design education for participatory design and social inclusion. The effort to find suitable methods would help novice designers to develop skills and sensitivities that would eventually enable them to establish a genuine co-creation process in design. | participatory design, inclusive design, empathy, phenomenology, active-design partners | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15710882.2011.609893 |
| Service Design | Edvardsson, B., Tronvoll, B., & Gruber, T. | Expanding understanding of service exchange and value co-creation: a social construction approach. | Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 39(2) | 2011 | According to service-dominant logic (S-D logic), all providers are service providers, and service is the fundamental basis of exchange. Value is co-created with customers and assessed on the basis of value-in-context. However, the extensive literature on S-D logic could benefit from paying explicit attention to the fact that both service exchange and value co-creation are influenced by social forces. The aim of this study is to expand understanding of service exchange and value co-creation by complementing these central aspects of S-D logic with key concepts from social construction theories (social structures, social systems, roles, positions, interactions, and reproduction of social structures). The study develops and describes a new framework for understanding how the concepts of service exchange and value co-creation are affected by recognizing that they are embedded in social systems. The study contends that value should be understood as value-in-social-context and that value is a social construction. Value co-creation is shaped by social forces, is reproduced in social structures, and can be asymmetric for the actors involved. Service exchanges are dynamic, and actors learn and change their roles within dynamic service systems. | Service-dominant logic, Service exchange, Value co-creation, Social construction theories, Structuration theory, Social interaction, Service system | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11747-010-0200-y |
| Public service value co creation | Benington, J. | From private choice to public value | In 'Public Value: Theory and practice'; Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan | 2011 | This chapter will build on Mark Moore’s foundational ideas in Creating Public Value (Moore 1995), but transposes them into an alternative framework which starts with the public and the collective as the primary units of analysis, rather than with the private and the individual. Moore’s ideas were developed initially in the USA in the early to mid 1990s, at the height of the dominance of neo-liberal ideology which emphasized models based on individual consumers within a private competitive market (where the state is seen as an encroachment upon, and potential threat to, individual liberty), over models based on communal citizenship within a public democratic state (within which individual liberties then have to be protected). | public value, collaboration, reform | https://www.macmillanexplorers.com/from-private-choice-to-public-value/14242336 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Steinicke, S. Wallenburg C.M. and C. Schmoltzi. | Governing for innovation in horizontal service cooperations | Journal of Service Management 23(2): 279-302 | 2011 | The purpose of this study is to provide insights into the role of governance mechanisms in fostering innovativeness in horizontal service cooperations. | Innovation, horizontal service cooperations | https://doi.org/10.1108/09564231211226141 |
| Digital Transformation | O'Reilly, T. | Government as a platform | Innovations | 2011 | During the past 15 years, the World Wide Web has created remarkable new methods for harnessing the creativity of people in groups, and in the process has created powerful business models that are reshaping our economy. As the Web has undermined old media and software companies, it has demonstrated the enormous power of a new approach, often referred to as Web 2.0. In a nutshell: the secret to the success of bellwethers like Google, Amazon, eBay, Craigslist, Wikipedia, Facebook, and Twitter is that each of these sites, in its own way, has learned to harness the power of its users to add value to—no, more than that, to co-create—its offerings. Now, a new generation has come of age with the Web, and it is committed to using its lessons of creativity and collaboration to address challenges facing our country and the world. Meanwhile, with the proliferation of issues and not enough resources to address them all, many government leaders recognize the opportunities Web 2.0 technologies provide not just to help them get elected, but to help them do a better job. By analogy, many are calling this movement Government 2.0. What the heck does that mean? | web 2.0, government 2.0, value, co-creation | https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/INOV_a_00056 |
| Social Innovation | Mandag Morgen. | Guide til fremtidens velfærdsalliancer – gode råd til samarbejde om social forebyggelse | København: Mandag Morgen Innovation | 2011 | velfærdsalliancer, samarbejde, social forebyggelse | https://viden.sl.dk/media/6318/guide_til_fremtidens.pdf | |
| Social Innovation | EC (European Commission). DG Enterprise, Brussels. | Innobarometer 2010: Analytical Report Innovation in Public Administration (Flash Eurobarometer 305) | EC (European Commission). DG Enterprise, Brussels. | 2011 | The objective of the 2010 Innobarometer survey is to study the innovation strategies of the European public administration sector in response to changing constraints and opportunities. | innovation, public administration, survey, EU states, drivers, barriers | http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/flash/fl_305_en.pdf |
| Living Labs | Ferrari V., Mion L., Molinari F. | Innovating ICT innovation: Trentino as a lab. | In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance (ICEGOV '11) | 2011 | In this paper, we describe the Living Lab PPPP (Public/Private/People Partnership) pursued by 'Trentino as a Lab' (TasLab), an initiative promoted by the Autonomous Province of Trento, Italy, whereby the creation of new ICT services, products and social infrastructures is enhanced by user-driven, open innovation principles and practices. Since 2007, TasLab has been a partner of the European Network of Living Labs (ENoLL), promoting the cooperation of ICT companies and research centers with the local end users since the early stages of the innovation value chain. More recently, TasLab has developed a participatory model of innovation, driven by public sector demand, and supported by an electronic portal and a Web 2.0 collaboration platform. This has introduced a mechanism of bottom-up 'smart specialization', whereby regional priorities can be determined by the willingness of local actors to join forces and strive for common goals. | public/private/people partnership, ICTs, smart specialization, Italy | https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2072069.2072130 |
| Living Labs | Ferrari V., Mion L., Molinari F. | Innovating ICT innovation: Trentino as a lab. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance | ACM, New York, NY, USA | 2011 | In this paper, we describe the Living Lab PPPP (Public/Private/People Partnership) pursued by 'Trentino as a Lab' (TasLab), an initiative promoted by the Autonomous Province of Trento, Italy, whereby the creation of new ICT services, products and social infrastructures is enhanced by user-driven, open innovation principles and practices. Since 2007, TasLab has been a partner of the European Network of Living Labs (ENoLL), promoting the cooperation of ICT companies and research centers with the local end users since the early stages of the innovation value chain. More recently, TasLab has developed a participatory model of innovation, driven by public sector demand, and supported by an electronic portal and a Web 2.0 collaboration platform. This has introduced a mechanism of bottom-up 'smart specialization', whereby regional priorities can be determined by the willingness of local actors to join forces and strive for common goals. | Innovation, lab, electronic governance | DOI:10.1145/2072069.2072130 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Hughes, A., Moore, K., Kataria, N. | Innovation in Public Sector Organizations: A Pilot Survey for Measuring Innovation Across the Public Sector. | NESTA, London, March | 2011 | Foreword: The need for us to deliver public services in new, better and cheaper ways will come as no surprise. The combination of straightened public finances with major social challenges mean that public services need to become more productive and develop new ways of working. Innovation in the public sector is therefore a pressing task, hindered, not least by the lack of available data on activity and performance. Measurement has an important role to play in this task. Measuring innovation has played an important role in encouraging innovation in the wider economy, the Lisbon R&D target being a prime example. This research stems from a desire to create a tool that will play the same role for the UK’s public services. It should be stressed that this work is preliminary. There is scope to develop the measurement of public sector innovation in a number of ways, including by building on the ground-breaking efforts of the Office for National Statistics to measure public-sector productivity and to draw on the complementary work of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Although a pilot project, we believe that the findings of this pilot provide useful insights into both how innovation is happening in parts of the public sector and the factors that enable it. | innovation, public sector, public services, measurement, survey, NESTA, UK | https://media.nesta.org.uk/documents/innovation_in_public_sector_orgs.pdf |
| Service Design | Osborne, & Brown. | Innovation, public policy and public services delivery in the UK. The word that would be king? | Public Administration, 89(4), 1335-1350 | 2011 | This paper explores the dialogue about innovation in public services currently found within public policy and creates an interaction between research and practice about its strengths and limitations. It argues that this dialogue is a flawed one, often both at odds with the existing evidence and lacking a holistic understanding of the nature of innovation and its distinctive policy and managerial challenges. It therefore synthesizes existing research to challenge current public policy thinking about the role and determinants of innovation in public services. It concludes by offering five lessons towards effective policy-making and implementation that would provide a more sophisticated and evidence-based approach to the encouragement and sustenance of public service innovation – and four key areas for further research. | Innovation, public policy, public services delivery | DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2011.01932.x |
| Service Design | Carr, V. L., Sangiorgi, D., Büscher, M., Junginger, S., & Cooper, R. | Integrating evidence-based design and experience-based approaches in healthcare service design | Health Environments Research and Design Journal, 4(4) | 2011 | Objetive: To investigate the connections between, and respective contributions of, evidence-based and experience-based methods in the redesign of healthcare services. | Evidence-based design, experience-based design, public services, primary care, patient engagement, service design, codesign | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/193758671100400403 |
| Social Innovation | Bergenholtz C., Walderstrom C. | Inter-Organizational Network Studies | A Literature Review, Industry and Innovation, 18 (6), p. 539-562 | 2011 | Research on inter-organizational networks is generally fragmented which renders some of the studies incompatible and hinders a greater understanding and coherence of the field. The major distinction—which is not clearly stated in most research—is between the metaphorical description of some type of interaction across organizational boundaries, or whether the term refers to specific social structures between organizations. Whereas the metaphorical approach has previously dominated research, there has been a rise in the use of more structured and quantifiable research, most notably in the use of social network analysis. However, this has not been without serious theoretical and methodological issues. Most notably, a number of the concepts, methods and theories used within the field of inter-organizational networks originate from research in interpersonal and intra-organizational networks where some of the methodological issues (e.g. unit of analysis and boundary specification) are more easily addressed. In order to map the different methodological approaches in the field of inter-organizational networks, this paper presents a large-scale systematic literature review of the last 12 years' research on inter-organizational networks, with a focus on the methodological features. Some of the main variables relate to the unit of analysis, whether social network analysis is applied and what concept of a network is involved. The main findings of this paper are that few of the previous studies have used the full methodological (and thus theoretical) scope of the available data, the most cited papers and those appearing in top-ranked journals are more prone to using social network analysis than papers in general and there is a recent tendency among influential papers to go beyond a narrow application of social network analysis, and rely on multiplex relational data and whole networks. | Inter-organizational network studies | https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2011.591966 |
| Service Design | Stewart, S. C. | Interpreting Design Thinking | Design Studies, 32(6), 515-520 | 2011 | The topic that was discussed at the 8th Design Thinking Research Symposium (DTRS8), held at the University of Technology Sydney in October, 2010 was growing popularity of Design Thinking within sectors outside the design professions. The participants were informed that there was interest in and engagement with Design Thinking in sectors ranging from education to health and information technology. The DTRS8 meeting represented an opportunity for the design research community to engage with and clarify potential for cross-sector migration of Design Thinking approaches and strategies and explore more potential cross-boundary engagements. The identification of design with strategies for addressing ill-structured and complex problems was of key significance to advocates of Design Thinking within a range of non-design sectors. Another important motivator for engagement with design by thinkers from non-design sectors was a focus on design as an agent of change. | design thinkin, research, topic engagement | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142694X11000640 |
| Public service value co creation | Vargo, SL, / Lusch, RF | It's all B2B…and beyond: Toward a systems perspective of the market | Industrial Marketing Management | 2011 | The delineation of B2B from ‘mainstream’ marketing reflects the limitations of the traditional, goods-dominant (G-D) model of exchange and a conceptualization of value creation based on the ‘producer’ versus ‘consumer’ divide. Service-dominant (S-D) logic broadens the perspective of exchange and value creation and implies that all social and economic actors engaged in exchange (e.g., firms, customers, etc.) are service-providing, value-creating enterprises; thus, in this sense, all exchange can be considered B2B. From this perspective, the contributions of B2B marketing (and other sub-disciplines) can be seen as applicable to ‘mainstream’ marketing. This generic, actor-to-actor (A2A) orientation, in turn, points toward a dynamic, networked and systems orientation to value creation. This article discusses this systems-oriented framework and elaborates the steps necessary for developing it further into a general theory of the market, informed by the marketing sub-disciplines, marketing practices, and disciplines external to marketing. | B2B, market | DOI:10.1016/j.indmarman.2010.06.026 |
| Social Innovation | Groes, L., Barter, T. S., Vittrup, C. and Øllgaard, S. | Kommunal nytænkning - en håndbog om hvordan kommuner involverer virksomheder i udvikling af velfærdsydelser | København: Væksthus Hovedstadsregionen | 2011 | Kommunal nytænkning, kommuner virksomheder, velfærdsydelser | https://www.regionh.dk/presse-og-nyt/pressemeddelelser-og-nyheder/PublishingImages/Sider/Ny-vaekstaftale-for-hovedstaden/FaktaarkHovedstaden.pdf | |
| Living Labs | Concilio, G. De Bonis, L. Trapani, F. | La dimensione territoriale nell'approccio dei Living Labs. Verso i territorial living labs per il sostegno alla città e alle regioni smart. | Università degli Studi di Palermo | 2011 | Community policies to support spatial planning centered on polycentrism have tried to graft dynamics of change in the economic and social stalemate of peripheral regions in the north and south of the central area of the European continent. Polycentrism alludes to the possibility of generating new centralities in weak areas as a contrast to the tendential decline and to strengthen territorial cohesion that joins the social and economic cohesion in the main EU policies. A continuation of these policies started with the ESDP and developed in terms of analysis with ESPON, is given by the community ICT programs that directly involve also the specialized private companies of the sector. The theme therefore is the creation of new centralities in regions where urban phenomena fail or cannot structurally form part of the world's metropolitan systems of accumulation of predominantly financial capitals which, in turn, are overwhelmed by a crisis that seems to take on the characteristics of a systemic and structural decline. ICT is a reflective and policy-making area that can change cities, not just those that are part of the strong and central areas of the European continent, but also in weak areas where the concept of 'development' seems to be outdated in favor of different and more focused wills to provide self-centered answers to social demand. It is on the latter that the technology offer can be established and concentrated and it is on social innovation that technological advancement and the creation of new markets could have a decisive boost at the local and supra-local level. The paper presents a summary of the results of the start-up of the Peripheria project, which concerns the support of some Smart Cities and Living Labs to experiment with innovative ways shared in territorial production networks. | Living labs, cities, smart region, Europe | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/La-dimensione-territoriale-nell%E2%80%99approccio-dei-labs.-Concilio-Bonis/59154c6931d138fb1f6f175e7b05a8791bb088cc |
| Digital Transformation | Wu, W. W., Rose, G. M., & Lyytinen, K. | Managing black swan information technology projects | 44th Hawaii international conference on system sciences, Hawaii, HI | 2011 | Radically innovative information technology projects are considered one of the most challenging and difficult types of software projects to oversee and manage. The unique nature of such projects relegates them into a unique class of projects that we characterize as “Black Swans.” Highly innovative/radical IT projects reflect a “black swan” situation, where knowledge from previous projects do not provide significant insight into how they can be managed. While such “Black Swans” are a unique sub-set within the area of project management, understanding the techniques employed in the development and management of such efforts should enlighten and improve traditional project-management processes employed for most software development efforts. This paper presents and discusses key results of an exploratory field-study that examines eight unique “black swan” projects. | radically innovative IT projects, project management, software development | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5718946 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Bugge M., Mortensen, P.S., Bloch C. | Measuring Public Innovation in Nordic Countries: Report on the Nordic Pilot Studies, Analyses of Methodology and Results | MEPIN, NIFU, Oslo | 2011 | The objective of the Nordic research project “Measuring innovation in the public sector in the Nordic countries (MEPIN)”‟ is to develop a measurement framework for collecting internationally comparable data on innovation in the public sector, which both will contribute to our understanding of what public sector innovation is and how public sector organisations innovate and will develop metrics for use in promoting public sector innovation. | Innovation, Public sector | https://nifu.brage.unit.no/nifu-xmlui/handle/11250/282035 |
| Public service value co creation | GDS | Mike bracken appointed as HMG executive director for digital | Blog government digital service | 2011 | Mike bracken, executive director, digital | https://gds.blog.gov.uk/2011/05/20/mike-bracken- appointed-as-hmg-executive-director-for-digital/. | |
| Digital Transformation | Goodsell, C. T. | Mission Mystique: Strength at the Institutional Center | American Review of Public Administration 41(5), 475–94 | 2011 | Despite discussion in the literature of “new governance,” the self-standing government agency continues to constitute the institutional center of American public administration. Drawing on his volume Mission Mystique, the author proposes that the book’s concept of mystique and its template of institution-strengthening characteristics be used to reaffirm this point, buttress agencies against defunding, and enable them better to oversee devolved activities | Mission mystique, strength, institutional center | https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0275074011409566 |
| Public service value co creation | Meijer, A. | Networked coproduction of public services in virtual communities: from a government-centric to a community approach to public service support | Public Administration Review | 2011 | Research on and practical attention for the coproduction of public services is increasing. Coproduction is seen as a way to strengthen the quality and legitimacy of public service and reduce costs. Scholarship on coproduction of public services repeatedly ignores the role of the new media. This is surprising since many proponents highlight its potential for changing traditional, government‐centric approaches to delivering public services. This article shows that digital communities form an important addition to the government‐centric form of public service provision since they foster both an exchange of experiential information and social‐emotional support. | coproduction, public services, governance, digital communities | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02391.x |
| Social Innovation | Giuliani E. | Networks of innovation | Cooke, P., Asheim, B., Boschma, R., Martin, R., Schwartz, D. and F.T Ditling eds. Handbook of regional innovation and growth, 155-166. Cheltenham, Southampton: Edward Elgar | 2011 | We theorize on the heterogonous network of people, visions, concepts, technological artifacts, and organizations that come together to enable product innovation. Drawing on the conceptual framing and mechanisms of actor-network theory (ANT), we focus on the relationships among human and non-human actors and their roles to enact new products. We do this to contribute both evidence and theory regarding the concept of a sociotechnical assemblage that serves as the innovation network. Advancing a sociotechnical conceptualization of innovation focuses attention on the contributions of, and linkages among, different types of actors; individuals and organizations, visions and concepts, and technological artifacts and prototypes together create a means for innovation to occur. The empirical basis for this theorizing comes from a detailed study of the community of research scientists, faculty, and graduate students; institutions such as research labs, funding sources, and product companies who were (and mostly still are) involved in tabletop computing. Analysis highlights the centrality of visions, concepts and technological artifacts in the innovation network. We also find that formal organizations play important, but often unrealized, roles in supporting innovation. | Networks, innovation | https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511629518 |
| Social Innovation | Københavns Kommune. | OPP og projektets tilgang til samarbejde mellem kommuner og virksomheder Udarbejdet af Københavns Kommune | København: Københavns Kommune | 2011 | OPP, samarbejde, kommuner, virksomheder | https://www.kl.dk/media/10371/de-samarbejdende-kommuner.pdf | |
| Social Innovation | Bacqué, M.-H., & Gauthier, M. | Participation, urbanisme et études urbaines | Participations | 2011 | More than four decades after the publication of the founding article by SR Arntein "A ladder of citizen participation", the authors propose a critical review of research on public participation in urban planning and urban studies in a North American and European context . After delineating the fields of town planning and urban studies, they retrace the way in which participation emerged in this field of practice, in opposition to the model of global rational planning. Particular interest is given to collaborative approaches to planning and urban planning, strongly inspired by communication and deliberative trends, and the debates that accompanied their dissemination. The authors then return to some concrete participatory practices and the analyzes that are made of them, in order to draw up an assessment of current research and the questions they raise. In conclusion, the authors discuss the thesis of the emergence of a post-collaborative period of research and debate on participation, which tends to overcome the traditional opposition between an "idealist" perspective and an "ultra-critical" perspective. Instead, they suggest adopting a "pragmatic" and "empirical" perspective to analyze and compare participatory processes and devices in urban planning. | participation; urban planning; urban studies; collaborative approaches | https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_PARTI_001_0036--participation-urbanism-and-urban.htm#xd_co_f=ZjU0NDhmNDItYzFiNi00NzFhLWE4M2MtMTM3OTQ2ODg0NjY2~ |
| Digital Transformation | Ahn, Michael & Bretschneider, Stuart. | Politics of e‐government: E‐government and the politi- cal control of bureaucracy | Public Administration Review, 71(3), 414-424 | 2011 | This case study reports an innovative e-government experiment by a local government in Seoul, South Korea—Gangnam-gu. A new local political leadership in Gangnam made strategic use of e-government applications to exert greater political control over the local civil service bureaucracy. The authors find that e-government applications possess political properties that can be applied effectively by the political leadership as instruments to improve control over the government bureaucracy as well as to enhance essential government accountability and transparency. The political circumstances underlying e-government development as well as its impact on local government are reported, along with key variables associated with this innovation and directions for future research. | Politics, e‐government, political control, bureaucracy | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02225.x |
| Public Sector Innovation | In Melkas, H. and V. Harmaakorpi eds. | Practice-Based Innovation: Insights, Applications and Policy Implications | 369-392. Springer | 2011 | The mainstream economic development policy in Europe has until recently relied on a cluster approach and on the power of knowledge and research as the sources of innovation. Innovation policy has been to a great extent equivalent to science and technology policy, and cluster policies have aimed at building competitive advantage with strong regional and national clusters. Recent discussions have, however, emphasised other forms of economic order and origins of innovation. According to some innovation surveys, only a few percent of innovations are based on scientific sources. Cluster policy seems to have its weaknesses, as well. The current science and technology policy is not very effective, partly due to the fact that innovation policy, on the one hand, and science and technology policy, on the other, are not clearly defined but are mixed up in speech. Moreover, the practical context and interaction between the two subsystems of an innovation system (acquisition and assimilation of knowledge; transformation and exploitation of knowledge) seem to offer a lot of unused potential for innovation. | Practice-based innovation, insights, applications, policy implications | https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=QX4_d0nBy_QC&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=Practice-Based+Innovation:+Insights,+Applications+and+Policy+Implications&ots=61y9693dGR&sig=Df98MsWuwRzd6M-tDejtCQ_k_JM#v=onepage&q=Practice-Based%20Innovation%3A%20Insights%2C%20Applications%20and%20Policy%20Implications&f=false |
| Public Sector Innovation | OECD. | Public Servants as Partners for Growth: Towards a Stronger, Leaner and More Equitable Workforce | Paris, France: OECD Publishing | 2011 | Public servants, partners growth, towards stronger, equitable workforce | https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/governance/public-servants-as-partners-for-growth_9789264166707-en | |
| Public service value co creation | Benington, J. and Moore, M. | Public Value in complex and changing times | In 'Public Value: Theory and practice'; Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan | 2011 | Public value and related concepts like the public good, the public interest, and the public realm have been actively debated within political philosophy since the time of the ancient Greeks. However, the stimulus for the current debate about public value within the field of public management was Mark Moore’s seminal book Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government (Moore 1995). Thinking about public value has since moved well beyond its origins in neoliberal American discourse of the 1990s, and is now at the forefront of cross-national discussion about the changing roles of the public, private, and voluntary sectors in a period of profound political economic, ecological, and social change. This chapter traces that intellectual journey, mapping out the key ideas and debates surrounding the concept of public value, and suggesting ways in which it may provide a compass bearing and a clearer sense of direction for strategic thinking and action by public policymakers and managers, under conditions of complexity and austerity. | public value, public management, public/private/volontary sectors | https://www.macmillanexplorers.com/public-value-in-complex-and-changing-times/14242322 |
| Public service value co creation | Horner, L. and Hutton, W. | Public value, deliberative democracy and the role of public managers | In 'Public Value: Theory and Practice', Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan | 2011 | This book provides a concise and internationalized restatement of the public value approach, an assessment of its impact to date - in theory and practice - and of its particular relevance to the challenges of public management in a time of crisis and austerity. | public management, public value, challenge | https://www.macmillanexplorers.com/public-value-deliberative-democracy-and-the-role-of-public-manag/14242344 |
| Digital Transformation | Obama, B. | Remarks by the president in state of union address | 2011 | Remarks, president, union address | https:// obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/01/25/remarks-president-state-union-address. | ||
| Social Innovation | Sørensen, E. and Torfing, J. | Samarbejdsdrevet innovation i den offentlige sektor | København: DJØF-forlaget | 2011 | Samarbejdsdrevet innovation, offentlige sektor | https://ojs.ub.gu.se/ojs/index.php/sjpa/article/viewFile/1565/1370 | |
| Service Design | Clatworthy, S. | Service innovation through touch-points: Development of an innovation toolkit for the first stages of new service development. | International Journal of Design, 5(2) | 2011 | This paper reviews one of the central areas of service design, the area of touch-point innovation. Specifically, it describes the development and use of a card-based toolkit developed in the AT-ONE project - the AT-ONE touch-point cards. These cards have been developed to assist cross-functional teams during the first phases of the New Service Development (NSD) process. This paper describes and analyses the development of the tools, their intended use and their evaluation following actual uptake by several commercial service providers. The results show that the toolkit assists the innovation process during the first phases of the new service development process and helps develop team cohesiveness. The card-based approach offers a tangibility that teams find useful, and that offers multiple usage alternatives. In addition, the paper describes the multiple functions that tools used in service innovation need to accommodate, and how design makes an important contribution to this. The work also reflects upon the materials of service design and suggests that touch-points are one of the materials used by designers to understand, explore and develop innovative service solutions. Suggestions for further work are included that include aspects of toolkit tangibility, usage areas and touch-point innovation. | Touch-points, Methods for Service Innovation, Touch-point Cards, Toolkit, Cross-functional Teams, Service Design, Innovation. | http://www.ijdesign.org/index.php/IJDesign/article/view/939/343 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Jamali, D. Yianni, M. and H. Abdallah. | Strategic partnerships, social capital and innovation: accounting for social alliance innovation | Business Ethics – A European Review 20 (4): 375-391 | 2011 | This paper focuses on innovation in the context of business - non-governmental organization (NGO) partnerships for corporate social responsibility (CSR). While different aspects of business - NGO partnerships have been studied, the role of innovation and its potential implications for partnership outcomes have so far not been systematically explored. The paper defines innovation in simple and concrete terms and synthesizes from the literature what can be considered as critical ingredients to foster social alliance innovation. The paper posits in turn that these ingredients correspond closely to the conception of social capital and offers a consolidated framework that helps in probing around these ingredients and social capital in accounting for innovative partnership outcomes. The empirical part consists of a comparative analysis of six case studies of business - NGO collaboration in the context of CSR in the United Kingdom. The evidence presented makes it clear that strategic partnerships are more readily capable of innovation and that social capital as an umbrella concept is very promising in explaining the differential success and performance of social alliances and central to understanding the dynamics of social alliance innovation and value creation. | Strategic partnerships, social capital, innovation | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2011.01621.x |
| Public Sector Innovation | Moore, M.L. and F. Westley. | Surmountable Chasms: Networks and Social Innovation for Resilient Systems | Ecology and Society 16 (1): 5 | 2011 | Complex challenges demand complex solutions. By their very nature, these problems are difficult to define and are often the result of rigid social structures that effectively act as 'traps'. However, resilience theory and the adaptive cycle can serve as a useful framework for understanding how humans may move beyond these traps and towards the social innovation that is required to address many complex problems. This paper explores the critical question of whether networks help facilitate innovations to bridge the seemingly insurmountable chasms of complex problems to create change across scales, thereby increasing resilience. The argument is made that research has not yet adequately articulated the strategic agency that must be present within the network in order for cross scale interactions to occur. By examining institutional entrepreneurship through case studies and examples, this paper proposes that agency within networks requires specific skills from entrepreneurs, including ones that enable pattern generation, relationship building and brokering, knowledge and resource brokering, and network recharging. Ultimately, this begins to build a more complete understanding of how networks may improve human capacity to respond to complex problems and heighten overall resilience. | Surmountable chasms, networks, social innovation, resilient systems | https://www.jstor.org/stable/26268826 |
| Digital Transformation | Bretschneider S. I. and Mergel I. | Technology and public management information systems: Where have we been and where are we going. | In 'The state of public administration: Issues challenges and opportunities'; M.E. Sharpe. | 2011 | We proceed by first critically reviewing the various theories of how technology changes relate to institutional, organizational, and procedural change. This is followed by a historical review of changing technology over the past fifty years. This review identifies the major shifts and trends that have occurred with regard to both information and communication technology. The fourth section of the chapter provides a series of propositional predictions of how we see these trends working through preexisting government relationships based on preexisting institutions. We end the chapter by summarizing where we see the future potential of IT on both the structure of government organizations and management. | information technology, change, trends, management | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284201300_Technology_and_public_management_information_systems_Where_have_we_been_and_where_are_we_going |
| Service Design | Lee C. P., Chang K. and Berry F. S. | Testing the development and diffusion of E-government and E-democracy: A global perspective. | Public Administration Review | 2011 | E‐government uses information and communication technology to provide citizens with information about public services. Less pervasive, e‐democracy offers greater electronic community access to political processes and policy choices. Few studies have examined these twin applications separately, although they are widely discussed in the literature as distinct. The authors, Chung‐pin Lee of Tamkang University and Kaiju Chang and Frances Stokes Berry of Florida State University, empirically analyze factors associated with the relative level of development of e‐government and e‐democracy across 131 countries. Their hypotheses draw on four explanations of policy change—learning, political norms, competition, and citizen pressures. All four explanations are strongly linked to nations where e‐government policy is highly advanced, whereas a country’s e‐democracy development is connected to complex internal factors, such as political norms and citizen pressures. | e-governance/e-democracy, policy, political norms, citizen pressures | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02228.x |
| Social Innovation | Fuglsang L. and Sorensen F. | The balance between bricolage and innovation : management dilemmas in sustainable public innovation | Service Industries Journal | 2011 | Innovation is usually understood as a conscious development and implementation of new products or services. This article takes its starting point in a case study that shows how ‘innovation’ in reality happens as small step ‘bricolage’ – as a ‘do-it-yourself’ problem-solving activity taking place in daily work situations. Consequently, an experiment was carried out with the purpose of testing if, how and with what results the ‘bricolage’ can be better integrated with the organisation's more formal innovation procedures. | innovation, bricolage, public service, service-encounter, experiment | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02642069.2010.504302 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Huggins, R. | The Growth of Knowledge-Intensive Business Services: Innovation, Markets and Networks | European Planning Studies 19 (8): 1459-1480 | 2011 | The increasing economic focus on knowledge has spurred the growth and development of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). This paper seeks to further understand the evolution and growth of KIBS firms and the nature of their networks and markets. It is argued that changing competitiveness conditions are heightening the requirement for firms in most sectors to innovate and take advantage of their core competences and knowledge. This is resulting in a growing trend by firms to outsource KIBS. The paper draws on interview data from a sample of KIBS firms in London and Helsinki. It is concluded that the growth of KIBS is stretching the limits of globalization through the creation of new spaces of knowledge flow. However, regions continue to be key knowledge bases and remain the primary spatial architecture underlying the systems of innovation within which KIBS are positioned. | Growth, knowledge-intensive business services, innovation, markets, networks | https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2011.586172 |
| Digital Transformation | Grant, A. M., & Berry, J. M. | The necessity of others is the mother of invention: Intrinsic and prosocial motivations, perspective taking, and creativity | Academy of Management Journal, 54, 73-96 | 2011 | Although many scholars believe that intrinsic motivation fuels creativity, research has returned equivocal results. Drawing on motivated information processing theory, we propose that the relationship between intrinsic motivation and creativity is enhanced by other-focused psychological processes. Perspective taking, as generated by prosocial motivation, encourages employees to develop ideas that are useful as well as novel. In three studies, using both field and lab data, we found that prosocial motivation strengthened the association between intrinsic motivation and independent creativity ratings. In our second and third studies, perspective taking mediated this moderating effect. We discuss theoretical implications for creativity and motivation | Mother invention, prosocial motivations, perspective taking, creativity | https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.59215085 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Balter, B. J. | Toward a more agile government: The case for rebooting federal IT procurement. | Public Contract Law Journal, 41(1), 151–171 | 2011 | Whereas the third quarter of the twentieth century saw a greater emphasis on quantitative, pure research, the century ended with a renaissance of concern for applied sociological research (sometimes called sociological practice) and also a renewed interest in qualitative research. The Basics of Social Research was first published in1999 in support of these trends. The fifth edition aims at increasing and improving that support. Te book can also be seen as a response to changes in teaching methods and in student demographics. In addition to the emphasis on applied research, some alternative teaching formats have called for a shorter book, and student economics have argued for a paperback. While standard methods courses have continued using The Practice of Social Research, I’ve been delighted to see that the first four editions of Basics seem to have satisfied a substantial group of instructors as well. The fine-tuning in this fifth edition is intended to serve this group even better than before. | sociological research, sociological practice, qualitative research, teaching | https://www.jstor.org/stable/23058602?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents |
| Digital Transformation | Fotaki, M. | Towards developing new partnerships in public services: users as consumers, citizens and/or co-producers in health and social care in England and Sweden | Public Administration | 2011 | The causes and effects of marketization of public services have been analysed extensively in the literature, but there is relatively little research on how those policies impact on the development of new forms of governance, and the role of users in these new arrangements. This study reviews examples of competition, freedom of choice and personalized care in health and social services in England and Sweden, in order to examine the type of relationships emerging between the user/consumer vis‐à‐vis market driven providers and various agencies of the state under the marketized welfare. The article focuses on the possible roles users might assume in new hybrid arrangements between markets, collaborations and steering. A user typology: namely, that of a consumer, citizen, co‐producer and responsibilized agent in various governance arrangements, is then suggested. The article concludes by arguing that pro‐market policies instead of meeting the alleged needs of post‐modern users for individualized public services are likely to promote a new type of highly volatile and fragile partnerships, and create a new subordinated user who has no choice but to ‘choose’ services they have little control over. | health care, social services, choice, personalization, public service marketization, citizen-consumer | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51874501_Towards_Developing_New_Partnerships_in_Public_Services_Users_as_Consumers_Citizens_andor_Co-Producers_in_Health_and_Social_Care_in_England_and_Sweden |
| Digital Transformation | Bannister F. and Connolly R. | Trust and transformational government: A proposed framework for research. | Government Information Quarterly | 2011 | This paper examines the concepts of trust and transformational government, both of which have been the subject of increasing attention in recent times. It explores what trust and transformation mean, or could mean, for government, governance and public administration and whether transformational government is just a feel-good phrase or a genuinely new departure. As part of this, the question of what precisely is being, or could be, transformed is examined. The results of this examination suggest that the expectation that technology-enabled change has the ability to increase citizen trust, thereby transforming government may be too high, but that more research is needed. A framework for such research is proposed. | government, e-government, trust, transformation, public administration | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X11000062 |
| Social Innovation | Blondiaux, L., & Fourniau, J.-M. | Un bilan des recherches sur la participation du public en démocratie: beaucoup de bruit pour rien? | Participations | 2011 | At first glance, the extensive literature on participation research presents an impression of being very diverse. However, it is possible to derive from this existing knowledge several shared assumptions and a set of salient questions around which a scientific debate can flourish. These eight cross-cutting questions demonstrate how successful this participation research may be at analyzing broader social and political phenomena, thus making participation research possible while still constraining it. This research emphasizes the need for building further connections between areas of research that go beyond disciplinary boundaries and theoretical models, and in so doing, justify the creation of a network and a new journal dedicated to participation research. | Participation; public action; descision; procedures; deliberation; devices; conflict; institution; expertise; professionalization | https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_PARTI_001_0008--an-overview-of-research-on-public.htm#xd_co_f=ZjU0NDhmNDItYzFiNi00NzFhLWE4M2MtMTM3OTQ2ODg0NjY2~ |
| Public service value co creation | Grönroos, C. | Value Co-creation in Service Logic: A Critical Analysis | Marketing Theory, 11(3), 279–301 | 2011 | The underpinning logic of value co-creation in service logic is analysed. It is observed that some of the 10 foundational premises of the so-called service-dominant logic do not fully support an understanding of value creation and co-creation in a way that is meaningful for theoretical development and decision making in business and marketing practice. Without a thorough understanding of the interaction concept, the locus as well as nature and content of value co-creation cannot be identified. Value co-creation easily becomes a concept without substance. Based on the analysis in the present article, it is observed that the unique contribution of a service perspective on business (service logic) is not that customers always are co-creators of value, but rather that under certain circumstances the service provider gets opportunities to co-create value together with its customers. Finally, seven statements included in six of the foundational premises are reformulated accordingly. | marketing, service logic, service-dominant logic, value co-creation, value creation, value facilitation | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1470593111408177 |
| Public Sector Innovation | D. Ballantyne, P. Frow, R.J. Varey, and A. Payne. | Value propositions as communication practice: Taking a wider view. | Industrial Marketing Management, 40:202–210 | 2011 | The aim of this article is to examine the concept and functioning of value propositions, seen through a service-dominant logic (S-D) lens. The variety of perspectives used to understand value propositions are examined, from unidirectional communication of value to reciprocal promises of value. The concept of reciprocal value propositions is examined in the light of S-D logic's fundamental premises. Examples are included to show how reciprocal value propositions can be used to initiate and guide resource integration activities between initiators and participants across a range of stakeholders of the firm. Some ‘taken for granted’ assumptions about market exchange are examined which act as a constraint on innovation in developing reciprocal value propositions, and more generally, stand in the way of innovative marketing practice. We also argue that reciprocal value propositions reveal opportunities for focal firm engagement with suppliers, customers, and other beneficiaries beyond sale/purchase transactions, as part of a platform for communicative interaction. In summary, we position reciprocal value propositions as a communication practice that brings exchange activities, relationship development, and knowledge renewal closer together | Value propositions, communication practice | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2010.06.032 |
| Digital Transformation | Bogumil, Jörg & Ebinger, Falk. | Verwaltungsstrukturrefrom in den Bundesländern | Bern- hard Blanke, Frank Nullmeier, Christoph Reichard & Göttrik Wewer (Hrsg.): Handbuch zur Verwaltungsreform (45-52), 4., aktualisierte und ergänzte Ausgabe, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag | 2011 | Die Studie befasst sich mit den Reformen der vier großen "alten" Bundesländer Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bayern, Baden-Württemberg und Niedersachsen auf der Ebene der staatlichen Mittelinstanz. Bislang war die Verwaltungsreformforschung eher auf marginale und inkrementelle Veränderungen gerichtet. Die Beispiele in Baden-Württemberg und Niedersachsen zeigen jedoch, dass auch ein äußerst umfassender, radikaler und in diesem Sinne erfolgreicher Strukturwandel möglich ist. Markus Reiners bedient sich einer akteursorientiert-institutionalistischen Herangehensweise und fragt gezielt danach, welche zentralen Elemente eine radikale Reform stimulieren und ermöglichen. Hierzu wird die Aufmerksamkeit vornehmlich auf die institutionellen Hintergründe und Entscheidungsverläufe gelenkt. Die Studie verdeutlicht, dass die Modernisierungsrichtung, der Prozess und das jeweilige Politikergebnis wesentlich durch die institutionelle Ausgangssituation, durch Machtkonstellationen und dem daraus resultierenden Handlungsspielraum der Akteure geleitet wird, und die Fragen in einen historisch-strukturellen, sozio-ökonomischen und in einen von Akteurskonstellationen und -koalitionen geprägten interaktionalen Kontext eingebettet sind. | Kturrefrom, verwaltungsstru, bundesländern | https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783531157740 |
| Digital Transformation | Grant, A. M., & Shin, J. | Work motivation: Directing, energizing, and maintaining effort (and research) | R. M. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of human motivation (pp. 505- 519). New York, NY: Oxford University Press | 2011 | This chapter provides an overview of contemporary research on work motivation. We start by identifying the central premises, controversies, and unanswered questions related to five core theoretical perspectives on work motivation: expectancy theory, equity theory, goal-setting theory, job design, and self-determination theory. We then discuss four current topics and new directions: collective motivation and organizing, temporal dynamics, creativity, and the effects of rewards. | Work , directing, energizing, maintaining effort | https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1233&context=mgmt_papers |
| Digital Transformation | Haverland, M., & Yanow, D. | A hitchhiker's guide to the public administration research universe: Surviving conversations on methodologies and methods. | Public Administration Review, 72(3), 401–408 | 2012 | Scientific conversations can be riddled with confusion when contributions to the discussion are based on notions about ways of knowing that remain implicit. Researchers often mix different methodological positions in their research designs because they lack an awareness of the distinctions between different ways of knowing and their associated methods. The authors engage and reflect on these differences, with particular attention to four areas: research question formulations, the character and role of concepts and theories, hypotheses versus puzzles, and case study research. They call on all researchers, both academics and practitioners, to be aware of the ways in which scientific terms serve, in research debates, as signifiers of different logics of inquiry. Awareness of these differences is important for the sake of productive scientific discussions and for the logical consistency of research, as both of the ways of knowing discussed here are legitimate scientific endeavors, albeit invoking different evaluative criteria. | research methodology, concepts, formulations, theories, hypotheses | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02524.x |
| Social Innovation | Andersson, E.R., Lundblad, J. and B. Jansson. | A public arena for sustainable health and safety innovation: Guidelines for research and practice | International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development 6 (3): 324-343 | 2012 | Evaluations of science parks show limited results, despite huge investments in staff and technology, i.e. a low level of sustainability. We present an innovation service and arena with a significant higher outcome of innovations. The arena is based on experiences mainly from three serially related action-studies on innovation in health and safety, and the assumption that all ideas in innovation must be tested naturally in a systems context and not rationally. The idea is then to capture all ideas extremely early in the innovation process (in principle before other similar institutions) where the inventor himself is prepared to test his idea. This means that all inventors, with the advice and mentorship of experienced researchers and innovators, themselves can be given the chance to establish whether their idea is sustainable or not. Our experience from testing such a subsidised innovation service shows that it could give significant effects on sustainable product innovation in occupational health and safety. We have summarised our experiences in a guideline in order to spread and improve the efficiency of sustainable innovation. | Public arena, sustainable health, safety innovation | https://doi.org/10.1504/IJISD.2012.047889 |
| Living Labs | Ståhlbröst, A. | A set of key principles to assess the impact of living labs | Int. J.Prod. Dev. 17 (1), 60-75 | 2012 | Among companies there is! an ongoing! shift! from! a! productCbased economy! to! a! service! economy,! especially! among! companies! who! delivers! digital! services. The!service!sector!is!growing!rapidly, which puts!pressure on!companies! to!keep!up!with!their!competitors.!This!is!an often!demanding!process,!especially!for! SMEs! who! do! not! have! the! resources! to! continuously! develop! their! business.! To! support!these!SMEs’!innovation!processes,!a!concept!called!the!Living!Lab!is!starting! to!grow!around!Europe.!These!Living!Labs!strive!to!support!companies’ innovation! processes!by!offering!a!neutral!arena!where!different!stakeholders!can!meet!and!coC develop! innovations.! However,! the! effects! of! Living! Labs! operations! are! to! some! extent!unexplored!and!underCtheorized.!Therefore,!the!purpose!of!this!paper!is!twoC fold: to! propose a! set! of! principles! for! conducting Living! Lab! research! in! an! innovation! context! and! to! assess! the! impact! of! the! Living! Lab! approach! on! the! innovation!process!and!its!stakeholders!by!means!of! the!proposed!principles. This! study!shows! that! the!Living!Lab!approach!offers!values!in!many!different!ways!for! several!stakeholders.! | Living Lab, Open Innovation, Service Innovation, Key Principles, User Involvement | https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:977338/FULLTEXT01.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Corsara, D. Cantu C. and A. Tunsini. | Actor’s heterogeneity in innovation networks | Industrial Marketing Management 41 (5): 780-789 | 2012 | Several interpretations converge in defining innovation networks as formed by heterogeneous actors, mainly identified in universities, research centers, and business companies. While the issue of actors' heterogeneity has generated active debate in strategy and organization studies, there has been little discussion so far in exploring the role of this diversity in innovation networks. | Actor’s heterogeneity, innovation networks | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2012.06.005 |
| Living Labs | Björgvinsson, E., Ehn, P. & Hilgrenn, P. | Agonistic participatory design: working with marginalised social movements. | International Journal of CoCreation in Design and the Arts, 8 (2-3), 127-144 | 2012 | Participatory design (PD) has become increasingly engaged in public spheres and everyday life and is no longer solely concerned with the workplace. This is not only a shift from work-oriented productive activities to leisure and pleasurable engagements, but also a new milieu for production and ‘innovation’. What ‘democratic innovation’ entails is often currently defined by management and innovation research, which claims that innovation has been democratised through easy access to production tools and lead-users as the new experts driving innovation. We sketch an alternative ‘innovation’ practice more in line with the original visions of PD based on our experience of running Malmö Living Labs – an open innovation milieu where new constellations, issues and ideas evolve from bottom–up long-term collaborations among diverse stakeholders. Three cases and controversial matters of concern are discussed. The fruitfulness of the concepts ‘agonistic public spaces’ (as opposed to consensual decision-making), ‘thinging’ and ‘infrastructuring’ (as opposed to projects) are explored in relation to democracy, innovation and other future-making practices. | agonistic, democracy, design, infrastructuring, innovation, participation, thinging | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15710882.2012.672577 |
| Social Innovation | Wang, X.H. and Bryer, T.A. | Assessing the costs of public participation: a case study of two online participation mechanisms | The American Review of Public Administration | 2012 | In 2009, the authors facilitated a citizen-participation process in a local community in Florida in the United States. Using an inductive content analysis across two online participation data sources, the study develops a set of testable propositions about cost functions of public participation. The study shows a nonlinear relationship between administrative costs and participation quantity. It also demonstrates no direct relationship between the costs and participation quality. Moreover, the cost functions vary in different participation mechanisms. These propositions provide a basis for future research to improve cost management in public participation. | citizen participation, public participation, participation cost, civic engagement, public participation cost | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0275074012438727 |
| Digital Transformation | The White House. | Building a 21st century digital government | Presidential memorandum | 2012 | Century digital, government | https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/05/23/ presidential-memorandum-building-21st-century-digital-government. | |
| Public service value co creation | Helkkula, A, Kelleher, C, & Pihlstrom, M | Characterizing Value as an Experience:Implications for Service Researchers and Managers | Journal of Service Research | 2012 | Within contemporary discourse around service-dominant logic, phenomenologically (experientially) determined value has been placed at the center of value discussion. However, a systematic characterization of value in the experience has not been presented to date. In this article, the authors outline four theoretical propositions that describe what value in the experience is, which are then illustrated using a narrative data set. The propositions consider both lived and imaginary value experiences and posit that current service experiences are influenced by previous and anticipated service experiences. The article contributes to the service literature by characterizing value in the experience as an ongoing, iterative circular process of individual, and collective customer sense making, as opposed to a linear, cognitive process restricted to isolated service encounters. The authors recommend that service researchers should consider the use of interpretive methodologies based on the four theoretical propositions outlined in order to better understand the many ways that service customers experience value in their lifeworld contexts, which extend well beyond the service organization’s zone of influence. Service managers should also consider how a richer understanding of past, current, and imaginary value in the context in service customers’ individual lifeworld contexts might generate novel insights for service innovations. | Value, implications, service, researchers, managers | https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1094670511426897 |
| Public service value co creation | Guo, H. and Neshkova, M.I. | Citizen input in the budget process: when does it matter most? | American Review of Public Administration | 2012 | Citizen participation in public budgeting processes has been widely advocated by both theorists and practitioners of public administration. Yet there is less agreement on when the public should be brought into the process and how the timing of citizen inclusion affects the outcomes of public agencies. Using survey data about citizen involvement practices utilized by the state departments of transportation (DOTs) across the country, the authors construct citizen input indices for different stages of the budget process and examine the impact of participation on the overall organizational effectiveness. The study results show that citizen participation in the budget process has greatest positive effect on organizational performance at both the early and ending stages of the budget process, namely, the stages of information sharing and program assessment. | citizen participation, budget process, participatory budget, GPP | http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1018.5499&rep=rep1&type=pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Thomas J. | Citizen, customer, partner: engaging the public in public management | Oxon & New York: Routledge | 2012 | For almost a half a century, scholars and practitioners have debated what the connections should be between public administration and the public. Does the public serve principally as citizen-owners, those to whom administrators are responsible? Are members of the public more appropriately viewed as the customers of government? Or, in an increasingly networked world, do they serve more as the partners of public administrators in the production of public services? This book starts from the premise that the public comes to government not principally in one role but in all three roles, as citizens and customers and partners. The purpose of the book is to address the dual challenge that reality implies: (1) to help public administrators and other public officials to understand the complex nature of the public they face, and (2) to provide recommendations for how public administrators can most effectively interact with the public in the different roles. Using this comprehensive perspective, Citizen, Customer, Partner helps students, practitioners, and scholars understand when and how the public should be integrated into the practice of public administration. Most chapters in Citizen, Customer, Partner include multiple boxed cases that illustrate the chapter’s content with real-world examples. The book concludes with an extremely useful Appendix that collects and summarizes the 40 Design Principles – specific advice for public organizations on working with the public as customers, partners, and citizens. | governance, public administration, citizens, customer/partner | https://www.amazon.com/Citizen-Customer-Partner-Engaging-Management/dp/0765627213 |
| Social Innovation | Rowley J. | Conducting research interviews. | Management Research Review, 35(3/ 4), 260–271 | 2012 | The purpose of this paper is to draw on experience in supervising new researchers and the advice of other writers, to offer novice researchers, such as those engaged in study for a thesis, a pragmatic introduction to conducting research interviews. After a brief introduction, the paper is organized into three main sections: designing and planning interviews, conducting interviews, and making sense of interview data. Within these sections, 11 questions often asked by novice researchers are posed and answered. Novice interviewers need to conduct some research interviews in order to start to develop their skills in the craft of interviewing. This paper is designed to give novice interviewers the advice and support that they need before starting on this journey. Other research methods texts offer advice on research interviews, but their advice is not tailored specifically to new researchers engaged in research for a thesis. They tend to offer options, but provide limited guidance on making crucial decisions in interview planning, design, conduct, and data analysis. | research work, research methods, interviews, research interviews, qualitative research, qualitative data analysis | https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211210154 |
| Service Design | Teixeira, J | Customer experience modeling: from customer experience to service design | Journal of Service Management | 2012 | Customer experience has become increasingly important for service organizations that see it as a source of sustainable competitive advantage, and for service designers, who consider it fundamental to any service design project. Combining multidisciplinary contributions to represent customer experience elements enables the systematization of its complex information. The application to a multimedia service highlights how CEM can facilitate the work of multidisciplinary design teams by providing more insightful inputs to service design. | Customer experience, Service design, Interaction design, Customer service management, Design | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/09564231211248453/full/html |
| Living Labs | Binkley, M., O. Erstad, J. Herman, S. Raizen, M. Ripley, M. Miller-Ricci & M. Rumble. | Defining 21st Century Skills | Pp. 17-66 in P. Griffin, B. McGaw & E. Care (eds.). Assessment and Teaching of 21st Century Skills. New York, NY: Springer | 2012 | This paper synthesizes research on the role of standards and assessment in promoting learning, describes the nature of assessment systems that can support changes in practice, Illustrates the use of technology to transform assessment systems and learning, and proposes a model for assessing 21st century skills. Large-scale assessments should be only part of any system to support student learning, Assessments at each level represent a significant opportunity to signal the important learning goals that are targeted by the broader system as well as to provide valuable, actionable data for policy and practice. Moreover, they can model next generation assessments that can support learning. To do so assessments should a) be aligned with the development of significant 21st century goals, b) be adaptable and responsive to new developments, c) be largely performance-based, d) add value for teaching and learning by providing information that can be acted on by students, teachers, and administrators, e) meet the general criteria for good assessments, (i.e. be fair, technically sound; valid for purpose, and part of a comprehensive and well-aligned system of assessments at all levels of education) The model for assessments of 21st century skills, based on an analysis of curriculum and assessment frameworks for 21st century skills developed around the world, identifies ten important skills in four broad categories. The paper provides measureable descriptions of the skills, considering knowledge, skills, and attitudes, values and ethics (advanced as the KSAVE framework). The paper concludes with a discussion of challenges to be addressed in developing an assessment system that supports learning using, for example, research-based models of skill development and assessments that make students’ thinking visible to establish their strengths and weaknesses and help shape future learning choices. | Defining, 21st century skills | http://www.ericlondaits.com.ar/oei_ibertic/sites/default/files/biblioteca/24_defining-21st-century-skills.pdf |
| Service Design | Thomson, M., & Koskinen, T. | Design for growth & prosperity: Report and recommendations of the European Design Leadership Board | EU, European Design Leadership Board | 2012 | From the outset, the Design Leadership Board has worked to a broad understanding of design. In this report, design is perceived as an activity of people-centred innovation by which desirable and usable products and services are defined and delivered. Design has a role to play in business processes and metrics (such as value-adding or cost cutting). Design is considered as a sector in its own right of specialised, professional economic activity by trained and qualified practitioners and as a tool for business and organisational growth at the highest strategic level. In addition to its economic benefits, design also encompasses sustainable and responsible behaviour contributing positively to an innovative society and improved quality of life. | design, innovation, user centered, value | http://europeandesigninnovation.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Design_for_Growth_and_Prosperity_.pdf |
| Service Design | Bhandari, G., & Snowdon, A. | Design of a patient-centric, service-oriented health care navigation system for a local health integration network | Behaviour & Information Technology | 2012 | Efficient and timely access to health care services has a profound impact on the well-being of individuals. A local health integration network (LHIN) located in South-western Ontario, Canada, is mandated to plan, identify, integrate, and fund regional health care services through its 88 member agencies. However, for the public, it is difficult to locate the right services at the right time due to the absence of a system-level navigation tool. In this ongoing system design project, we discuss a proposed patient-centric, service-oriented navigation system to be used by the public for accessing the regional health care services funded by the LHIN. We also propose that basic building blocks of service design be incorporated into the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology for developing an evaluative framework for assessing the impact of service design elements on the user’s acceptance and usage of technology such as our web-based health care navigation tool. | service-oriented architecture, local health integration network, service design, health care services, unified theory of acceptance and use of technology | https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2011.563798 |
| Digital Transformation | The White House. | Digital government: Building a 21st century platform to better serve the American people | 2012 | Digital government, 21st century platform | https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=711162 | ||
| Digital Transformation | Berman S. J. | Digital transformation: Opportunities to create new business models. | Strategy & Leadership | 2012 | According to IBM research, companies seeking opportunities in an era of constant customer connectivity focus on two complementary activities: reshaping customer value propositions and transforming their operations using digital technologies for greater customer interaction and collaboration. This paper aims to address this issue. The paper explains that businesses aiming to generate new customer value propositions or transform their operating models need to develop a new portfolio of capabilities for flexibility and responsiveness to fast‐changing customer requirements. The paper finds that engaging with customers at every point where value is created is what differentiates a customer‐centered business from one that simply targets customers well. Customer interaction in these areas often leads to open collaboration that accelerates innovation using online communities. Companies focused on fully reshaping the operating model optimize all elements of the value chain around points of customer engagement. The article explains how companies with a cohesive plan for integrating the digital and physical components of operations can successfully transform their business models. | digital enterprise transformation, reshaping customer value propositions, transforming operations, customer interaction and collaboration, operating model innovation, business model innovation, customer-centric enterprise, digitally enabled supply chain, digital technology, modelling | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/10878571211209314/full/html |
| Social Innovation | Almodovar J. and A. Teiweira. | Dynamics, structure and content of innovation networks: An overview of the literature | In Salavisa I. and M. Fontes eds. Social Networks, Innovation and the Knowledge Economy, 37-68. London and New York: Routledge | 2012 | Second, we need to consider changes in the pattern of networks that result from changes in firms’ innovative capabilities. We take the evolutionary view according to which firms are dynamic organizations with peculiar knowledge reservoirs constantly being upgraded. These reservoirs store both the current imprints of organizational practices (routines) and the sources for their renewal (Nelson and Winter 1982; Leonard-Barton 1995). The central point is that since innovation capabilities are increasingly being developed collectively, they place networks as a key mode of governance. By looking at the collective innovation capabilities from a dynamic view, we can analyse the process in which they are built, maintained, reinforced or even destroyed. The idea of innovation as a content of networking will be further expanded ahead. The dynamic approach to networks stands in contrast with the great bulk of literature that is still attached to a static prescriptive stance. This static predominance is perceptible in various contributions that present the rationales of network formation, namely in the management literature (Freeman 1991; DeBresson and Amesse 1991), organizational studies (Powell 1990), economic geography (Camagni 1995; Storper 1997) and sociology (Granovetter 1985; Podolny and Page 1998; Smith-Doerr and Powell 2005). This eminently static view translates into a tendency for scholars to derive (1) network taxonomies; (2) analysis of benefit for participants (Colombo 2003; Gulati and Higgins 2003); (3) evaluations of network impact (Rodan and Galunic 2004; Goerzen and Beamish 2005; Dyer and Hatch 2006); and (4) policy implications (Stevenson and Greenberg 2000; Ernst 2002; Chiarvesio et al. 2004; Copus and Skuras 2006). An excessive focus on the conditions for network emergence will only provide us with a partial dimension of the phenomenon and give rise to a degree of myopia in the way we perceive networks. Besides the static predominance in the network discourse, we can also identify an emerging range of studies dedicated to the dynamics of networks, as Table 2.5 reports. The economic network contributions are mainly interested in capturing the dynamics of innovation and understanding how participants benefit from this evolution. Cantner and Graf (2006), for instance, demonstrate how individuals in the periphery of the network may still be innovators. Also, Deroïan (2002) discusses how a dynamic emphasis on innovation diffusion networks points out the importance of users for the adoption of a technology. Mina et al. (2007) take an evolutionary perspective of medical knowledge networks, studying how they are formed, developed and transformed. Dantas and Bell (2009) show that the sources of knowledge and the type of organizations within the network in the oil industry have become increasingly diverse. More recently, when looking at the evolution of the innovation network of the Canadian biotechnology sector, Schiffauerova and Beaudry (2011) reveal that (1) the sharp growth of patents has been followed by a decline; and that (2) the inventors in the transmission centre of the networks are becoming less central with time. These findings not only suggest that a critical mass of inventors has been achieved, but it also questions the role of star scientists for effective knowledge flows. | Dynamics, structure, content, innovation networks | |
| Digital Transformation | Kattel, R. | Eesti Taasiseseisvumisjärgne Majanduspoliitika | In R. Vetik (ed.), Eesti Poliitika ja Valitsemine 1991–2011 (Tallinn: Tallinna Ülikooli Kirjastus), pp. 38–56 | 2012 | Taasiseseisvumisjärgne, majanduspoliitika | https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/25068795.pdf | |
| Living Labs | Hosking, D.M., B. Shamir, S. Ospina & M. Uhl-Bien. | Exploring the Prospects for Dialogue Across Perspectives | Pp. 501-36 in M. Uhl-Bien & S. Ospina (eds.). Advancing Relational Leadership Research: A Dialogue Among Perspectives. New York, NY: New Information Age Publishing | 2012 | This study adopts a pre-negotiation approach based on Robert Putnam's win-set concept to examine domestic constraints on cross-Strait political negotiation. Survey research of elite opinion in both China and Taiwan and of public opinion in Taiwan is used to estimate each side's win-set (that is, the set of political negotiation outcomes that could win majority approval domestically) during Ma Ying-jeou's second presidential term in Taiwan (2012–2016). The possibility for overlap in win-sets that could provide a zone of possible agreement and the potential for coalitions in favour of negotiation are analysed. The study finds no win-set overlap and limited potential for coalitions favouring negotiation outcomes with the least distance from overlap, concluding that domestic conditions for formal political negotiations between Beijing and Taipei are unlikely to be ripe in the near term. | Prospects, dialogue, across perspectives | https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2018_07/20180720_180713-GMF-future-med-dialog.pdf |
| Living Labs | Edwards-Schachter, M. E., Matti, C.E. & Alcantara | Fostering Quality of Life through Social Innovation: A living lab Methodology study | Review of Policy Research, 29(6), 672-692 | 2012 | Participative processes and citizens’ empowerment are considered crucial aspects of social innovation (SI), involving collaborative activities between the private, public, and third sectors. This article discusses the principal trends in the literature on the concept of SI, its aims and differential characteristics related to the identification of people's needs, citizen participation processes, and improved quality of life. We present an exploratory case study of SI focusing on the gap between elderly people's needs and the generation of business opportunities, using a living lab (LL) methodology for collaborative placed‐based innovation. Our results suggest that LLs are a useful instrument to detect community needs and improve local development and support and integrate technological and social innovations in policies and local governance processes. | Living labs, social innovation, participation, collaboration, citizen empowerment | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2012.00588.x |
| Living Labs | Bovaird T. and Loeffler E. | From engagement to co-production: How users and communities contribute to public services | In ' New Public Governance, the Third Sector and Co-production'; London: Routledge | 2012 | Not so long ago-in the 1980s-public services were essentially seen as activities that professionals did to, or for, members of the public to achieve results “in the public interest.” Much has changed since then. We now believe that public services should be designed to bring about “outcomes,” not just “results,” and that these outcomes should, in large measure, correspond to those that service users and citizens see as valuable, not simply those that are seen as valuable by politicians, service managers and professionals. From being a kind of “marketeering” heresy in the 1980s, such views are now largely shared across most stakeholders involved in public services. This has, indeed, been a kind of revolution-“public services for the public.” | user co-production, community co-production, public value | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780203152294/chapters/10.4324/9780203152294-9 |
| Living Labs | Bovaird T. and Loeffler E. | From engagement to co-production: How users and communities contribute to public services | In 'New Public Governance, the third sector and co-production', New York: Routledge | 2012 | This chapter explores the ways in which the co-production movement can be conceptualized as a shift from “public services FOR the public” toward “public services BY the public,” within the framework of a public sector that continues to represent the public interest, not simply the interests of “consumers” of public services. Co-production partly harks back to some of the philosophical roots of public service: “To everyone according to their needs, from everyone according to their ability.” It is also partly a recognition of the limits of the state: “It takes a village to raise a child.” But it is, above all, a recognition that “we are all in this together”—state and civil society must work together if those outcomes are to be achieved that most people identify with a good society—“If you want to walk fast, travel alone: if you want to walk far, travel together.” | user co-production, community co-production, public value | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271213139_From_Engagement_to_Co-Production_How_Users_and_Communities_Contribute_to_Public_Services |
| Public service value co creation | Bovaird, T, & Loeffler, E | From engagement to co-production: how users and communities contribute to public services | New Public Governance, the third sector and co-production, New York: Routledge | 2012 | This chapter explores the ways in which the co-production movement can be conceptualized as a shift from “public services FOR the public” toward “public services BY the public,” within the framework of a public sector that continues to represent the public interest, not simply the interests of “consumers” of public services. Co-production partly harks back to some of the philosophical roots of public service: “To everyone according to their needs, from everyone according to their ability.” It is also partly a recognition of the limits of the state: “It takes a village to raise a child.” But it is, above all, a recognition that “we are all in this together”—state and civil society must work together if those outcomes are to be achieved that most people identify with a good society—“If you want to walk fast, travel alone: if you want to walk far, travel together.” | Coproduction, engagement, users, communities, public services | DOI:10.4324/9780203152294 |
| Social Innovation | Haikio, L. | From innovation to convention: legitimate citizen participation in local governance | Local Government Studies | 2012 | In governance structure legitimacy is required not only of the governing system, local authorities or public organisations but also of other participants, including citizens. The legitimacy cannot be judged either by traditions of representative democracy or by innovative theories of deliberative or participatory democracy. The article analyses scientific publications on citizen participation in local governance. It asks how empirical studies on local sustainable development planning (SDP) and New Public Management (NPM) practices construct legitimate citizen participation. In general, studies on citizen participation have not conceptualised the relations between citizens and power holders as questions of legitimacy. However, the studies approaching citizen participation in the local processes of SDP and NPM include various empirical, theoretical and normative arguments for citizen participation. These arguments recognise, accept and support particular activities, arguments and outcomes of citizen participation, and include and exclude agents and issues. They construct and reflect the definition of legitimacy in the local governance. As constructed by scientific texts, justifications for citizen participation reproduce a discursive structure in which citizen participation becomes marginalised and citizens’ views excluded. The results illustrate that discursive structures of legitimate citizen participation support conventional governing practices and hinder innovative practices in local governance. | citizen participation, local governance, New Public Management, sustainable development, legitimacy | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03003930.2012.698241 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Bryer, T, A, & Cooper, TL | George Frederickson and the dialogue on citizenship in public administration | Public administration review | 2012 | We owe a debt to H. George Frederickson for advancing the scholarly and practitioner dialogue on the role of citizens and the value of citizenship in public administration. Frederickson's contributions began in the late 1960s and early 1970s on citizenship in urban governance, advanced through the development of New Public Administration values, and, more recently, extended through the formulation of ideas regarding the restoration of civism and the promotion of the public as citizen. This article describes the general philosophy of Frederickson's writings and suggests three challenges to this philosophy: (1) the harmful consequences of participation, (2) uncertain constitutional foundations, and (3) equally legitimate conceptions of the public beyond that of the citizen. The authors ask where the scholarly field should go next and suggest fruitful areas for continued theoretical and empirical research categorized by the notions of civis (citizen), civitas (citizenship), and civilitas (the art of government). | H. George Frederickson, citizens, public administration, participation, research agenda | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02632.x |
| Social Innovation | De Reuver, M. and H. Bouwman. | Governance mechanisms for mobile service innovation in value networks | Journal of Business Research 65(3): 347-354 | 2012 | Service innovation often requires multiple organizations to work together in complex, dynamic networks. Existing literature shows that mechanisms like trust, power and contracts govern activities in organizational networks. Scholars rarely study how such a mix of mechanisms evolves over time, especially not in relation to different stages of service innovation. This paper connects a phasing model on service innovation to concepts of inter-organizational governance in value networks, by examining what governance mechanisms are in use during service development, implementation and commercialization. This study analyzes an international survey among operators, content providers and application developers in the Mobile Internet services domain, which is noted for its complex inter-organizational networks. The findings suggest that power-based governance is in use in the early stages of developing service concepts and technologies, while trust-based governance is in use during implementation, roll-out and commercialization. Contract-based governance is most common during implementation and roll-out. | Governance, mechanisms, service innovation, value networks | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.04.016 |
| Digital Transformation | Kalvet, T. | Innovation: A Factor Explaining e-Government Success in Estonia | Electronic Government: An International Journal 9(2), 142–57 | 2012 | Estonia is seen as a remarkable success story in the context of e-government. Several studies that have mapped the major factors affecting the evolution of e-government in Estonia are mainly grounded in information systems theory; even if public-private partnerships are examined, their treatment remains too general. The current article argues for the importance of public procurement for innovation. Several risks were avoided due to the high competencies of local suppliers, a lack of legacy infrastructure, and a supportive environment for ‘ethical hackers’. The importance of the framework and the success factors is illustrated by a case study on e-voting | Innovation, e-government | https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1504/EG.2012.046266 |
| Living Labs | Liedtke, Welfens, Rohn & Nordmann | Living lab: User-driven innovation for sustainability | International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 13(2), 106-118 | 2012 | The purpose of this paper is to summarize and discuss the results from the LIVING LAB design study, a project within the 7th Framework Programme of the European Union. The aim of this project was to develop the conceptual design of the LIVING LAB Research Infrastructure that will be used to research human interaction with, and stimulate the adoption of, sustainable, smart and healthy innovations around the home. Design/methodology/approach – A LIVING LAB is a combined lab-/household system, analysing existing product-service-systems as well as technical and socioeconomic influences focused on the social needs of people, aiming at the development of integrated technical and social innovations and simultaneously promoting the conditions of sustainable development (highest resource efficiency, highest user orientation, etc.). This approach allows the development and testing of sustainable domestic technologies, while putting the user on centre stage. Findings – As this paper discusses the design study, no actual findings can be presented here but the focus is on presenting the research approach. Originality/value – The two elements (real homes and living laboratories) of this approach are what make the LIVING LAB research infrastructure unique. The research conducted in LIVING LAB will be innovative in several respects. First, it will contribute to market innovation by producing breakthroughs in sustainable domestic technologies that will be easy to install, user friendly and that meet environmental performance standards in real life. Second, research from LIVING LAB will contribute to innovation in practice by pioneering new forms of in-context, user-centred research, including long-term and cross-cultural research. | European Union, Product technology, Innovation, Household products, Sustainable design, LIVING LAB, User-driven innovation, Sustainable products and services | https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/35139703.pdf |
| Living Labs | Leminen, S., M. Westerlund & A.G. Nystöm. | Living Labs as Open-Innovation Networks | Technology Innovation Management Review, 2(9): 6-11 | 2012 | The importance and benefits of open innovation networks are widely accepted. Enterprises and other organisations are increasingly utilizing a variety of open innovation networks in different contexts. This study defines a living lab as a concept including real-life environments, a multitude of different stakeholders, and the importance of users as a part of innovation activities. Living labs are interesting because they represent a new way of organizing innovation activities by facing parallel socio-economic challenges and technological opportunities. This study aims to understand networks, user and stakeholder roles, and outcomes generated in living labs. The study has the following research questions: (1) What is a living lab, from a network perspective? (2) What roles do users and stakeholders have in living lab networks? (3) How do network structures affect outcomes in living labs? | Living labs, open-innovation networks | http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-6375-1 |
| Living Labs | Leminen, S., Westerlund, M. & Nyström, A. | Living labs as open-innovation networks | Technology Innovation Management Review, 6-11 | 2012 | Living labs bring experimentation out of companies’ R&D departments to real-life environments with the participation and co-creation of users, partners, and other parties. This study discusses living labs as four different types of networks characterized by open innovation: utilizer-driven, enabler-driven, provider-driven, and user-driven. The typology is based on interviews with the participants of 26 living labs in Finland, Sweden, Spain, and South Africa. Companies can benefit from knowing the characteristics of each type of living lab; this knowledge will help them to identify which actor drives the innovation, to anticipate likely outcomes, and to decide what kind of role they should play while "living labbing". Living labs are networks that can help them create innovations that have a superior match with user needs and can be upscaled promptly to the global market. | Living lab, network, role, innovation, innovation outcome, open innovation, resource-based view, contingency theory, living laboratory, living labbing, living lab network, open innovation network, network structure, inhalation-dominated innovation, exhalation-dominated innovation, research stream, proposition | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e604/2fd69a94a9b3f1caab4fe29a288dcfbdd0ac.pdf |
| Living Labs | Almirall, Lee and Wareham | Mapping Living Labs in the Landscape of Innovation Methodologies | Technology Innovation Management Review, 12-18 | 2012 | A growing interest in living labs as a mechanism for innovation has drawn significant attention to both the different flavours of this methodology and to the organizations that put it into practice. However, little has been done to assess its impact and to compare its contribution to other innovation methodologies. This article aims to cover that gap by summarizing the most common European living labs approaches and positioning them in the landscape of user-contributed innovation methodology. The merits and appropriateness of living labs in these settings are also assessed. | Living labs, innovation metodologies | https://www.academia.edu/27331751/Mapping_Living_Labs_in_the_Landscape_of_Innovation_Methodologies |
| Living Labs | Haselberger, D., P. Oberhuemer, P, E. Pérez, M. Cinque & F.D. Capasso. 2 | Mediating Soft Skills at Higher Education Institutions. Guidelines for the design of learning situations supporting soft skills achievement | ModES Project. Lifelong Learning Programme. Brussels, Belgium: European Union | 2012 | The aim of this paper is to focus discussion on some philosophical issues that informs discussion of the stabilising dimension of higher education as a mediating institution. Backgrounded habits provide the deep context for developing moral practice and other regarding sentiment in higher education. Understanding higher educational institutions as mediating institutions, as forms of associational life which inculcate habit and the development of mores is an important corrective to the discourse of marketization and neo-liberal reform which otherwise crowds out consideration of the role higher educational institutions play in cultural stabilization and social cohesion. This argument we intend to make in this paper is that the stabilizing and associational function of higher educational institutions is critically important to developing habits and mores which are the key support for a society that can still retain a sense of concern and regard for others. | Higher education institutions, guidelines, skills achievement | https://gea-college.si/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/MODES_handbook_en.pdf |
| Service Design | Prinz, A., & Leimeister, J. M. | Mobile Systeme im Gesundheitswesen | HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik, 49(4), 73-82 | 2012 | Mobile Electronic Data Capture (EDC) systems enable real-time, fast and easy acquisition of patient data. This paper describes the development, implementation and evaluation of an EDC system for self-assessment of health status. Patients with fine motor disorders accepted the system and rated it as manageable and effective in documenting the current state of health. Active participation and patient integration led to better documentation and data base for medical treatment and care. | Mobile Electronic Data Capture, patient data, patient participation, healthcare | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03340720 |
| Service Design | Lewis, C. and Marsh, D. | Network Governance and public participation in policy making: federal community cabinets in Australia | Australian Journal of Public Administration | 2012 | The Australian Labor Party's (ALP) 2007 Policy Platform asserted ‘Labor will pursue new and innovative measures designed to foster greater participation and engagement of the Australian population in the political process’ (Manwaring 2010). As such they seemed to have a clear commitment to a more participatory form of democracy. This commitment appeared to be reflected in two initiatives they introduced in power: the 2020 Summit (on this seeFawcett, Manwaring and Marsh 2011) and federal community cabinets. More broadly it could be argued that Labor were following a trend identified internationally as a move from government to governance, more specifically to ‘network governance’ (Rhodes 1997) in which governments encouraged greater participation in policy‐making, recognising that governments could at best steer, not row. Indeed, as Marinetto contends (2003: 593), this idea has taken on a ‘semblance of orthodoxy’ in discussions of public policy. | community consultation, community cabinets, rud government | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2012.00753.x |
| Public service value co creation | Pestoff V., Brandsen T. and Verschuere B. | New Public Governance, the Third Sector and Co-Production | New York: Routledge. | 2012 | The concept of co-production spread in recent years to Europe and elsewhere, and is now used by researchers in many parts of the world to analyse citizen participation in the provision of publicly financed services, regardless of the provider. This book addresses the nexus of issues and disciplines interested in co-production, and through them it makes a contribution to the development of the disciplines that focus on public management. Co-production exists at the cross-roads of a number of disciplines – including business administration, policy studies, political science, public management, sociology, and third sector studies, all of which have important perspectives on this topic and all of them are important for the development of public management and public services. The unique presentation of them together in this volume both allows for comparing and contrasting these different perspectives and for potential theoretical collaboration and development. With a Foreword written by Nobel Laureate Elinor Ostrom, New Public Governance, the Third Sector, and Co-Production addresses the nature of co-production and the challenges it faces. | co-production, public management, citizen participation | https://emes.net/publications/books/new-public-governance-the-third-sector-and-co-production/ |
| Living Labs | Carstensen, H. V. & Bason, C. | Powering Collaborative Policy Innovation: Can Innovation Labs Help? | The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 17(1), article 4 | 2012 | There is nothing inherently new in the idea of cross-cutting collaboration, "joined-up government' and "networked governance' (Pollitt, 2003; Hartley, 2005; Mulgan, 2009). However, in the last decade, new forms of internal units have been set up within public sector organisations with the explicit purpose of supporting innovation efforts. And in at least one case, such a unit has evolved into a permanent governance network - designed to foster cross-governmental innovation. We start by discussing the underlying change logic of innovation labs. The article then examines the history, role and functioning of Denmark's MindLab, an innovation lab that today is part of the Ministries of Business & Growth, Taxation, and Employment. We emphasise how the development of MindLab over time reflects a typology of different generations of innovation labs. Finally, we reflect on potential future directions for platforms for collaborative innovation in the public sector. | Innovation labs, collaboration, governance, policy development. | https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-2986463431/powering-collaborative-policy-innovation-can-innovation |
| Social Innovation | Bradley, Q. | Putting our mark on things': the identity work of user participation in public services | Critical Social Policy | 2012 | Economic individualism and market-based values dominate today's policymaking and public management circles - often at the expense of the common good. In his new book, Barry Bozeman demonstrates the continuing need for public interest theory in government. Public Values and Public Interest offers a direct theoretical challenge to the "utility of economic individualism," the prevailing political theory in the western world. The book's arguments are steeped in a practical and practicable theory that advances public interest as a viable and important measure in any analysis of policy or public administration. According to Bozeman, public interest theory offers a dynamic and flexible approach that easily adapts to changing situations and balances today's market-driven attitudes with the concepts of common good advocated by Aristotle, Saint Thomas Aquinas, John Locke, and John Dewey. In constructing the case for adopting a new governmental paradigm based on what he terms "managing publicness," Bozeman demonstrates why economic indices alone fail to adequately value social choice in many cases. He explores the implications of privatization of a wide array of governmental services - among them Social Security, defense, prisons, and water supplies. Bozeman constructs analyses from both perspectives in an extended study of genetically modified crops to compare the policy outcomes using different core values and questions the public value of engaging in the practice solely for the sake of cheaper food. Thoughtful, challenging, and timely, Public Values and Public Interest shows how the quest for fairness can once again play a full part in public policy debates and public administration. | individualism, public interest, interest theory, common good, economics, values, public administration, public management, aristotle, market, political theory, western world, social security, fairness, water management, privatization, correctional institution, public policy, paradigm, food | https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/public-values-and-public-interest-counterbalancing-economic-indiv |
| Service Design | Nabatchi, T. | Putting the 'public' back in public values research: designing participation to identify and respond to values | Public Administration Review | 2012 | This article seeks to put the “public” back in public values research by theorizing about the potential of direct citizen participation to assist with identifying and understanding public values. Specifically, the article explores eight participatory design elements and offers nine propositions about how those elements are likely to affect the ability of administrators to identify and understand public values with regard to a policy conflict. The article concludes with a brief discussion about potential directions for future research. | public value, direct participation, policy | https://www.tphlink.com/uploads/1/1/4/0/11401949/putting_the_%E2%80%9Cpublic%E2%80%9D_back_in_public_values_research_-_8.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. | Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. | Organizational research methods, 16(1), 15-31 | 2012 | For all its richness and potential for discovery, qualitative research has been critiqued as too often lacking in scholarly rigor. The authors summarize a systematic approach to new concept development and grounded theory articulation that is designed to bring “qualitative rigor” to the conduct and presentation of inductive research. | qualitative rigor, inductive research, grounded theory, new concept development | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1094428112452151?journalCode=orma |
| Service Design | Blomkvist, J., & Holmlid, S. | Service prototyping according to service design practitioners | Linköping; Sweden | 2012 | Current trends in service design research include case studies and similar approaches that aspire to reveal what the practice of service design looks like. The understanding of how service design is performed can serve as a base for future research into more specific research endeavours. One area where knowledge issaid to be lacking is service prototyping, part of which knowledge this paper attempts to contribute. The main data source for the paper is findings from in-depth interviews with six practicing service designersfrom some of the more well-known design agencies.The informants considerservice prototyping to be avery important part of their work that allowsthem to learn and communicate about design ideas. The practitioners’ account of how they work with prototypes indicates that service prototyping has different meanings and that the practice of prototyping is very diverse. The interviews alsouncover a number of areas that, according to the designers, might prove extra challenging for service prototyping to be successful. This research shows that thereis much potential in thenot yet fully formedpractice of service prototyping. | service prototyping, interviews, design practice | http://www.servdes.org/pdf/blomkvist-holmlid.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Rubalcaba L., Michel S., Sundbo J., Brown S.W. and Reynoso J. | Shaping, organizing, and rethinking service innovation: a multidimensional framework | Journal of Service Management | 2012 | The purpose of this paper is to review key research contributions that may be useful for rethinking service innovation. Service innovation is not a monolithic construct; therefore, the opportunities for further research are multidimensional and interdisciplinary. A summary analysis of extant literature identifies valuable contributions and fundamental methodological issues from various perspectives. The proposed directions for future research entail where to innovate, how to innovate, and what to innovate in services. The analysis and discussion lead to a multidimensional framework of service innovation, with a particular emphasis on organizational and customer cocreation perspectives. This article contains guidelines and real‐world examples to help practitioners and policy makers develop service innovation strategies through the consideration of different levels, organizations, and perspectives. This article offers a relevant source of ideas and guidance for anyone interested in research and practice related to rethinking service innovation. | service innovation, strategic framework, dimensions, process perspective, customer co-creation, innovation, customer service management | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/09564231211269847/full/html |
| Social Innovation | Kristensen, C. J. | Social innovation i indsatsen for hjemløse kvinder – tilblivelsen af en natcafé | Dansk Sociologi, 23(4), 55-73 | 2012 | I forbindelse med de nationale strategiplaner ”Det faelles ansvar II” og ”Den nationale hjemlosestrategi” er der blevet ivaerksat flere aktiviteter i Kobenhavns Kommune for at skabe oget viden og forbedre indsatsen i forhold til hjemlose og andre grupper af socialt udsatte kvinder. Flere af disse er sociale innovationer. De har som formal at imodekomme kvindernes behov og problemer pa nye og bedre mader. I artiklen analyseres tilblivelsen af en af disse sociale innovationer, ”Cafe Klare – Natcafeen for kvinder”. Det undersoges saledes hvorledes ideen til natcafeen er fremkommet, og hvordan processen bag implementeringen af den er forlobet. Analysen viser bl.a., at der er tale om en laengerevarende proces, hvor medarbejdere og ledere i Socialforvaltningen og i organisationer pa hjemloseomradet, mere eller mindre strategisk har skabt, udnyttet og forhandlet muligheder for at skabe en forbedret indsats for de hjemlose kvinder, heriblandt natcafeen. Analysen er baseret pa et laengerevarende, kvalitativt casestudie. | Social innovation, hjemløse kvinder | https://bibliotek.dk/da/moreinfo/netarchive/870971-tsart%253A35606904 |
| Social Innovation | Lauritzen, J. R. K. | Social innovation i kommunerne | Aarhus: Teknologisk Institut, Center for Analyse og Erhvervsfremme | 2012 | Social innovation, kommunerne | https://projekter.aau.dk/projekter/files/33125343/speciale%2018%20juni.pdf | |
| Social Innovation | Damvad Danmark, A. S. | Social innovation og sociale entreprenører i yderområder: Et inspirationskatalog med danske eksempler | København: Ministeriet for By, Bolig og Landdistrikter | 2012 | Social innovation is an emerging theme within innovation theory, and so is the concept of public service innovation networks for social innovation (PSINSIs). The purpose of this article is to explore how social innovation in Danish public services is conceptualised and enacted through the lenses of public service innovation networks for social innovation. To do this, a thorough integrative review of the literature dealing with the Danish context is conducted. The Danish context is interesting in order to investigate these network arrangements, firstly because they are not well understood in the context of the Nordic welfare states, which Denmark is part of, and then because municipalities and civil society have historically had a mutually dependent relationship in Denmark. The article highlights that social innovation is framed in several ways in the Danish public sector. In particular, the results show that the literature can be grouped according to four themes: (1) samskabelse (co-creation), (2) collaboration with civil society, (3) social entrepreneurs and social innovation and (4) public–private innovation partnerships. Moreover, the article presents and discusses a number of Danish empirical projects that may be understood through the lens of the PSINSI framework. Hence, the paper contributes with new theoretical perspectives, in addition to contributing to practice. | Social innovation, sociale entreprenører, yderområder | https://www.livogland.dk/sites/livogland.dk/files/dokumenter/publikationer/social_innovation_og_sociale_ivaerksaettere_i_yderomrader.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Thornton P.H., Ocasio W. and Lounsbury M. | The Institutional Logics Perspective: A New Approach to Culture, Structure and Process | Oxford University Press, London. | 2012 | How do institutions influence and shape cognition and action in individuals and organizations, and how are they in turn shaped by them? Various social science disciplines have offered a range of theories and perspectives to provide answers to this question. Within organization studies in recent years, several scholars have developed the institutional logics perspective. An institutional logic is the set of material practices and symbolic systems including assumptions, values, and beliefs by which individuals and organizations provide meaning to their daily activity, organize time and space, and reproduce their lives and experiences. This approach affords significant insights, methodologies, and research tools, to analyze the multiple combinations of factors that may determine cognition, behavior, and rationalities. In tracing the development of the institutional logics perspective from earlier institutional theory, the book analyzes seminal research, illustrating how and why influential works on institutional theory motivated a distinct new approach to scholarship on institutional logics. The book shows how the institutional logics perspective transforms institutional theory. It presents novel theory, further elaborates the institutional logics perspective, and forges new linkages to key literatures on practice, identity, and social and cognitive psychology. It develops the microfoundations of institutional logics and institutional entrepreneurship, proposing a set of mechanisms that go beyond meta-theory, integrating this work with macro theory on institutional logics into a cross-levels model of cultural heterogeneity. | institutional logics, organization, theory, entrepreneurship | https://www.amazon.es/Institutional-Logics-Perspective-Approach-Structure/dp/0199601941 |
| Living Labs | Ståhlbröst, A., & Holst, M. | The living lab methodology handbook. Luleå: Social Informatics at Luleå University of Technology and CDT | Centre for Distance-spanning Technology. | 2012 | This book is based on results from the collaboration within the project SmartIES and the process of using and evaluating the FormIT methodology in a Nordic cross-border pilot. The goal has been to make the Living Lab Key Principles and the application of them more visible and easy to use. | Living labs, key principles, methodology | https://www.ltu.se/cms_fs/1.101555!/file/LivingLabsMethodologyBook_web.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Mars, M, Bronstein, JL, & Lusch, R | The value of a metaphor: Organizations and ecosystems | Organizational Dynamics | 2012 | Many years ago Peter F. Drucker warned that the most dangerous thing in times of turbulence and change is not the change itself, but to operate with yesterday’s logic. Thirty years later, we now increasingly hear the drum beat and alarm siren signaling that organizations of all types can no longer survive using frameworks developed during the Industrial Revolution. These outdated frameworks are often understood as being underpinned by a manufacturing logic, goods-dominant logic, and/or neoclassical economics. All of these logics essentially view economies and organizations as machines that can be engineered to maximize profits and create wealth. The development of a new operating logic and corresponding frameworks are required. One apparently quite viable framework is centered on ecosystems and ecological thinking and its application to organizations and business. The implication is that an organizational ecosystem functions much as a biological ecosystem does, and exhibits desirable properties that are similar to what one would see in nature. Yet this framework has developed without input from ecosystem ecologists, leading to the question of whether organizational ecosystems exhibit biological features at all. The consensus is that more rapid change and turbulence have in large part arisen because all human actors and the organizations that they create are increasingly interconnected, through the explosive growth of information technology and especially through the rise and spread of the Internet. This has resulted in a move from a world that was underpinned by what some refer to as a broadcast or push model, wherein one or few actors (often thought of as industry and government) broadcast information or push products to many unconnected actors (often thought of as customers), to a many-to-many, actor-to-actor world in which actors pull from and collaborate with each other. This evolving and emerging world is one of mass collaboration | Value of a metaphor, organizations, ecosystems | https://sdlogic.net/uploads/3/4/0/3/34033484/mars_bronstein_lusch_og_dyn.pdf |
| Living Labs | Krawczyk, P., Linna, S., Ruuska, J., & Hirsilä, M. | Theoretical frameworks, approaches and concepts for study of living lab phenomena | XXIII ISPIM Conference – Action for Innovation: Innovating from Experience, Barcelona, Spain, 17-20 June 2012 | 2012 | Living Labs (LLs) have become integral components in user centred, driven and/or led local, regional, national and cross border innovation ecosystems. This study aims at gaining a better understanding of what key existing theoretical frameworks, approaches and concepts would be suitable to study the Living Lab Phenomena. We addressed this question by conducting a small three round Delphi survey ( 1st round- N=18, 2nd round -N=10, and 3rd N=9) among LL practitioners and/or researchers. The inconclusive Delphi survey results partly corroborate the literature review by pointing to number of high scoring theoretical frameworks and in particular FormIT and Actornetwork theory and may also suggest a possible alternative in form of grounded theory approach. However, a clear consensus emerged among the participants that “co-creation” as a concept is at the heart of Living Lab phenomena | Open Innovation, Living Lab, Theoretical Frameworks, Approaches, Concepts, Delphi Survey | https://search.proquest.com/openview/47d1c21d78060984c1eb25758fccc2f7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1796422 |
| Public service value co creation | Wieland, H, Polese, F, Vargo, SL, & Lusch, R | Toward a Service (Eco)Systems Perspective on Value Creation | International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology | 2012 | This article discusses how the core concepts of service-dominant logic—service-for-service exchange, value co-creation, value propositions, resource integration, and highly collaborative relationships—point to a generic actor conceptualization in which all actors engaged in exchange (e.g., firms, customers, etc.) are viewed as service providing, value-creating enterprises. In other words, all social and economic actors are essentially doing the same thing: creating value for themselves and others through reciprocal resource integration and service provision. The authors suggest that this generic actor-to-actor (A2A) orientation, in turn, points toward the dynamic and systemic nature of social and economic exchange. To account for the complexity, indeterminacy, and viability of these dynamic systems, they highlight the importance of general systems theory, complexity theory, and the viable systems approach and propose that cross-disciplinary scholarly efforts are necessary in order to develop models and frameworks that can simplify the complexity of social and economic exchange in meaningful ways and ultimately inform practice and public policy. | Service, ecosystems, value creation | DOI:10.4018/jssmet.2012070102 |
| Living Labs | F.J. Yammariono (eds.). | Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead | Amsterdam, The Netherlands: JAI Press | 2012 | This is the 10th anniversary edition of "Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead." In the current compendium, we seek to update the theoretical and empirical work and professional practice issues associated with transformational and charismatic leadership that have transpired over the past decade. To accomplish this purpose, we asked authors from the original volume to provide an addendum to their original chapters updating what has occurred in their work realm over the last 10 years and what still needs to be done. In this way, we chose to leave the original "classic" chapters intact, while getting targeted updates to the work in each chapter. The author-teams highlight past work and offer new research ideas, insights, and directions for future work in their new contributions. In addition, we discuss these author-team contributions, take stock to date of the forecasts (predictions and projections) made in the original volume on future trends in leadership research and practice, take stock of the issues raised about what is missing from this leadership realm, and provide our views of new directions for theory, research and practice on transformational and charismatic leadership. In this way, we hope to participate in re-setting the stage for the next decade of theory and research on transformational and charismatic leadership. | Transformational, charismatic leadership, road ahead | https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=injU8hsY300C&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Transformational+and+Charismatic+Leadership:+The+Road+Ahead&ots=53fA4mTV0g&sig=8h0qZGM1H6gV_ZndndDUL90rnfc#v=onepage&q=Transformational%20and%20Charismatic%20Leadership%3A%20The%20Road%20Ahead&f=false |
| Public service value co creation | J. Blatter, & M. Haverland. | Two or three approaches to explana- tory case study research? | Paper Prepared for Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, (May 2014), 1–19 | 2012 | This paper substantiates the core message of our book Designing Case Studies: Explanatory Approaches in Small-N Research (Palgrave 2012) that there are three rather than two distinct approaches to explanatory case study research. Distinguishing three approaches is of crucial importance for executing, supervising and reviewing case study research, as each approach has its own affinities with regard to crucial elements of the research process such as appropriate research questions, criteria for case and theory selection, methods of causal inference, modes of generalization and format of presentation. | Approaches, explanatory, study research | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2105542 |
| Digital Transformation | Hanna P. | Using internet technologies (such as skype) as a research medium: A research note. | Qualitative Research | 2012 | This article presents a brief account of research which embraced the notion of research participant choice by adopting a flexible approach to the medium through which the semi-structured interviews were conducted. The following short paper provides an insight into the ways in which using Skype as a research medium can allow the researcher to reap the well-documented benefits of traditional face-to-face interviews in qualitative research, while also benefiting from the aspects Holt suggests telephone interviews bring to such research. | ecological concerns, internet interviews, participant choice, telephone interviews, Skype | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1468794111426607?journalCode=qrja |
| Living Labs | Heinola, E. | Value Co-Creation in Service Relationships: A Study of Customer and Service Provider Role Responsibilities in KIBS | Master´s Thesis, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland | 2012 | Objective of the study The objective of this study was to explore the characteristics of value co-creation and the role responsibilities supporting value co-?creation in the context of knowledge-?intensive business services (KIBS). Research investigating the interactions between a service provider and a customer in services, where the customer is intimately involved in co-?creating the service outcome, is limited. This study aims to address this gap by suggesting a framework describing the functioning of a value co-?creating service relationship. Research method The research question was explored through a qualitative approach. Semi-?structured interviews were conducted with representatives of four KIBS firms. Empirical findings were reflected back on theory to create a proposed framework as a basis for further enquiry. Findings The main findings of this study are summarized in a framework seeking to explain value co-?creation in KIBS. Dialogical interaction was found to be at the core of value co-?creation, increasing the likelihood of reaching a high value outcome. Favorable customer and service provider behaviors, referred to in this study as role responsibilities, are suggested to reinforce value co-?creation. Two customer and three service provider role responsibilities were found to be especially pertinent to support the emergence of a mutually beneficial relationship, where value is co-?created and not destroyed. The service provider’s role responsibilities were found to consist of building trust and mutual value through value leadership, expertise and solidarity. On the customer’s part, the most relevant role responsibilities were found to be involving and being involved to ensure a co-?created value outcome. | Value co-creation, service relationships, study customer, service provider role | http://epub.lib.aalto.fi/fi/ethesis/pdf/12983/hse_ethesis_12983.pdf |
| Digital Transformation | Bovaird T. et Loeffler E. | We’re all in this together: harnessing user and community co‑production of public outco‑ mes | Publication de l’université de Birmingham, Royaume‑Uni | 2012 | Co‐production is already up‐and‐running in public services and high levels of effort are often already being put into it by users and communities. Moreover, there appears to be a high latent willingness of citizens to become more involved ‐ but only if they feel they can play a worthwhile role. However, the potential of co-production will only be fully realised if the public sector learns to work in a very different way with co‐producing users and communities. In particular, the co‐production efforts of citizens and service users must be harnessed, not wasted, by public agencies – up to now, public sector accounting and evaluation systems have encouraged public agencies to be profligate in the way they have viewed citizen inputs, while being very parsimonious in their use of public sector inputs. This has meant that many opportunities for improvements of public outcomes have been lost or mismanaged. Co‐production will only be well‐managed when public sector managers and staff have started to see what citizens are actually contributing to outcomes, rather than being fixating solely on their own contributions. Moreover, most citizens are only likely to throw themselves wholeheartedly into co‐production in a relatively narrow range of activities that are genuinely important to them personally. This is a great challenge to public agencies, which typically have little experience in tailoring their marketing to specific market segments. Moving from a ‘blunderbuss’ to a ‘rifle’ approach to citizen involvement will require a huge change in attitudes and skills on the part of staff. Of course, co‐production is not a panacea for all issues in the public sector. In particular, the role of users and other citizens in co‐production will usually demonstrate some conflicting priorities, which only political decision makers can resolve. | Co-production, public outcomes | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271213188_We're_all_in_this_together_User_and_community_co-production_of_public_outcomes |
| Public Sector Innovation | D’Este, P., S. Iammarino, M. Savona and N. von Tunzelmann. | What Hampers Innovation? Revealed Barriers versus Deterring Barriers | Research Policy | 2012 | Innovating firms are likely to face several challenges and experience different types of barriers. In this paper we argue that it is necessary to distinguish between two kinds of barriers to innovation. The first corresponds to what we describe as revealed barriers and reflects the degree of difficulty of the innovation process and the learning experience consequent on the firm engaging in innovation activity. The second type of impediment, which we label deterring barriers, encompasses the obstacles that prevent firms from committing to innovation. We use data from the 4th UK Community Innovation Survey (CIS4) to investigate the relationship between firms’ engagement in innovation and their assessment of the barriers to innovation. We show that the relationship is curvilinear in the case of costs and market barriers. These results have important implications for innovation policy and innovation management. | Innovation, barriers | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.09.008 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Kay, R., Goldspink, C., | What Public Sector Leaders Mean When They Say They Want to Innovate | Incept Labs, Sydney | 2012 | Public sector | https://oecd-opsi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Fostering-Innovation-in-the-Public-Sector-254-pages.pdf | |
| Social Innovation | Ankestyrelsen | §18-Redegørelsen: Det kommunale samarbejde med frivillige sociale foreninger | København: Social-, Børne- og Integrationsministeriet | 2013 | § 18-redegørelsen er den årlige status for kommunernes støtte til det frivillige sociale arbejde. Indtil 2014 blev redegørelsen udarbejdet i regi af Ankestyrelsen. Det frivillige sociale arbejde i kommunerne omfatter en lang række foreningsaktiviteter for ældre, socialt udsatte børn og voksne, psykisk syge, handicappede mv. Kommunerne kan støtte den frivillige indsats på flere måder. Kommunerne skal efter servicelovens § 18 yde direkte økonomisk støtte til det frivillige sociale arbejde. Dette sker ofte ved, at de enkelte kommuner udmelder ansøgningsrunder o.lign. Herudover støtter de fleste kommuner den frivillige indsats med anden økonomisk støtte – f.eks. støtte til frivilligcentre eller projekter og arrangementer, der vedrører bestemte forvaltningsområder. Endelig støtter hovedparten af kommunerne det frivillige sociale arbejde med andre former for støtte end økonomisk tilskud – f.eks. lokaler eller hjælp til sekretariatsbistand og annoncering | Kommunale samarbejde, frivillige sociale foreninger | https://frivillighed.dk/sites/frivillighed.dk/files/media/documents/2015_-_18-redegoerelsen_-_2015_fra_danmarks_statistik.pdf |
| Living Labs | Schuurman, D., Mahr, D., De Marez, L. & Ballon, P. | A fourfold typology of Living Labs: An empirical investigation amongst the Enoll community | Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE) & IEEE International Technology Management Conference, The Hague, The Netherlands | 2013 | Living Labs can be seen as a means to structure user involvement in innovation processes. However, in this rather young research domain, there is no consensus yet regarding supporting theories and frameworks. This has resulted in a wide variety of projects and approaches being called `Living Labs', which leaves a clear conceptualization and definition a task in progress. Within this research paper we propose a fourfold categorization of Living Labs based on a literature review and validated by an empirical investigation of the characteristics of 64 ICT Living Labs from the European Network of Living Labs (ENoLL). The four types are Living Labs for collaboration and knowledge support activities, original `American' Living Labs, Living Labs as extension to testbeds and Living Labs that support context research and co-creation with users. | Living labs, typology, theory, framework , definition | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272566534_A_fourfold_typology_of_living_labs_an_empirical_investigation_amongst_the_ENoLL_community |
| Social Innovation | Green L., Pyka A. and Schön B. | A life cycle-based taxonomy of innovation networks – with a focus on public-private collaboration | In 'Public-Private Innovation Networks in Services: the dynamics of cooperation in service innovation'; Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publisher | 2013 | Innovation networks are undoubtedly complex and dynamic phenomena. This is particularly true in services networks, as discussed by Djellal and Gallouj and Windrum (in Chs 2 and 4). As a result, empirical comparison of different innovation networks requires a taxonomy that is sufficiently flexible to facilitate a common analytical basis. Creation of such a taxonomy, however, is not an easy task. This is because innovation networks evolve permanently along most of their characteristic dimensions (including, for example, composition, structure, research directions and goals). The process of change across dimensions is highly interconnected and co-evolutionary: it involves, in the main, micro and incremental changes that are endogenous to the network and that occur frequently (but not continuously) throughout network evolution. This complicates the identification, distinction and comparison of different types of innovation networks since observed differences might be related simply to different stages in respective network development. Thus, a typology of innovation networks must be sensitive to both network dynamics and evolutionary factors. A theoretically well-founded and empirically testable concept that incorporates dynamic aspects, and at the same time allows for a clear-cut distinction between different stages, is the theory of life cycles. This concept has been successfully applied and tested in the context of manufacturing industries and their underlying products and technologies (Abernathy and Utterback, 1978; Jovanovic and MacDonald, 1994; Klepper, 1996, 1997). | innovation networks, services, typology, evolution, life cycle theory | https://www.elgaronline.com/view/9781781002650.00011.xml |
| Public service value co creation | Osborne S., Radnor Z. and Nasi G. | A new theory of public service management? Toward a (public) service dominant approach | The American Review of Public Administration, 43 (2), p. 135-158 | 2013 | This article argues that current public management theory is not fit for purpose—if it ever has been. It argues that it contains two fatal flaws—it focuses on intraorganizational processes at a time when the reality of public services delivery is interorganizational, and it draws upon management theory derived from the experience of the manufacturing sector and which ignores the reality of public services as “services.” The article subsequently argues for a “public service dominant” approach. This not only more accurately reflects the reality of contemporary public management but also draws upon a body of substantive service-dominant theory that is more relevant to public management than the previous manufacturing focus. We argue that this approach makes an innovative contribution to public management theory in the era of the New Public Governance. The article concludes by exploring the implications of this approach in four domains of public management and by setting a research agenda for a public-service dominant theory for the future. | public administration, public management issues, politics/administration issues, organizational theory, public administration/administrative theory | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0275074012466935 |
| Living Labs | Juujärvi, S., & Pesso, K. | Actor roles in an urban living lab: what can we learn from Suurpelto, Finland? | Technology Innovation Management Review, 3(11), 22-27 | 2013 | There is a growing trend to involve citizens in city development to make urban areas more suitable to their needs and prevent social problems. City centres and neighbourhoods have increasingly been serving as regional living labs, which are ideal platforms to explore the needs of users as residents and citizens. This article examines the characteristics and success factors of urban living labs based on a case study of Suurpelto, Finland. Urban living lab activity is characterized by a practice-based innovation process with diffuse and heterogeneous knowledge production that aims to address urban problems of varying complexity. User involvement is critical for co-creating value, but equally important is collaboration between other living lab actors: enablers, providers, and utilizers. Enabler-driven labs can be successful in creating common goals but they need providers, such as development organizations, to boost development. Proactive networking, experimentation as a bottom-up process, using student innovators as resources, as well as commitment and longevity in development work are success factors for urban living labs. | Living labs, urban, social problems, user involvement, value co-creation, Finland | https://timreview.ca/article/742 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Shaw, R. | Another size fits all? Public value management and challenges or institutional design | Public Management Review | 2013 | The talk is of a new public value paradigm that is challenging the dominance of the new public management. In some quarters, however, public value is criticized as a reheated version of other public administration narratives. This article supplements the debate with an assessment of the ramifications of public value for institutional design in the public sector. It scans the literature for premises that might inform the structuring of public agencies. An institutional prescription is advanced and appraised. The article concludes that, while promising, public value’s institutional project remains incomplete. | public value, public value management, new public management, public sector, public service | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719037.2012.664017 |
| Living Labs | Fernández del Carpio, A. | Aproximación Formal para la Gestión y Evaluación de Living Labs | Formal approach for Living Labs management and evaluation | 2013 | Users’ involvement in the innovation process has favored the development of technology products and services most suitable to their needs, and through the open innovation managed by organizations has led to the creation of new ways of managing knowledge. Living Labs are an integrated approach to user-driven open innovation, and it creates a real environment for co-creation and experimentation with active user participation from early stages of innovation. Some challenges and problems came out by configuring and implementing these innovation environments, and in order to address them several and sparse approaches were developed. Despite the various contributions found in the literature, a need still unresolved is how to fully and satisfactorily perform evaluation and improvement of Living Labs in such a way that is possible to determine the maturity of these organizations as innovation environments and determine the added value and impact of innovations generated. This would determine the Living Lab’s performance level and the effectiveness from innovations generated for both users and territorial environment in order to establish later improvement plans based on the results achieved. In order to provide a formalized and holistic solution, this thesis focuses on describing the mechanisms to get the Living Lab’s performance level as real environment of user-driven open innovation, and determining the effectiveness and impact of technological products and services developed through the development of a model which defines a set of best practices grouped by process areas aimed at innovation management, and specifying a range of activities for conducting an evaluation process. The model also includes information about roles and responsibilities for configuring staff assessment. The results obtained from validating the proposed model were aimed at determining the representativeness of practices for managing and developing Living Labs, getting a suitable characterization about the evolution and improvement of these innovation environments, an acceptable statement of evaluation aspects about results and impacts, and an appropriate specification of mechanisms to carry out the evaluation process | Living labs, management, innovation, user involvement, evaluation | https://e-archivo.uc3m.es/handle/10016/17982 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Hordijk W. | Autocatalytic sets: from the origin of life to the economy | BioScience, Vol. 63 pp. 877–881 | 2013 | The origin of life is one of the most important but also one of the most difficult problems in science. Autocatalytic sets are believed to have played an important role in the origin of life. An autocatalytic set is a collection of molecules and the chemical reactions between them, such that the set as a whole forms a functionally closed and self-sustaining system. In this article, I present an overview of recent work on the theory of autocatalytic sets and on how this theory can be used to study the probability of emergence, the overall structure, and the further evolution of such systems, both in simple mathematical models and in real chemical systems. I also describe some (still speculative) ideas of how this theory can potentially be applied to living systems in general and perhaps even to social systems such as the economy. | Autocatalytic sets, economy | DOI:10.1525/bio.2013.63.11.6 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Spring, M. and L. Araujo. | Beyond the service factory: Service innovation in manufacturing supply networks | Industrial marketing management 42(1): 59-70 | 2013 | This paper is concerned with the nature of the connection between services and manufacturing in manufacturing-oriented supply networks. The existing literature on manufacturing shifting into service is reviewed and, although such moves are seen as a way to increased revenue and profit, there are concerns that firms do not understand how the capabilities that underpin manufacturing may be extended to enable effective service delivery. Inspired by Chase's concept of the ‘service factory’, which sees the factory as a repository of knowledge and a platform for services, the paper applies Edith Penrose's conception of services as emanating from firms' resources to examine an advanced component manufacturing firm in the course of a number of service-oriented projects. This leads to a model of service development in manufacturing firms, consisting of a network trigger, an opportunity to change the ‘productive opportunity’, the ‘revelation’ of resources and Penrose-services, a reconfiguration of the network, leading to an expanded productive opportunity and hence a platform for marketing new service capabilities. In this sense a network is seen as an inter-connected set of productive opportunities. It also draws attention to the importance in theory and practice of understanding both the institutional and the ontological connection between service offerings and the products, factories, firms and networks with which they are associated. | Service factory, service innovation, manufacturing supply networks | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2012.11.006 |
| Service Design | Morrison, C., & Dearden, A. | Beyond tokenistic participation: Using representational artefacts to enable meaningful public participation in health service design | Health Policy | 2013 | A number of recent policies promote public participation in health service design. Yet, a growing literature has articulated a gap between policy aims and actual practice resulting in public participation becoming tokenistic. Drawing on theory from participatory design, we argue that choosing appropriate artefacts to act as representations can structure discussions between public participants and health professionals in ways that both groups find meaningful and valid. Through a case study of a service improvement project in outpatient services for older people, we describe three representational artefacts: emotion maps, stories, and tracing paper, and explain how they helped to mediate interactions between public participants and health professionals. We suggest that using such representational artefacts can provide an alternative approach to participation that stands in contrast to the current focus on the professionalisation of public participants. We conclude that including participatory designers in projects, to chose or design appropriate representational artefacts, can help to address the policy-practice gap of including public participants in health service design. | Health services; Older people; Participatory design; Public participation (PPI); Representational artefacts | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23786993 |
| Public service value co creation | Alves, H. | Co-creation and innovation in public services | The Service Industries Journal | 2013 | Public-sector services feature some very specific characteristics that frequently prove to be obstacles to innovation. This article therefore discusses how co-creation, within a Service-Dominant (S-D) logic, may contribute to innovation in these organisations and overcome the challenges posed by scarce resources and a multiplicity of clients and objectives and maintain citizen consensus around these activities. This discussion is backed up by examples drawn from the United Nations awards made annually for the best public-sector practices and innovations. | public services, innovation, value co-creation, S-D logic | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02642069.2013.740468 |
| Social Innovation | Hartley J., Sørensen E. and Torfing J. | Collaborative innovation: A viable alternative to market-competition and organizational entrepreneurship? | Public Administration Review, 76 (6), p. 821-830 | 2013 | There are growing pressures for the public sector to be more innovative but considerable disagreement about how to achieve it. This article uses institutional and organizational analysis to compare three major public innovation strategies. The article confronts the myth that the market‐driven private sector is more innovative than the public sector by showing that both sectors have a number of drivers of as well as barriers to innovation, some of which are similar, while others are sector specific. The article then systematically analyzes three strategies for innovation: New Public Management, which emphasizes market competition; the neo‐Weberian state, which emphasizes organizational entrepreneurship; and collaborative governance, which emphasizes multiactor engagement across organizations in the private, public, and nonprofit sectors. The authors conclude that the choice of strategies for enhancing public innovation is contingent rather than absolute. Some contingencies for each strategy are outlined. | public sector, innovation strategies, drivers, barries, entrepreneurship, collaboration, multi-agent | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/puar.12136 |
| Living Labs | Leminen, S. | Coordination and Participation in Living Lab Networks | Technology Innovation Management Review, 3(11): 5-14 | 2013 | Previous research on living labs has emphasized the importance of users and a real-life environment. However, the existing scholarly discourse lacks understanding of innovation mechanisms in diverse living lab networks, especially from the perspectives of coordination and participation. This study addresses the research gaps by constructing a framework for analyzing coordination (i.e., top-down versus bottom-up) and participation (i.e., inhalation-dominated versus exhalation-dominated) approaches in living lab networks. The classification is based on a literature review and an analysis of 26 living labs in four countries. Given that inhalation and exhalation dominance have not been discussed previously in the innovation literature, the study provides novel ways for both scholars and managers wishing to exploit or explore innovations in living labs. The framework reveals the opportunities for practitioners of innovation with respect to coordination and participation in living lab networks. | Coordination, participation, living lab networks | https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540508090089 |
| Public service value co creation | Clark, B. Y., Brudney, J.L. and Jang, S.G. | Co-production of Government services and the new information technology: investigating the distributional biases | Public Administration Review | 2013 | This article investigates how communications advances affect citizens’ ability to participate in coproduction of government services. The authors analyze service requests made to the City of Boston during a one‐year period from 2010 to 2011 and, using geospatial analysis and negative binomial regression, investigate possible disparities by race, education, and income in making service requests. The findings reveal little concern that 311 systems (nonemergency call centers) may benefit one racial group over another; however, there is some indication that Hispanics may use these systems less as requests move from call centers to the Internet and smartphones. Consistent with prior research, the findings show that poorer neighborhoods are less likely to take advantage of 311 service, with the notable exception of smartphone utilization. The implications for citizen participation in coproduction and bridging the digital divide are discussed. | co-production, public services, participation, communication technologies | http://perpustakaan.unitomo.ac.id/repository/Coproduction%20of%20Government%20Services%20and%20the%20New%20Information%20Technology%20Investigating%20the%20Distributional%20Biases%20(pa-5H3VQDRM.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Grönroos, C, & Voima, P | Critical service logic: making sense of value creation and co-creation | Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science | 2013 | Because extant literature on the service logic of marketing is dominated by a metaphorical view of value co-creation, the roles of both service providers and customers remain analytically unspecified, without a theoretically sound foundation for value creation or co-creation. This article analyzes value creation and co-creation in service by analytically defining the roles of the customer and the firm, as well as the scope, locus, and nature of value and value creation. Value creation refers to customers’ creation of value-in-use; co-creation is a function of interaction. Both the firm’s and the customer’s actions can be categorized by spheres (provider, joint, customer), and their interactions are either direct or indirect, leading to different forms of value creation and co-creation. This conceptualization of value creation spheres extends knowledge about how value-in-use emerges and how value creation can be managed; it also emphasizes the pivotal role of direct interactions for value co-creation opportunities. | Value creation, co-creation | https://apaxresearchers.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Day-1-Groonroos-and-Voima_Critical_Service_Logic_Making_Sense_of_value-creation-and-co-creation1.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Gronroos, C. and Voima, P. | Critical service logic: making sense of value creation and co-creation | Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 41(2), 133-150 | 2013 | Because extant literature on the service logic of marketing is dominated by a metaphorical view of value co-creation, the roles of both service providers and customers remain analytically unspecified, without a theoretically sound foundation for value creation or co-creation. This article analyzes value creation and co-creation in service by analytically defining the roles of the customer and the firm, as well as the scope, locus, and nature of value and value creation. Value creation refers to customers’ creation of value-in-use; co-creation is a function of interaction. Both the firm’s and the customer’s actions can be categorized by spheres (provider, joint, customer), and their interactions are either direct or indirect, leading to different forms of value creation and co-creation. This conceptualization of value creation spheres extends knowledge about how value-in-use emerges and how value creation can be managed; it also emphasizes the pivotal role of direct interactions for value co-creation opportunities. | value creation, value co-creation, value spheres, service logic, service-dominant logic, interaction, marketing | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11747-012-0308-3 |
| Social Innovation | Bianchini, F. | Cultural planning and its interpretations | in Young, G. and Stevenson, D. (eds.), The Ashgate research companion to planning and culture, Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, pp. 377– 392 | 2013 | The ‘cultural planning’ approach originated in the US in the late 1970s-early 1980s. It became better known after it was adopted by Robert McNulty in his work for the Washington-based NGO Partners for Livable Places (later Partners for Livable Communities) in the course of the 1980s, and later spread to the UK and Australia. Versions of cultural planning are used in public policy-making also in Canada, Sweden, Italy and several other countries. | Cultural planning, interpretations | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Menguc B, Auh S, Yannopoulos P. | Customer and supplier involvement in design: the moderating role of incremental and radical innovation capability | Journal of Product Innovation Management 31 | 2013 | More and more firms are leveraging design as a resource to gain the upper hand in today's competitive business market. To this end, this study draws on the resource‐based view (RBV) of the firm to examine the relationship between customer and supplier involvement in the design process and new product performance. The research also extends the RBV to a contingency lens by introducing product innovation capability (incremental and radical) as a moderator to draw the boundary conditions of the impact of customer/supplier involvement in design on new product performance. Using data collected from Canadian high‐tech companies, the findings provide strong support for the hypotheses in that customer involvement in design helps new product performance under high incremental innovation capability but harms new product performance under high radical innovation capability. In contrast, supplier involvement in design was beneficial to new product performance under both high incremental and radical innovation capability. The managerial implications for the role of design under different innovation capabilities are discussed. | design, customer/supplier involvement, resource-based view, innovation capability | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jpim.12097 |
| Public service value co creation | Yi, Y. and Gong, T. | Customer value co-creation behavior: scale development and validation | Journal of Business Research 66 (9) | 2013 | This investigation reports a series of four studies leading to the development and validation of a customer value co-creation behavior scale. The scale comprises two dimensions: customer participation behavior and customer citizenship behavior, with each dimension having four components. The elements of customer participation behavior include information seeking, information sharing, responsible behavior, and personal interaction, whereas the aspects of customer citizenship behavior are feedback, advocacy, helping, and tolerance. The scale is multidimensional and hierarchical, and it exhibits internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and nomological validity. This study also shows that customer participation behavior and customer citizenship behavior exhibit different patterns of antecedents and consequences. | Customer value, Customer participation behavior, Customer citizenship behavior, Service-dominant logic, Scale development, Value co-creation | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296312000586 |
| Digital Transformation | Curedale, R. | Design thinking: process and methods manual | Topanga, CA: Design Community College. | 2013 | This book is the most extensive reference available to Design Thinking. Design Thinking is an approach to designing products, services, architecture, spaces and experiences that is being quickly adopted by designers, architects and some of the world's leading brands such as GE, Target, SAP, Procter and Gamble, IDEO and Intuit. It is being taught at leading universities including Stanford and Harvard. Design Thinking creates practical and innovative solutions to problems. It drives repeatable innovation and business value. Design Thinking can be used to develop a wide range of products, services, experiences and strategy. It is an approach that can be applied by anyone. This book is an indispensable Design Thinking reference guide for: -Architects, industrial designers, interior designers, UX and web designers, service designers, exhibit designers, design educators and students, visual communication designers, packaging and fashion designers, all types of designers -Engineers and Marketing professionals -Executives and senior business leaders -Decision makers in R&D of products, services, systems and experiences -School teachers and school students Chapters describe in easy to understand language: -History of Design Thinking -What is Design Thinking -Why use Design Thinking -Who can use Design Thinking -How to create spaces for effective Design Thinking -Design Thinking process in detail -150 Design Thinking methods described step by step. The author Robert Curedale focuses the experience of decades of design practice and teaching for some of the world's leading brands, design consultancies, design schools and universities in Asia, Australia, Europe and North America. He established and manages the world's largest online network of around 300,000 of the worlds most influential design executives, professional working designers and architects. Robert has been the author of six best selling books on on design. | designthinking, methods, solutions, value | https://books.google.com.mx/books/about/Design_Thinking.html?id=UlmKkgEACAAJ&source=kp_cover&redir_esc=y |
| Service Design | Bryson, J. M., Quick, K. S., Slotterback, C. S., & Crosby, B. C. | Designing Public Participation Processes | Public Administration Review | 2013 | The purpose of this Theory to Practice article is to present a systematic, cross‐disciplinary, and accessible synthesis of relevant research and to offer explicit evidence‐based design guidelines to help practitioners design better participation processes. From the research literature, the authors glean suggestions for iteratively creating, managing, and evaluating public participation activities. The article takes an evidence‐based and design science approach, suggesting that effective public participation processes are grounded in analyzing the context closely, identifying the purposes of the participation effort, and iteratively designing and redesigning the process accordingly. | participation, processes, design guidelines | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236735946_Designing_Public_Participation_Processes |
| Digital Transformation | Fishenden, J., & Thompson, M. | Digital government, open architecture, and innovation: Why public sector it will never be the same again. | Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 23(4), 977–1004 | 2013 | This article argues that the future of public services will be shaped increasingly by the evolution of global, Internet-enabled, digital platforms, with two distinctive technical and commercial features. First, use of open standards and architectures that separate standard business logic from supporting applications will allow government to become technology- and vendor-agnostic, freeing it from its overdependence on proprietary systems and suppliers. Second, over time, open standards and increased market choice will drive both innovation and progressive convergence on cheaper, standard “utility” public services. These two features will combine to create a powerful dynamic situation, driving disintegration of traditional “black boxed” technologies and services, traditionally organized around “systems integrators” and departmental structures, and their reaggregation around the citizen in the form of services. Such reaggregation is allowing progressively sharp distinctions between niche/innovative and commodity/standard offerings, supplied by a plural, innovative, and more cost-effective marketplace, with unprecedented implications for the way in which the state buys and deploys technology. We draw on a range of data from across public and private sectors to illustrate our argument and identify some key policy and implementation recommendations. | public services, digital plattforms, open standards, | https://academic.oup.com/jpart/article-abstract/23/4/977/960641/ |
| Digital Transformation | Danish Government, Local Government Denmark, & Danish Regions. | Digital Welfare - Empowerment, Flexibility and Efficiency | Common Public-Sector Strategy for Digital Welfare 2013-2020 | 2013 | Digital Welfare, empowerment, flexibility, efficiency | https://www.rm.dk/siteassets/sundhed/faginfo/center- for-telemedicin/english/documents/strategy for digital welfare 2013 2020.pdf | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Piening E.P. | Dynamic capabilities in public organizations: a literature review and research agenda | Public Management Review 15 (2): 209-245 | 2013 | This article provides a review and synthesis of the extant literature on dynamic capabilities in public organizations. Although this theoretical perspective holds potential to enhance our limited understanding of how public organizations change in response to their increasingly turbulent and complex environments, it has received little attention in the public management field. Against this backdrop, this article seeks to contribute to future research on public sector change by advancing an analytical model that captures the antecedents, microfoundations and effects of dynamic capabilities in public organizations. | Dynamic capabilities, public organizations | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2012.708358 |
| Service Design | Sørensen E. and Torfing J. | Enhancing Social Innovation by Rethinking Collaboration, Leadership and Public Governance | Paper presented at NESTA Social Frontiers, London UK | 2013 | Whereas the ‘Reinventing Government’ movement still saw private sector growth as the ultimate telos of public innovation, the new discourse on ‘social innovation’ completely changed the rational for enhancing public innovation. Social innovation is defined as ‘innovative activities and services that are motivated by the goal of meeting a social need and that are predominantly developed and diffused through organizations whose primary purpose are social’ (Mulgan et al. 2007: 8). Social innovation is essentially a public innovation that aims to find a ‘solution that is more effective, efficient, sustainable, or just than the existing solutions and for which the value created accrues primarily to society as a whole rather than private individuals’ (Phills, Deiglmeier and Miller, 2008: 36). Hence, the notion of social innovation pinpoints those forms of public innovation that are social and public in character and not motivated by concerns for private sector growth and profitability. | social innovation, governance, collaboration, citizen participation, solution | http://www.transitsocialinnovation.eu/content/original/Book%20covers/Local%20PDFs/120%20SF%20Paper%20Torfing,%20Sorensen%20Public%20sector.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Sørensen E., and Torfing, J. | Enhancing Social Innovation by Rethinking Collaboration, Leadership and Public Governance | Paper presented at NESTA Social Frontiers, London, United Kingdom | 2013 | Social innovation, collaboration, leadership, public governance | http://www.transitsocialinnovation.eu/content/original/Book%20covers/Local%20PDFs/120%20SF%20Paper%20Torfing,%20Sorensen%20Public%20sector.pdf | |
| Social Innovation | Sørensen, E., and J. Torfing. | Enhancing Social Innovation by Rethinking Collaboration, Leadership and Public Governance | Paper presented at NESTA Social Frontiers, London, United Kingdom | 2013 | Social innovation, collaboration, leadership, public governance | http://www.transitsocialinnovation.eu/content/original/Book%20covers/Local%20PDFs/120%20SF%20Paper%20Torfing,%20Sorensen%20Public%20sector.pdf | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Arundel, A and Huber D. | From too little to too much innovation? Issues in measuring innovation in the public sector | Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 27:146-159 | 2013 | Interviews with 37 branch level managers in the Australian Federal Government were conducted to determine how managers understood the concept of innovation and their familiarity with different types of innovations. A follow-on survey found that 91% of branches introduced an innovation in the previous two years. This high rate suggests that many of the innovations could be minor. Extensive cognitive testing found that public sector managers can provide high quality estimates of the amount of person months expended on innovations and on other measures of the significance of an innovation. Using this information, the share of branches that introduced a significant innovation is approximately 60%. Although suggestive, there is no statistically significant difference in the time required to develop innovations derived from ideas provided by upper management or by lower level staff. These and other results are relevant to the design and interpretation of public sector innovation surveys. | Public sector, Innovation indicators, Cognitive testing, Surveys | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0954349X13000611 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Osborne S.P. and Brown L. (eds) | Handbook of Innovation in Public Services | Edward Elgar Publishing | 2013 | Leading researchers from across the globe review the state of the art in research on innovation in public services, providing an overview of key issues from a multi-disciplinary perspective. Topics explored include: context for innovation in public services and public service reform; managerial change challenges; ICT and e-government; and collaboration and networks. The theory is underpinned by seven wide-ranging case studies of innovation in practice. | public services, innovation, reform, research, e-government, practice, policy | https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/handbook-of-innovation-in-public-services?___website=uk_warehouse |
| Social Innovation | Djellal F. and F. Gallouj. | How public-private innovation networks in services (ServPPINs) differ to other innovation networks: What lessons for theory? | Gallouj F., Rubalcaba L. and P. Windrum eds. “Public-Private Innovation Networks in Services: the dynamics of cooperation in service innovation”, 21-58. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar | 2013 | This book is devoted to the study of public–private innovation networks in services (ServPPINs). These are a new type of innovation network which have rapidly developed in service economies. ServPPINs are collaborations between public and private service organisations, their objective being the development of new and improved services which encompass both technological and non-technological innovations. | Public-private innovation networks, services, innovation networks | DOI:10.4337/9781781002667.00008 |
| Service Design | Perrott, B. E. | Including customers in health service design | Health marketing quarterly, 30(2), 114-127 | 2013 | This article will explore the concept and meaning of codesign as it applies to the delivery of health services. The results of a pilot study in health codesign will be used as a research based case discussion, thus providing a platform to suggest future research that could lead to building more robust knowledge of how the consumers of health services may be more effectively involved in the process of developing and delivering the type of services that are in line with expectations of the various stakeholder groups. | customer orientation, codesign, service-dominant logic, health service design | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07359683.2013.787882 |
| Social Innovation | European Commission. | Industrial innovation, social innovation | Luxemburg, EU | 2013 | Industrial innovation, social innovation | ||
| Social Innovation | European Commission. | Industrial innovation, social innovation | Luxemburg, EU | 2013 | Industrial innovation, social innovation | ||
| Living Labs | Tchékémian A. & Richard G. | Innovation et gouvernance. La mobilisation des compétences et des ressources territoriales à travers le projet Living Lab "Innovation Santé Urbaine" à Nancy. | In 'La gestion des ressources humaines au service des réseaux d’innovation', Ed. L’Harmattan. | 2013 | The central hypothesis of this research-action can be formulated this way: one of the main answers to the ills of the users of the city of Nancy, would be their integration in the construction of the needs, the services and the products. The Living Lab "Urban Health Innovation" would be a space of meeting and innovation (social, technical and technological) allowing to answer concretely to the problems of health of the users of the city. It is therefore a question of decompartmentalizing the exchanges of knowledge and good practices of their original framework (intra-institutional, intra-enterprise). Thus, we propose to articulate this "action research" in four parts. The first part presents the concepts and notions that make up our theoretical framework. It is the territory located at the interface between the actors and the territorial innovation. The second part describes the Living Lab approach, through the mobilization of knowledge as a vector of innovation, the generated governance, as well as the innovation it allows to develop. The third part deals with the chosen theme for the Living Lab "Urban Health Innovation" of Nancy, delivering a report on health in France and Lorraine. The fourth part presents the research questioning, the method of semi-structured interviews developed, the tools and means developed by the Living Lab approach. Then, at this stage of project development, we highlight some intermediate outcomes. Finally, the conclusion gives an opening on the Living Lab approach as a model of territorial innovation. | Living labs, innovation, governance, healthcare, France | https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01668269/document |
| Social Innovation | Ahrweiler, P. and M.T. Keane. | Innovation networks | Mind & Society 12: 73-90 | 2013 | This paper advances a framework for modeling the component interactions between cognitive and social aspects of scientific creativity and technological innovation. Specifically, it aims to characterize Innovation Networks; those networks that involve the interplay of people, ideas and organizations to create new, technologically feasible, commercially-realizable products, processes and organizational structures. The tri-partite framework captures networks of ideas (Concept Level), people (Individual Level) and social structures (Social-Organizational Level) and the interactions between these levels. At the concept level, new ideas are the nodes that are created and linked, kept open for further investigation or closed if solved by actors at the individual or organizational levels. At the individual level, the nodes are actors linked by shared worldviews (based on shared professional, educational, experiential backgrounds) who are the builders of the concept level. At the social-organizational level, the nodes are organizations linked by common efforts on a given project (e.g., a company–university collaboration) that by virtue of their intellectual property or rules of governance constrain the actions of individuals (at the Individual Level) or ideas (at the Concept Level). After describing this framework and its implications we paint a number of scenarios to flesh out how it can be applied. | Innovation networks | https://doi.org/10.1515/9783038212843.278 |
| Social Innovation | Mandell, M.P. and R. Keast. | Innovation, networks and leadership | Osborne, S.P. and L. Brown eds. Handbook of Innovation in Public Services, 347-359. Northampton, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar | 2013 | The need to understand innovation in public sector environments is growing. There is also a need to build theory, test it empirically and compare across jurisdictions. This article aims to understand the factors that have an impact on innovation capacity. It examines the self-rated innovation capacity of three European city governments – Barcelona, Copenhagen and Rotterdam – in regard to innovation drivers (structures, processes and contextual factors), external networking (levels of communication outside the municipality) and leadership qualities. Results from an online survey of senior administrators in the cities (n = 323) was used to empirically analyse the relationships between these using a structural equation model. Leadership has a stronger effect than innovation drivers and external networking on self-rated innovation capacity for these three city governments | Innovation, networks, leadership | DOI:10.4337/9781849809740.00035 |
| Social Innovation | Shaw, N.E. and T. F. Burgess. | Innovation-sharing across a supply network: barriers to collaboration | Production Planning and Control 24 (2-3): 181-194 | 2013 | We explore the impact of innovation nature and contextual factors on innovation-sharing in a collaborative supply network within the utilities sector. In particular, we look at innovation-sharing between the first-tier supply partners maintaining and replacing the asset base of a utility company. Szulanski's ‘knowledge stickiness’ is used as a guiding conceptual framework. We use a mixed-method approach combining interviews, conventional survey and social network analysis survey. A key aspect of the findings is the behaviours resulting from the use of performance measurement and the partners’ motives which are influenced, amongst other things, by competition of the collaborators in other arenas. Performance measurement and innovation characteristics were identified as factors reducing the effectiveness of sharing. In addition, the programme management lifecycle emerged as a substantial influence on sharing behaviours. | Innovation, supply network, barriers to collaboration | https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2011.647872 |
| Social Innovation | Jensen J.I. and E. Nybakk. | Inter-organizational networks and innovation in small, knowledge-intensive firms: a literature review | International Journal of Innovation Management 17 (2): 1-27 | 2013 | A growing body of research acknowledges that inter-organizational networks greatly influence a firm's innovation performance. This study extends our understanding of this relationship by considering the effect of inter-organizational networks on innovation in small, knowledge-intensive companies. Based on a literature review, we formulate four propositions regarding the moderating effects of firm size and knowledge intensity on the relationship between inter-organizational networks and innovation, as well as the influence of these factors on the development of the inter-organizational networks themselves. | Inter-organizational networks, innovation in small, knowledge-intensive firms | https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919613500084 |
| Social Innovation | Schwartz-Shea P. and Yanow D. | Interpretive research design: Concepts and processes. | New York Routledge. | 2013 | Research design is fundamental to all scientific endeavors, at all levels and in all institutional settings. In many social science disciplines, however, scholars working in an interpretive-qualitative tradition get little guidance on this aspect of research from the positivist-centered training they receive. This book is an authoritative examination of the concepts and processes underlying the design of an interpretive research project. Such an approach to design starts with the recognition that researchers are inevitably embedded in the intersubjective social processes of the worlds they study. In focusing on researchers’ theoretical, ontological, epistemological, and methods choices in designing research projects, Schwartz-Shea and Yanow set the stage for other volumes in the Routledge Series on Interpretive Methods. They also engage some very practical issues, such as ethics reviews and the structure of research proposals. This concise guide explores where research questions come from, criteria for evaluating research designs, how interpretive researchers engage with "world-making," context, systematicity and flexibility, reflexivity and positionality, and such contemporary issues as data archiving and the researcher’s body in the field. | research design, social sciences, interpretive research | https://www.amazon.com/Interpretive-Research-Design-Processes-Routledge/dp/041587808X |
| Public service value co creation | Osborne S.P. and Strokosch K. | It takes two to tango? Understanding the co-production of public services by integrating the services management and public administration perspectives | British Journal of Management | 2013 | We propose an important theoretical development for our understanding of the co‐production of public services. It combines the insights from both public administration and services management theory to produce a novel typology of co‐production. This clarifies its role at the operational and strategic levels, as well as its potential for transformational change in public services. Understanding co‐production in this way provides a basis through which to explore a whole range of dimensions of co‐production that were previously undifferentiated. | co-production, public services, public administration | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-8551.12010 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Desmarchelier B., Djellal F., Gallouj F. | Knowledge intensive business services and long term growth | Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, vol. 25 pp. 188-205 | 2013 | The goal of this paper is to (re)assess the relationship between knowledge intensive business services (KIBS) and the economic growth. Taking into account various conflicting relationships between KIBS and growth, we build a multi agent-based system involving industrial firms, consumer-services firms, consumers, KIBS firms and a banking system. Our main result is that KIBS can be regarded as an engine for the economic growth and that they operate as a substitute for the material capital accumulation. Nevertheless, material capital accumulation still appears as a significant factor of economic growth. | Knowledge, intensive business services | DOI:10.1016/j.strueco.2012.07.003 |
| Service Design | Schöllhammer, O., & Sepke, C. | Lean Management und Service Engineering–Ansätze zur Erleichterung des Arbeitsalltags in einer Wissenschaftlichen Spezialbibliothek | Bibliothek Forschung und Praxis, 37(3), 316-321 | 2013 | From time to time libraries are facing challenges, resulting from budget cuts, downsizing or demanding customer requests. Often it seems difficult to find solutions which will fit in with the everyday routine. The aim of this article is to show how the use of specific management tools (i.e. Lean Management or Service Engineering) can provide some help in the day-to-day work of a library. By introducing selected management tools, it is possible to identify and evaluate strengths and weaknesses. This can lead to the improvement or further development of library services even under difficult conditions. | Lean indirect; workflow optimization; continuous improvement; service engineering; service development | https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bfup.2013.37.issue-3/bfp-2013-0048/bfp-2013-0048.xml |
| Living Labs | Alcotra Innovation | Les Living Lab transfrontaliers : orientations et directives. Guide pratique de l’expérience Alcotra Innovation | (Régions : Piémont, Ligurie, Vallée d’Aoste, rovince de Turin, Rhône-Alpes Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur). Turin. Juillet | 2013 | Living Lab, orientations, directives, innovation | ||
| Living Labs | Veeckman, C., Schuurman, D., Leminen, S., & Westerlund, M. | Linking living lab characteristics and their outcomes: Towards a conceptual framework | Technology Innovation Management Review, 3(12), 6-15 | 2013 | Despite almost a decade of living lab activity all over Europe, there still is a lack of empirical research into the practical implementation and the related outcomes of living labs. Therefore, this article proposes a framework to create a better understanding of the characteristics and outcomes of living labs. We investigate three living labs in Belgium and one in Finland to learn how the different building blocks of living lab environments contribute to the outputs of innovation projects launched within the lab. The findings imply that managers and researchers contemplating innovation in living labs need to consider the intended inputs and outcomes, and reframe their innovation activities accordingly. We formulate practical guidelines on how living labs should be managed on the levels of community interaction, stakeholder engagement, and methodological setup to succeed in implementing living lab projects and to create user-centred innovations. That way, living lab practitioners can work towards a more sustainable way of setting up living labs that can run innovation projects over a longer period of time. | Living labs, conceptual framework, innovation, guidelines, Finland, Belgium | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/dc80/21cef3238700df2b6d92639bec7ad596067a.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Grudinschi, D., Kaljunen, L., Hokkanen, T., Hallikas, J., Sintonen, S. and A. Puustinen. | Management Challenges in Cross-Sector Collaboration: Elderly Care Case Study | Innovation Journal 18 (2): 1-23 | 2013 | Using a case study for the collaboration between the public, private and third sectors in elderly care, the purpose of this research is to create new knowledge on cross-sector collaboration management. Cross-sector collaboration leads to innovations in governance. It creates social value and provides reduction of costs and benefits for society. Effective collaboration between the public, private, and third sector requires innovative thinking, leading, and acting. New skills and forms of cooperation between partners are needed. The main purpose of this study is to investigate what kind of challenges to expect and what dynamics and attributes must be emphasized when preparing for combined actions from different leaders. Individual and group interviews with representatives of elderly care services suppliers | Management challenges, cross-sector collaboration | https://innovation.cc/scholarly-style/2013_18_2_7_grudinschi_elder-care_7-418.pdf |
| Digital Transformation | Wright, B. E., Christensen, R. K., & Pandey, S. K. | Measuring public service motivation: Exploring the equivalence of existing global measures | International Public Management Journal, 16, 197-223 | 2013 | Our ability to interpret, generalize, and build theory across public service motivation (PSM) studies is limited by lack of knowledge regarding the equivalence of different PSM measures that researchers frequently use. While past research has given considerable attention to validating multidimensional measures of PSM, this study investigates the psychometric properties of the global measures that have been used to provide much of the empirical evidence on PSM. Building on the lessons of other research using global and multidimensional measures, we first discuss the strengths and weaknesses of existing global measures of PSM relative to those of the multidimensional measures. After highlighting the potential merit of global scales, we then provide empirical justification for global scales. Using five different data sets to compare commonly used global measures of PSM, our findings suggest that these different measures are not only highly correlated with each other but also display a similar pattern and strength of relationships with important correlates of PSM. These findings suggest that these measures do tap into the same conceptual space and help validate our continued reliance on empirical studies that have used different measures to build our understanding of PSM. | Public service motivation | https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2013.817242 |
| Service Design | Stake, R. E. | Multiple case study analysis | Guilford Press | 2013 | There are several different definitions and kinds of case studies. Because of different reasons the case studies can be either single or multiple. This study attempts to answer when to write a single case study and when to write a multiple case study. It will further answer the benefits and disadvantages with the different types. The literature review, which is based on secondary sources, is about case studies. Then the literature review is discussed and analysed to reach a conclusion. The conclusion is that there are several different opinions if a single case study or a multiple case study is the best choice. Different causes to consider in the choice to make a single case study or a multiple case study are presented. Some causes are that the amount depends on the context, upon how much is known and how much new information the cases bring. Another conclusion from the case studies I looked among is that it is generally more number of pages in the multiple case studies than in the single case studies. | Case, study, analysis | https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1064378/FULLTEXT01.pdfig |
| Public service value co creation | Radnor Z, Osborne S, Kinder T, Mutton J | Operationalizing co-production in public services delivery: The contribution of service blueprinting. | Public Management Review 16 | 2013 | We have argued for public services to move away from product-dominant logic towards a service approach. By taking a services orientation, the experience, inter-organizational, and systemic nature of public services delivery can be considered along with the role of the service user as a co-producer. In this article, we unpack how co-production can be operationalized through the application of service blueprinting. This article presents an example within higher education where the creation of a blueprint brought together staff and students to focus on the design of student enrolment, resulting in improved student experience and supporting co-production. | Co-production, higher education, service blueprinting, service management | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719037.2013.848923 |
| Service Design | Nielsen, L. | Personas - User Focused Design | London: Springer | 2013 | People relate to other people, not to simplified types or segments. This is the concept that underpins this book. Personas, a user centered design methodology covers topics from interaction design within IT, through to issues surrounding product design, communication, and marketing. Project developers need to understand how users approach their products from the product’s infancy, and regardless of what the product might be. Developers should be able to describe the user of the product via vivid depictions, as if they – with their different attitudes, desires and habits – were already using the product. In doing so they can more clearly formulate how to turn the product's potential into reality. With contributions from professionals from Australia, Brazil, Finland, Japan, Russia, and the UK presenting real-world examples of persona method, this book will provide readers with valuable insights into this exciting research area. The inspiration to create user descriptions includes character-driven narratives, and the film Thelma & Louise is analyzed in order to understand how the development process can also be an engaging story in various professional contexts. With a solid foundation in her own research at the IT University of Copenhagen and more than five years of experience in solving problems for businesses, Lene Nielsen is Denmark’s leading expert in the persona method. She has a PhD in personas and scenarios, and through her research and practical experiences she has developed her own approach to the method – 10 Steps to Personas. Personas – User Focused Design presents a step-by-step methodology of personas which will be of interest to developers of IT, communications solutions and innovative products. | user centered design, ICTs, marketing | https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781447159032 |
| Public Sector Innovation | European Commission | Powering European public sector innovation: Towards a new architecture. | Report of the Expert Group on Public Sector Innovation | 2013 | The European Union faces an unprecedented crisis in economic growth, which has put public services under tremendous financial pressure. Many governments are also faced with long-term issues such as ageing societies, mounting social security and healthcare costs, high youth unemployment and a public service infrastructure that sometimes lags behind the needs of modern citizens and businesses. Under these conditions, innovation in public services is critical for the continued provision of such public services, in both quantity and quality. Public sector innovation can be defined as the process of generating new ideas, and implementing them to create value for society either through new or improved processes or services. The available evidence indicates that innovation in the public sector mostly happens randomly, rather than as a result of deliberate, systematic and strategic efforts. Innovation in the public sector, through strategic change, needs to become more ‘persistent’ and ‘cumulative’, in pursuit of a new and more collaborative governance model. There is a need for a new architecture for public sector innovation. Much can be done in individual Member States, regions and in local government to build capacity to innovate and to steer change processes. Innovation can emerge at all levels and innovation leadership can come from anyone. It is however the conviction of the expert group that the European institutions – including the Council of Ministers, the European Parliament, and the European Commission – can also play significant roles in fostering innovation both at European Union level and in individual Member States. | European Union, public sector, innovation, strategic change | https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/powering-european-public-sector-innovation-towards-new-architecture |
| Public Sector Innovation | Miles I. | Public Service Innovation: What messages from the collision of Innovation Studies and Services Research | Osborne S.P. and Brown L. (eds) Handbook of Innovation and Change in Public Sector Services, Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, USA, Edward Elgar, p. 72-90 | 2013 | Innovation studies grew rapidly as an area of research over the last quarter of the twentieth century, as detailed by authors such as Fagerberg (2004) and Godin (2010), and as reflected in handbooks giving overviews of the field (Dodgson and Rothwell 1994; Fagerberg et al. 2004). Research was long dominated by a focus on manufacturing industry, and in particular on ‘high-tech’ industries such as aerospace, the automotive industry and pharmaceuticals. Service innovation had gained substantial attention by the first years of the twenty-first century (cf. Miles 2000), to the point that a Handbook of Innovation and Services was published in 2010 (Gallouj and Djellal 2010). But innovation in the public sector has been even more neglected in the mainstream of innovation studies. Even in the Gallouj and Djellal Handbook there are only a handful of index references to public services; one chapter is devoted to public health care, but this is mainly an account of one case study (concerning UK diabetes education). With public services constituting a substantial fraction of the services sectors, it is important to put more effort into exploring the scope for fruitful integration of work on public service innovation with innovation studies more generally. | innovation studies, service innovation, public sector services | https://www.elgaronline.com/view/9781849809740.00013.xml |
| Social Innovation | Rubalcaba, L., Di Meglio, G. and J. Gallego. | Public–private innovation networks and social innovation in the service economy | Ruiz Viñals, C. and C. Parra Rodríguez eds. Social Innovation: New Forms of Organisation in Knowledge-Based Societies, 188-205. Routledge | 2013 | This book is devoted to the study of public–private innovation networks in services (ServPPINs). These are a new type of innovation network which have rapidly developed in service economies. ServPPINs are collaborations between public and private service organisations, their objective being the development of new and improved services which encompass both technological and non-technological innovations. | Public–private innovation networks, social innovation, service economy | http://innogrips.empirica.biz/fileadmin/INNOGRIPS/documents/presentations/WS3/9-IG-WS6_Luis%20Rubalcaba.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Gallouj F., Rubalcaba L. and Windrum P. (eds) | Public-Private Innovation Networks in Services: the dynamics of cooperation in service innovation | Edward Elgar Publisher. | 2013 | This book is devoted to the study of public–private innovation networks in services (ServPPINs). These are a new type of innovation network which have rapidly developed in service economies. ServPPINs are collaborations between public and private service organisations, their objective being the development of new and improved services which encompass both technological and non-technological innovations. | public-private partnership, networks, collaboration | https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/public-private-innovation-networks-in-services |
| Public service value co creation | Yin, R. K. | Qualitative research from start to finish. | New York/London: The Guilford Press. | 2013 | This book will help readers understand the practice of qualitative research—whether they want to do it, teach it, or just learn about it. All the major research phases are encompassed (startup, design, data collection, analysis, and composing), including newly emerging trends. Numerous easy-to-read vignettes show how other scholars have successfully implemented specific procedures. Equally distinctive, the book presents qualitative research as an adaptive craft. The array of choices among different procedures and methods enables readers to customize their own studies and to accommodate different worldviews and genres. | qualitative research | https://www.guilford.com/books/Qualitative-Research-from-Start-to-Finish/Robert-Yin/9781462517978 |
| Service Design | Ritchie J., Lewis J., Nicholls C.M. and Ormston R. | Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. | Sage. | 2013 | Why use qualitative methods? What kinds of questions can qualitative methods help you answer? How do you actually do rigorous and reflective qualitative research in the real world? Written by a team of leading researchers associated with NatCen Social Research (the National Centre for Social Research) this textbook leads students and researchers through the entire process of qualitative research from beginning to end - moving through design, sampling, data collection, analysis and reporting. This book is an ideal guide for students, practitioners and researchers faced with the challenges of doing qualitative research in both applied and academic settings in messy real-life contexts. | social science, qualitative research, research methodology | https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/qualitative-research-practice/book237434 |
| Social Innovation | Cahoon, S., Pateman, H. and S.-L. Chen. | Regional port authorities: Leading players in innovation networks? | Journal of Transport Geography 27: 66-75 | 2013 | For a regional port necessarily involved in global supply chains, the development of its hinterland region is critical to its long term sustainability. Such development can be fostered by a regional innovation system (RIS), although the risks of path dependency and lock-in may lead to a region decaying. A process for contributing to a RIS is the Regional Development Platform Model (RDPM), the focus of this paper. As a new approach to regional development, the RDPM is utilised and adapted to identify opportunities for potential development in a region. In this paper, the RDPM is linked to the role of a port authority and its potential to drive regional growth centred on its innovation network. Port authorities, by assuming the role of network leader, can shape the regional innovation network and create new development trajectories through their links to various levels of government and the wide range of stakeholders that utilise the port facilities. The inherent tensions in this role and the competing possibilities of path creation and path dependence to create value for a wide network of stakeholders are challenging. | Regional port authorities, innovation networks | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.06.015 |
| Service Design | Polaine, A., Løvlie, L., & Reason, B. | Service design : from insight to implementation | Brooklyn, N.Y: Rosenfeld Media | 2013 | We have unsatisfactory experiences when we use banks, buses, health services and insurance companies. They don't make us feel happier or richer. Why are they not designed as well as the products we love to use such as an Apple iPod or a BMW? The 'developed' world has moved beyond the industrial mindset of products and the majority of 'products' that we encounter are actually parts of a larger service network. These services comprise people, technology, places, time and objects that form the entire service experience. In most cases some of the touchpoints are designed, but in many situations the service as a complete ecology just "happens" and is not consciously designed at all, which is why they don't feel like iPods or BMWs. One of the goals of service design is to redress this imbalance and to design services that have the same appeal and experience as the products we love, whether it is buying insurance, going on holiday, filling in a tax return, or having a heart transplant. Another important aspect of service design is its potential for design innovation and intervention in the big issues facing us, such as transport, sustainability, government, finance, communications and healthcare. Given that we live in a service and information age, a practical, thoughtful book about how to design better services is urgently needed. | service design, products, experience | https://www.amazon.es/Service-Design-Implementation-Andy-Polaine/dp/1933820330 |
| Social Innovation | Lyon Fergus | Social innovation, co-operation and competition: inter-organisational relations for social enterprises in the delivery of public services | Third Sector Research Centre, Working Paper 114. | 2013 | Social innovation is seen as a way of developing new approaches to addressing social problems (Phills et al., 2008; Murray et al., 2010). As with innovation in other contexts, collaborative relations are often a factor in successful cases of social innovation, although little is known about how co-operation is built up and maintained. This chapter sets out an argument for understanding how these inter-organizational relationships operate. This is necessary in order to go beyond the empty rhetoric of terms such as ‘partnership’, ‘collaboration’ and ‘co-operation’, and understand how these complex forms of organizing are built and maintained (Hastings, 1996; Atkinson, 1999). There has been much discussion of the need for collaboration (OTS, 2009) and co-operation between organizations is given as a core value of some forms of social enterprises such as co-operatives (Spear, 2000), but very little work has been carried out on understanding the process of building these relationships. | public sector, public service, social enterprise, social entrepreneur, social innovation | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230367098_6 |
| Public service value co creation | Rihova, I, Buhalis, D, Moital, M, & Beth Gouthro, M | Social layers of customer-to-customer value co-creation | Journal of Service Management | 2013 | Approached from the customer-dominant (C-D) logic perspective, this paper aims to extend current value co-creation discussions by providing conceptual insights into co-creation within customers' social sphere. Focusing on socially dense contexts in which customers consume together in dyads or collectives, the paper seeks to provide recommendations of how service managers can facilitate customer-to-customer (C2C) co-creation. | Customer-to-customer, value co-creation | https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-04-2013-0092 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Hausmann R., Hidalgo C., Bustos S., Coscia M., Simoes A., Yildirim M.A. | The Atlas of Economic Complexity, Mapping Paths to Prosperity | MIT Press | 2013 | Over the past two centuries, mankind has accomplished what used to be unthinkable. When we look back at our long list of achievements, it is easy to focus on the most audacious of them, such as our conquest of the skies and the moon. Our lives, however, have been made easier and more prosperous by a large number of more modest, yet crucially important feats. Think of electric bulbs, telephones, cars, personal computers, antibiotics, TVs, refrigerators, watches and water heaters. Think of the many innovations that benefit us despite our minimal awareness of them, such as advances in port management, electric power distribution, agrochemicals and water purification. This progress was possible because we got smarter. During the past two centuries, the amount of productive knowledge we hold expanded dramatically. This was not, however, an individual phenomenon. It was a collective phenomenon. As individuals we are not much more capable than our ancestors, but as societies we have developed the ability to make all that we have mentioned – and much, much more. | Atlas economic complexity, mapping paths, prosperity | http://www.tinyurl.com/lf8y4uw |
| Service Design | Babbie E. R. | The basics of social research. | Cengage Learning. | 2013 | This thorough revision of Babbie's standard-setting text presents a succinct, straightforward introduction to the field of research methods as practiced by social scientists. Contemporary examples, such as terrorism, Alzheimer's disease, anti-gay prejudice and education, and the legalization of marijuana, introduce students to the "how-tos" and "whys" of social research methods. With increased emphasis on qualitative research and practical applications, this edition is authoritative yet student-friendly and engaging enough to help students connect the dots between the world of social research and the real world. | social science, research methods | https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=croaCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=The+basics+of+social+research.&ots=3f7nscFlgK&sig=txzl8QQG9ogdgXdz7i5F9Ynf1W4#v=onepage&q=The%20basics%20of%20social%20research.&f=false |
| Service Design | Saldaña J. | The coding manual for qualitative researchers (2nd ed.) | Los Angeles, CA: Sage | 2013 | Johnny Saldaña’s manual demystifies the qualitative coding process with a comprehensive assessment of different coding types, examples and exercises. The ideal reference for students, teachers, and practitioners of qualitative inquiry, it is essential reading across the social sciences and neatly guides you through the multiple approaches available for coding qualitative data. Its wide array of strategies, from the more straightforward to the more complex, is skillfully explained and carefully exemplified providing a complete toolkit of codes and skills that can be applied to any research project. For each code Saldaña provides information about the method′s origin, gives a detailed description of the method, demonstrates its practical applications, and sets out a clearly illustrated example with analytic follow-up. | qualitative research, coding types | https://www.amazon.com/Coding-Manual-Qualitative-Researchers-Third/dp/1473902495 |
| Digital Transformation | Margetts, H., & Dunleavy, P. | The second wave of digital-era governance: A quasi- paradigm for government on the web | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 371(1987) | 2013 | Widespread use of the Internet and the Web has transformed the public management ‘quasi-paradigm’ in advanced industrial countries. The toolkit for public management reform has shifted away from a ‘new public management’ (NPM) approach stressing fragmentation, competition and incentivization and towards a ‘digital-era governance’ (DEG) one, focusing on reintegrating services, providing holistic services for citizens and implementing thoroughgoing digital changes in administration. We review the current status of NPM and DEG approaches, showing how the development of the social Web has already helped trigger a ‘second wave’ of DEG2 changes. Web science and organizational studies are converging swiftly in public management and public services, opening up an extensive agenda for future redesign of state organization and interventions. So far, DEG changes have survived austerity pressures well, whereas key NPM elements have been rolled back. | digital-era governance, public management, public services, change, New Public Management | https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsta.2012.0382 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Djellal F., Gallouj F., Miles I. | Two decades of research on innovation in services: Which place for public services? | Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 27, December, p. 98-117 | 2013 | Service innovation was neglected for a long time, but by the first years of this century it was clear that some maturity had been reached. Innovation in the public sector has been even more neglected in the mainstream of innovation studies. This paper explores the scope for fruitful integration of work on this topic into innovation studies more generally. It examines four different theoretical perspectives used in studies of service innovation: assimilation, demarcation, inversion and integration/synthesis. Each of these throws light on particular issues confronting public services innovation, and we see that innovation in this sphere is highly diverse and that it does often display special features. But we conclude that these features do not constitute a strong case for studying public service innovation as if it were something sui generis, let alone continuing to neglect it. Instead, the case is made for developing more integrative views of innovation. | innovation, public services | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0954349X13000441 |
| Social Innovation | Verweij, S., Klijn, E.H., Edelenbos, J. and Van Buuren, A. | What makes governance networks work? A fuzzy set of qualitative comparative analysis of 14 Dutch spatial planning projects | Public Administration | 2013 | Many studies have been conducted to determine the conditions that contribute to the satisfactory outcome of decision‐making processes in governance networks. In this article, we explore how the interaction of three such conditions – network complexity, network management, and stakeholder involvement – results in stakeholder satisfaction. We use fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis – a relatively new approach in public administration research – to systematically compare the decision‐making processes and outcomes of 14 Dutch spatial planning projects. Our analysis points to three combinations that result in stakeholder satisfaction: network complexity combined with adaptive management; stakeholder involvement combined with adaptive management; and low complexity combined with both limited stakeholder involvement and closed network management. | governance networks, decision-making, empirical evidence | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/padm.12007 |
| Service Design | Chen, C., Hubbard, M. and Chun-Sung, L. | When public-private partnerships fail: analysing citizen engagement in public-private partnerships – cases from Taiwan and China | Public Management Review | 2013 | This article explores the dynamic and the results of efforts by citizens to resist the costs passed onto them by public–private partnerships for infrastructure, through examining citizen engagement in two problematic projects in Taiwan and China. In both cases, the design and procurement phase focused on the government–investor relation, with no obvious opportunity for citizen voice and costs were displaced onto users. In the operational phase, citizen protest (voice) was more effective in resisting costs in Taiwan where the institutional environment was more open and responsive; in the China case, availability of alternative roads (choice) was crucial in resisting costs. | public-private partnerships, accountability, citizenship, voice, choice | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719037.2012.698856 |
| Public service value co creation | Chen, C, & Liao, CS | When public–private partnerships fail: Analysing citizen engagement in public–private partnerships–cases from Taiwan and China | Public management review | 2013 | This article explores the dynamic and the results of efforts by citizens to resist the costs passed onto them by public–private partnerships for infrastructure, through examining citizen engagement in two problematic projects in Taiwan and China. In both cases, the design and procurement phase focused on the government–investor relation, with no obvious opportunity for citizen voice and costs were displaced onto users. In the operational phase, citizen protest (voice) was more effective in resisting costs in Taiwan where the institutional environment was more open and responsive; in the China case, availability of alternative roads (choice) was crucial in resisting costs. | Public, private, partnerships | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2012.698856 |
| Digital Transformation | Government Accountability Office. | HEALTHCARE.GOV: Contract planning and oversight practices were ineffective given the challenges and risks | 2014 | Contract planning, oversight practices, challenges, risks | http:// www.gao.gov/products/GAO-14-824T | ||
| Living Labs | Burstein, R. & A. Black. | A guide for making innovation offices work Innovation Series | Washington, DC: IBM Center for The Business of Government | 2014 | In the last five years, a growing number of local, state, and federal government entities have created innovation offices and appointed chief innovation officers to: -Encourage an ethos of innovation -Pursue specific projects -Augment the work of existing departments These innovation offices represent a potentially powerful pathway toward a responsive, adaptive, and efficient 21st century government To date, there has been no systematic study of this trend, although there are several partial lists of government innovation offices categorized by mission or approach As more government entities consider innovation offices, a systematic treatment of existing offices is needed This report attempts to fill that void by looking at the following: their missions, structural models, the factors that go into creating and sustaining an effective office, possible ways of evaluating the effectiveness of innovation offices, and success factors | Innovation offices, innovation series | http://www.businessofgovernment.org/sites/default/files/A%20Guide%20for%20Making%20Innovation%20Offices%20Work.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Nätti, S., Hurmelinna-Laukkanen, P. and W.J. Johnston. | Absorptive capacity and network orchestration in innovation communities - promoting service innovation | Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 29 (2): 173-184 | 2014 | Purpose – The purpose of this study is to increase understanding of service innovation in networks. Especially the most loosely coupled forms of innovation networks, innovation communities, can be valuable in service innovation, but may not be manageable in the traditional sense. Rather, they may require orchestration characterized by discreet guidance that also accommodates the specific nature of services. Through informed orchestration, it is possible to deal with several contingencies, and influence the absorptive capacity at the network level to generate new service innovations. Design/methodology/approach – These issues are examined through literature review and a case study. Findings – The findings suggest that individual orchestration mechanisms may be more closely connected to certain contingencies than others, and that both orchestration mechanisms and contingency factors have a role in absorptive capacity development within service innovation networks. Research limitations/implications – While the case study approach limits the possibility to make wide generalizations, the in-depth insights provide valuable knowledge. Practical implications – There has been a shift from inter-firm competition towards competition between networks of organizations, increasing relevance of absorptive capacity at the network level. Originality/value – Despite the recent increase in service innovation literature, research on service innovation taking place in networks is scant. Knowledge on some aspects can be derived from more traditional notions on technological innovation, but both the distinctive features of services and central characteristics of innovation networks make it necessary to reconsider some of the established views. In particular, managing – or rather orchestrating – service innovation is still a challenging area. | Absorptive capacity, network orchestration, innovation communities | DOI:10.1108/JBIM-08-2013-0167 |
| Living Labs | Nyström, A., Leminen, S., Westerlund, M. & Kortelainen, M. | Actor roles and role patterns influencing innovation in living labs | Industrial Marketing Management 43, 483–495 | 2014 | Innovation networks are embodied and shaped by their participants. This paper examines actors' roles in living labs, which are defined as networks of open innovation. The study utilizes four approaches to roles: structuralist, symbolic interactionist, resource-based, and action-based approaches. Our empirical analysis of 26 living labs in four different countries identifies a number of actor roles associated with open innovation. In addition, it reveals four role patterns characteristic of living labs: (i) ambidexterity, (ii) reciprocity, (iii) temporality, and (iv) multiplicity. These patterns distinguish actor collaboration in networks characterized by heterogeneous actors, the coexistence of individual and shared motives, high degree of openness, and user involvement. Scholars and practitioners of innovation learn that understanding of role patterns in living labs can contribute to building, utilization, and orchestration of open innovation networks. | Living labs, innovation, networks, open innovation | https://www.academia.edu/10834374/Actor_roles_and_role_patterns_influencing_innovation_in_living_labs |
| Social Innovation | Battilana J., Lee M. | Advancing research on hybrid organizing −Insights from the study of social enterprises | Academy of Management Annals | 2014 | Hybrid organizations that combine multiple organizational forms deviate from socially legitimate templates for organizing, and thus experience unique organizing challenges. In this paper, we introduce and develop the concept of hybrid organizing, which we define as the activities, structures, processes and meanings by which organizations make sense of and combine multiple organizational forms. We propose that social enterprises that combine the organizational forms of both business and charity at their cores are an ideal type of hybrid organization, making social enterprise an attractive setting to study hybrid organizing. Based on a literature review of organizational research on social enterprise and on our own research in this domain, we develop five dimensions of hybrid organizing and related opportunities for future research. We conclude by discussing how insights from the study of hybrid organizing in social enterprises may contribute to organization theory. | hybrid organizations, challenges, social enterprises, organization theory | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19416520.2014.893615 |
| Social Innovation | Kolleck, N. and I Bormann. | Analyzing trust in innovation networks: combining quantitative and qualitative techniques of Social Network Analysis | Zeitschrift fur Erziehungswissenschaft 17 (5): 9-27 | 2014 | The success of innovations essentially depends on two types of trust. First, innovations are implemented when the network members responsible for implementing them trust in their efficacy. Second, innovations are diffused through social networks whose relations are built on trust. Thus, both perceptions and relational factors play a decisive role for the acceptance of innovations. Innovations are accepted and established through networks and are realized and diffused by the trust these same networks inspire. | Innovation networks, quantitative and qualitative techniques, social network analysis | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-014-0551-0 |
| Public Sector Innovation | D. Breslin. | Calm in the storm: Simulating the management of organiza- tional co-evolution | Futures, 57:62–77 | 2014 | Whilst past research has explored the notion of co-evolution and ambidexterity in organizations, few have drawn from theoretical insights made in other domains of study such as biology and cultural evolution. This paper seeks to make a contribution towards this project, by developing an agent-based simulation model of multi-level co-evolution within an organization, with a view towards shedding new light on organizational adaptation. Unlike previous simulation studies of this nature, this study focuses on the co-evolution of behaviour at multiple-levels between interacting individuals, based on the evolutionary mechanisms of variation, selection and retention. In this way it is seen that incremental, punctuated and chaotic patterns of aggregate organizational behaviour arise from the same core building blocks of variation–selection–retention. The findings from this study point to the need for management control in ambidextrous organizations both during times of stability AND transformational change. In the latter case, this control was not that of an overpowering management suppressing variations and innovation from within the organization. Rather it might be interpreted as the voice of calm in the chaos of the storm, providing direction to the many actors within the organization and walking them along the thin line between inaction and chaos | Management of organizational co-evolution | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2014.02.003 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Kattel R, Cepilovs A, Drechsler W, Kalvet T, Lember V. Tõnurist P. | Can we measure public sector innovation? A literature review | LIPSE Project Working Paper No 2 | 2014 | The aim of this article is to give an overview of scholarly state-of-the-art in terms of both conceptualizing and measuring public sector innovations. In order to do so, the article consists of following sections: first, we give a brief overview of prevailing attempts to conceptualize (define) public sector innovation and contrast it with older literature (Tocqueville, Weber, Schumpeter); second, we briefly summarize private sector innovation performance measurements and indicators; third, we discuss state of the art in discussion of measuring public sector performance in general; fourth, we look at recent discussions of public sector productivity, what and how can be measured; fifth, we discuss recent projects and literature on measuring public sector innovation; and finally we conclude by drawing these various discussions together by detailing what and how can we measure in public sector innovation with good scholarly conscious. | innovation, public sector, measurement, literature review | https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/39543340/Can_we_measure_public_sector_innovation_20151029-14297-1rhir3y.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DCan_we_measure_public_sector_innovation.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20190716%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20190716T085610Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=79d649311a17afd2ce8bce4c9975a781153507eef4a88af1b2cc507f874a278a |
| Living Labs | Reiter, S., Gronier, G. & Valoggia, P. | Citizen involvement in local environmental governance: A methodology combining human centred design and living lab approaches | Electronic Journal of e-Government, 12(2), 108-116 | 2014 | Nowadays, involving citizens in Local Environmental Governance (LEG) is becoming increasingly important. In order to empower the role of citizen in this context, we propose an approach that relies on the establishment of a physical and intellectual space for shared understanding and collaboration between all stakeholders impacted by an environmental problem (in our case odour emission). Based on the development of an Information Technology (IT) system allowing odour emission measurement as well as the collection of citizen feedback, a Living Lab (LL) approach is being implemented that involves citizens, public authorities, industry and environmental non-governmental organisations (NGOs). According to the definition of the European commission, Living Labs are “open innovation environments in real-life settings, in which userdriven innovation is fully integrated within the co-creation process of new services, products and societal infrastructures”. Based on this definition and considering, in our case, citizens as one of the end-users of the IT system, we argue that such an approach will empower their role in local environmental governance. This article presents the method and techniques that will be used in order to set up such a Living Lab. More precisely, we focus here on the first step of this method: defining the components that will support the management of a Living Lab relying on an IT system. This step consists in the identification of the Living Lab stakeholders (citizen, industry, public authorities, NGOs, etc.), including their characteristics, fears, expectations, involvement and engagement regarding the Living Lab. To do this, 2 main approaches are being combined: A Living Lab approach that aims to involve citizens in local Environmental Governance (LEG) design. Use of Human-Centred Design (HCD), to combine IT developments and LL needs, for example Personas methodology and usability test. A Living Lab relies mainly on stakeholders’ involvement in order to build trust and establish a common goal. In this sense, sociologists’ approaches ((Akrich et al. 2006);) bring valuable information on how to mobilise different actors in order to innovate (Actor Network Theory). However, in the innovation process, these approaches are only considering human actors and do not take into account any technological aspects. However, if Living Labs are relying on human actors’ interactions it should also take into account their interactions with the IT system it is based on. In this case, HumanCentred Design (HCD) being an approach that aims to make IT systems usable and useful by focusing on the users, their needs and requirements, is to be considered as complementary to the sociologists approaches. This article, based on the work performed in the FP7 European project OMNISCIENTIS, presents the theoretical context in which this study takes place as well as the overall methodology. | citizens’ involvement, living lab, environmental governance, human-centred design | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6ae0/b4aa2bedcda202ed5daa81ef2cc961ab6238.pdf?_ga=2.48296227.465410882.1570382868-2021368178.1568393920 |
| Social Innovation | Dawson, B.K., Young, L., Tu, C.L. and F. Chongyi. | Co-innovation in networks of resources - A case study in the Chinese exhibition industry | Industrial Marketing Management 43 (3): 496-503 | 2014 | This work explores how network partners collaborate to innovate and innovate to collaborate and thereby achieve value. The innovation processes analyzed are within an IJV in the Chinese exhibition industry. The findings highlight that the IJV's development of a successful trade show resulted from effective co-innovation by partners which enabled the exploitation of opportunities in an industry characterized by rapid growth and continuing structural change. Partner co-innovation enabled evolving strategic and operational capabilities which has led to continued and growing market success. This co-innovation involved the targeted co-mingling of partner resources which creates value that motivated continued cooperation. The effectiveness of the partners' activities is evidenced by the growing size and prestige of their large-scale trade show as well as the expansion of the IJV into other endeavors. The paper concludes by considering the way these innovative processes can be applied in other contexts. | Co-innovation, networks of resources | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2013.12.017 |
| Social Innovation | Entwistle, T. | Collaboration and Public Services Improvement: Evidence Review Prepared for the Commission on Public Service Governance and Delivery | Public Policy Institute for Wales, January, PPIW Report n°2 | 2014 | This review of the research evidence regarding effective collaboration has been commissioned by the Public Policy Institute for Wales for the Commission on Public Service Governance and Delivery. It addresses three main issues: Why encourage collaboration between local authorities? Which services are likely to produce the greatest gains through collaboration? How can collaborations be best managed to achieve improvement in services? | governance, collaboration, local government | http://ppiw.org.uk/files/2014/04/Collaboration-and-Public-Services-Improvement.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Pestoff, V | Collective Action and the sustainability of co-production | Public Management Review | 2014 | This article addresses the sustainability of citizen/user participation in the provision of public services, often referred to as co-production. Co-producing public services not only promises to limit cost, but it also requires a change in the relations and behaviour of public servants and citizens/users, in order for the latter to make a long-term commitment to co-production. The article notes that Olsen proposes two logics of collective action, not just one. Focusing on small group interaction can provide an important strategy for achieving sustainable co-production, particularly of enduring welfare services. However, Ostrom criticizes too simplistic approaches based on size alone for promoting social cooperation in collective action situations. She proposes seven structural variables of importance in resolving social dilemmas. Several of them can also be perceived as factors that facilitate sustainable citizen participation in co-production. Some additional factors are also considered important for sustainable co-production, like the nature of the service itself, organizational diversity, a dialogue between the staff and clients, and facilitating small group interactions in large organizations. This article concludes that governments should develop more flexible, service-specific and organization-specific approaches for promoting co-production, rather than looking for simple ‘one size fits all’ solutions to the challenges facing public service delivery, particularly of enduring welfare services. It also proposes a research agenda on sustainable co-production. | Collective, action, co-production | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2013.841460 |
| Social Innovation | Ferraris, A. & Santoro, G. | Come dovrebbero essere sviluppati i progetti di social innovation nelle smart city? Un'analisi comparative | Impresa Progetto: Electronic Journal of Management | 2014 | In the last years, the phenomenon of Smart City has emerged as a way to mitigate citizens’ problems, often through the development of new technologies and innovation with social purpose. In fact, the economic crisis of recent times has created not only tough challenges, but also many opportunities to improve the quality of life of citizens. At the same time, it fostered collaboration between public and private actors to find new solutions to social problems within Smart City and many Social Innovation Projects have been developed through public-private partnership (PPP). However, the management of these partnerships presents atypical features and obstacles hard to overcome. Moreover, it emerges the necessity to conceive this kind of projects within the whole ecosystem in which they take place. Therefore, due to the uncertainty of the market and of the peculiarities of Smart City Projects, there is a need to rethink how to manage these partnerships and, at the same time, how to develop useful ecosystems for social innovation. So, this paper aims to shed light on a topic that has created great interest in the political, social and academic environment through a comparative analysis of two Social Innovation Projects in the Smart City context, supported through public-private partnerships. | social innovation, smart city, collaboration, public-private partnership, management | https://www.academia.edu/12642924/Come_dovrebbero_essere_sviluppati_i_progetti_di_social_innovation_nelle_smart_city_Un_analisi_comparativa |
| Public service value co creation | Faguet, J.-P. | Decentralization and governance | World Development, 53(1), 2–13 | 2014 | The most important theoretical argument concerning decentralization is that it can make government more accountable and responsive to the governed. Improving governance is also a central justification of real-world reformers. But the literature has mostly focused on policy-relevant outcomes, such as education and health services, public investment, and fiscal deficits. This paper examines how decentralization affects governance, in particular how it might increase political competition, improve public accountability, reduce political instability, and impose incentive-compatible limits on government power, but also threaten fiscal sustainability. Such improvements in governance can help spur the broad historical transitions that define development. | Decentralization, governance | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.002 |
| Service Design | Deserti, A., & Rizzo, F. | Design and organizational change in the public sector | Design Management Journal | 2014 | The aim of this article is to build a link between non-situated design and the issue of organizational change in the public sector, highlighting the dynamic relation between the operative and the strategic levels of change, as a way to overcome some of the limits and inefficiencies of the established practices. Our proposition is that the adoption of participatory design knowledge and tools in the development of public services—an emerging trend responding to a diffused need of building a new generation of more user-centered, efficient, and costeffective services—requires (and implies) change in the organizations that deliver them and that the more the design practices are new to the organizations, the more the change should be relevant (Deserti and Rizzo, 2014). | public sector, organizational change, design, non-situated design, participatory design | https://mycourses.aalto.fi/pluginfile.php/486475/course/section/101167/design_and_organizational_change.pdf |
| Service Design | Bason, C. | Design for policy | Farnham: Gower | 2014 | Design for Policy is the first publication to chart the emergence of collaborative design approaches to innovation in public policy. Drawing on contributions from a range of the world’s leading academics, design practitioners and public managers, it provides a rich, detailed analysis of design as a tool for addressing public problems and capturing opportunities for achieving better and more efficient societal outcomes. In his introduction, Christian Bason suggests that design may offer a fundamental reinvention of the art and craft of policy making for the twenty-first century. From challenging current problem spaces to driving the creative quest for new solutions and shaping the physical and virtual artefacts of policy implementation, design holds a significant yet largely unexplored potential. The book is structured in three main sections, covering the global context of the rise of design for policy, in-depth case studies of the application of design to policy making, and a guide to concrete design tools for policy intent, insight, ideation and implementation. The summary chapter lays out a future agenda for design in government, suggesting how to position design more firmly on the public policy stage. Design for Policy is intended as a resource for leaders and scholars in government departments, public service organizations and institutions, schools of design and public management, think tanks and consultancies that wish to understand and use design as a tool for public sector reform and innovation. | policy, design, innovation, case-studies, future agenda | https://www.amazon.co.uk/Design-Policy-Social-Responsibility/dp/1472413520 |
| Service Design | Wetter-Edman, K., Sangiorgi, D., Edvardsson, B., Holmlid, S., Grönroos, C., & Mattelmäki, T. | Design for Value Co-Creation: Exploring Synergies Between Design for Service and Service Logic | Service Science, 6(2), 106-121 | 2014 | This paper aims to bridge recent work on Service Logic with practice and research in the Design for Service to explore whether and how human-centered collaborative design approaches could provide a source for interpreting existing service systems and proposing new ones and thus realize a Service Logic in organizations. A comparison is made of existing theoretical backgrounds and frameworks from Service Logic and Design for Service studies that conceptualize core concepts for value co-creation: actors, resources, resource integration, service systems, participation, context, and experience. We find that Service Logic provides a framework for understanding service systems in action by focusing on how actors integrate resources to co-create value for themselves and others, whereas Design for Service provides an approach and tools to explore current service systems as a context to imagine future service systems and how innovation may develop as a result of reconfigurations of resources and actors. Design for Service also provides approaches, competences, and tools that enable involved actors to participate in and be a part of the service system redesign. Design for value co-creation is presented using this model. The paper builds on and extends the Service Logic research first by repositioning service design from a phase of development to Design for Service as an approach to service innovation, centered on understanding and engaging with customers’ own value-creating practices. Second, it builds on and extends through discussing the meaning of value co-creation and identifying and distinguishing collaborative approaches for the generation of new resource constellations. In doing so, the collaborative approaches allow for achieving value co-creation in designing. | service design; design for service; service logic; service innovation; resource integration; value co-creation; service system; co-design; co-creation | https://mycourses.aalto.fi/pluginfile.php/486475/course/section/101167/Wetter-Edman%20Design%20for%20Value%20CoCreation%20.pdf |
| Service Design | Allio, L. | Design thinking for public service excellence | UNDP Global Centre for Public Service Excellence. | 2014 | This discussion paper was prepared for the Consultation on the Co-Design of Public Policy and Services, Singapore, 2-3 December 2013. The consultation provided an opportunity for experts and practitioners to discover and debate public service innovation trends and applications. Two discussion papers were prepared for the event, one on social innovation and the other on design thinking. This paper supports UNDP’s evidence-building work on design thinking. It illustrates how design thinking approaches have contributed to solving public service challenges, and explores the potential that is yet to be tapped. It also outlines forms and degrees of institutionalization of design thinking within public service administrations. | innovation, public services, design thinking, co-design | https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/capacity-building/global-centre-for-public-service-excellence/DesignThinking.html |
| Living Labs | Van der Graaf, S. & Veeckman, C. | Designing for participatory governance: assessing capabilities and toolkits in public service delivery | Info, 16 (6), 74-88 | 2014 | The purpose of this study is yield insight into how cities can optimize citizen involvement in the co-development of citizen services by providing the rights tools, knowledge and resources. Design/methodology/approach-By conducting a case study analysis of the city of Ghent, this study investigates how users are engaged in the development of mobile applications on a city-hosted platform. Findings-Findings show that public service delivery, related to the urban space, can be co-designed between the city and its citizens, if different toolkits aligned with the specific capacities and skills of the citizens are provided. Research limitations/implications-Data were collected between August 2012 and December 2013. Some preliminary findings are presented on the (design of the) dynamic co-creation ecosystem and the citizens’ capacities to participate on the city-hosted platform. In addition, while the examination is still ongoing some insights can be offered in the learning dynamics underpinning how the cities are setting up such a bottom-up process and how local participation for different citizen groups can be optimized in the context of design capabilities and the design space. Originality/value-This study yields relevant insights for policymakers, city administrations, as well as Living Lab practitioners into how public service delivery, supported by an inclusive participatory governance by design framework at the local level, can be co-designed between the city and citizens, if different toolkits aligned with the specific capacities and skills of the users are provided. By providing tailored tools, even ordinary citizens can take a much more active role in the development and appropriation of their urban space and generate solutions from which both the city and citizens’ everyday life can possibly benefit. | design, government, participation, public services, citizens | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279525865_Designing_for_participatory_governance_Assessing_capabilities_and_toolkits_in_public_service_delivery |
| Digital Transformation | Luna-Reyes L. F. and Gil-Garcia J.R. | Digital government transformation and internet portals: The co-evolution of technology organizations and institutions | Government Information Quarterly | 2014 | Researchers and practitioners around the world recognize the potential of information technologies to promote government transformation. This transformation has been understood in at least two different ways: (1) as a transformation of internal processes and (2) as a transformation of the relationships between governments and other social and political actors (institutional transformation). Unfortunately, there is little or no evidence of such transformation, and current studies reveal that for this transformation to happen, a better understanding of the complex relationships between information technologies, organizations, and institutions is still required. This paper presents a theory of the co-evolution of technology, organizational networks, and institutional arrangements in the transformation of government. The theory uses the grammars of system dynamics and builds upon institutional approaches to understand interactions among all these variables in the development of information and communication technologies in government. Although the theory suggests the relevance of some specific reinforcing processes in this transformation, the endogenous view used in the theory empowers all stakeholders by illustrating how transformation could be promoted from any individual position involved in the process of developing digital government applications. | digital government, portals, puebla government transformation, institutional theory, system dynamics, technology enactment | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2014.08.001 |
| Public service value co creation | Nabatchi, T. and Blomgren Amsler, L. | Direct public engagement in local government | American Review of Public Administration | 2014 | Public engagement is an umbrella term that encompasses numerous methods for bringing people together to address issues of public importance. In this article, we focus on direct public engagement in local government, exploring what we know and proposing areas where more research is needed. We first define direct public engagement and distinguish it from related concepts and terms. We then introduce a simple framework for exploring variations in direct public engagement at the local level. Next, we use this framework to examine the extant literature on why, how, and to what effect direct public engagement in local government is used. Finally, we identify gaps in the literature and propose a research agenda for the future. | public participation, public engagement, local government | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0275074013519702 |
| Public Sector Innovation | OECD. | Education at a Glance 2014: OECD Indicators | OECD Publishing | 2014 | Education glance, indicators | https://www.oecd.org/education/Education-at-a-Glance-2014.pdf | |
| Digital Transformation | The Danish Government, Danish Regions, & L. G. D. | eGovern- ment Strategy 2011-2015 - The digital path to future welfare | Digst.Dk | 2014 | This paper presents the results of a process tracing study of digital transformation in Denmark. The study is part of a European Horizon 2020 project entitled Co-Val (Understanding value co-creation in public services for transforming European public administrations). The paper traces the development of policies and stakeholders involvement that have contributed to achieving the digital transformation in Denmark’s public administration as it is reflected by the current DESI index over the last two decades [1]. The study uses a qualitative methodology in the form of case study [2]. In particular, a longitudinal case study and process tracing methodology is used. The data are secondary data consisting of digital transformation strategies, policies and related documents and press releases retrieved on governmental websites. The case study provides an overview of Denmark’s digitalization position in relation to the rest of EU, the basic digital policies and strategies that the Danish government has undertaken over the last two decades as well as an account of the key stakeholders involved in such a process. The case study is important because it sheds light on the digital transformation process in the most advanced country according to the DESI Index and therefore it presents some lessons other countries might learn from. | eGovern- ment strategy, digital, future welfare | https://digst.dk/media/12703/tilgaengelig engelsk strategi.pdf |
| Service Design | Nograsek J. and Vintar M. | E-government and organisational transformation of government: Black box revisited? | Government Information Quarterly | 2014 | During the e-government era the role of technology in the transformation of public sector organisations has significantly increased, whereby the relationship between ICT and organisational change in the public sector has become the subject of increasingly intensive research over the last decade. However, an overview of the literature to date indicates that the impacts of e-government on the organisational transformation of administrative structures and processes are still relatively poorly understood and vaguely defined. The main purpose of the paper is therefore the following: (1) to examine the interdependence of e-government development and organisational transformation in public sector organisations and propose a clearer explanation of ICT's role as a driving force of organisational transformation in further e-government development; and (2) to specify the main characteristics of organisational transformation in the e-government era through the development of a new framework. This framework describes organisational transformation in two dimensions, i.e. the ‘depth’ and the ‘nature’ of changes, and specifies the key attributes related to the three typical organisational levels. | technology role, socio-technical theory, technological determinism, Leavitt's model, organisational transformation, second-order change | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.07.006 |
| Public Sector Innovation | OECD. | Ensemble pour améliorer les services publics | Partenariat avec les citoyens et la société civile [Together for Better Public Services, Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development], Paris, OECD | 2014 | Services publics | https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/governance/ensemble-pour-ameliorer-les-services-publics_9789264168237-fr?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=53ea926fe57ab150302d06b86544ab14045b68eb-1622387679-0-AYbEDhHHkBG3vCK_gYLSpHjhPMqyPx9kAPMTKKc_A1bYAwx5PELyk6SkEY8rE118I5PQxGi6n2kH-ad72Tu0onxIuSvmCHXIIZME63N3YpWoNpgmgOjruaw1LKXh7mWgjnk1_wLP7cbz2sa8YF46jvA4JHKLNRZcpQKR0ls0IgMTHPNxGvkODcyq0ff0OtQP2rdb34gDv_mSjoWhyqRzwlB-RJgLOCdibqALVRB6NYkcE6nn2791sMYOnsCLc38wWvTsLMgv_4gb7gDjZskcnLfkNgbg0ahU_aE9Dy9375IW_S2MnYkysizTAT2wuMGRMWE1zwv7T3305sSVtDHWtgFyoWKLg_SDh7tI4lCo1EOsGjT3o4Ye0BgQjjk4m2QV_QK4Lq3TEv47U52T41fqzoZedFzUnTBnnuolJCADQsSDjkFI9pxLR1Rv53jboWg7KsDpZvPeOwANbD-7kfkH0M1Pv3yQ3RbIG_sXHDnlOuaA#page1 | |
| Social Innovation | Navas, P., Uhlmann, S., & Berástegui, A. | Envejecimiento activo y discapacidad intelectual | Madrid | 2014 | El envejecimiento de las personas con discapacidad intelectual es un fenómeno de generalización relativamente reciente que se ha visto favorecido por cambios en el estilo de vida, los avances en medicina, el mejor cuidado de la salud y la existencia de entornos más seguros que han posibilitado un incremento en la expectativa de vida. El objetivo central de este estudio es establecer el estado de la cuestión acerca del aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida adulta y en el proceso de envejecimiento de las personas con discapacidad intelectual previamente diagnosticada, especialmente dirigido a la detección de necesidades y propuestas de actuación en España. Los objetivos específicos son: describir la población de personas con DI en edad madura en nuestro entorno y sus procesos de envejecimiento, compilar las experiencias actuales de atención de este colectivo, especialmente en lo referido al aprendizaje permanente, y analizar las prácticas detectadas en comparación con las experiencias actuales de atención en otros colectivos de mayores y con experiencias internacionales. Destacar líneas clave de actuación para la mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas con discapacidad intelectual en edad madura. | Envejecimiento activo, discapacidad intelectual | https://doi.org/10.4438/030-14-159-7 |
| Digital Transformation | Scott, M. | Estonians Embrace Life in a Digital World | The New York Times, 4 October | 2014 | Life, digital world | https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/09/business/international/estonians-embrace-life-in-a-digital-world.html | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Fuglsang L., Ronning R. and Enquist B. (eds). | Framing innovation in public service sectors | NewYork: Routledge | 2014 | Innovation is seen as an interactive process that involves many actors within and across organizational boundaries. In public sector services, innovation is a frequent, often holistic, and multi-layered process that involves many actors and many services at the same time. However, most of the existing literature on innovation in public sector services is based on the economics of innovation, which is heavily influenced by investigations of the private sector. Innovation in the Public Sector develops a more context-sensitive and rich approach in order to explore the different logics of innovation that prevail here. Rather than presenting a general theory of innovation, the book specifies how innovation and value creation are interconnected with social and institutional elements. Analytical constructs, including dynamic capability, absorptive capacity, and practice-based approaches, are reviewed and anchored in the organizational context of public sector services. Such a perspective on innovation can help us develop new understandings of the process and history of innovation, contributing to processual organizational analysis in a broader sense, and further developing present theories of organizational change. | innovation, public services, value creation, context, theory | https://www.crcpress.com/Framing-Innovation-in-Public-Service-Sectors/Ronning-Enquist-Fuglsang/p/book/9781138617124 |
| Living Labs | Haddow, G, Mittra, J, Snowden, K, Barlow, E & Wield, D | From 'Sick Man' to 'Living Lab': The Narrative of Scottish Health Since Devolution | Innogen Working Paper Series, no. 108 | 2014 | The road to the independence referendum may have begun with devolution in the late 1990s, but a key question is: what have been the impacts on health and clinical research since the process of devolution was initiated? The impact of devolution on key areas of life, such as health and medical research is undoubtedly important. Building high quality medical research infrastructure in Scotland and retaining healthcare and research expertise is a priority in terms of improving understanding of the aetiology of disease and diagnosing and developing therapeutic treatments to benefit the Scottish population. In some cases, the research drive might include pharmaceutical companies investing and/or collaborating with Scottish facilities to bring both health and wealth benefits to Scotland. This paper identifies and interrogates the change of narratives, relevant to the health debate under devolution, which frames discussions around potential Scottish independence. Pre-devolution there is a strong sense of Scotland as having unique health problems and hence, the ‘sick man of Europe’ label, which required policy responses from the devolved government and the new powers it acquired. Under devolution, this engendered a second narrative built around the ‘living lab’ concept. So here, we see a significant change in narrative emphasis from the pejorative Scotland as the ‘sick man of Europe’ to a more positive rhetoric about the many opportunities for clinical research that emerge from a sick population and could attract inward investment to a devolved Scotland. This Working Paper is one in a series as part of Innogen’s work with the ESRC Future of the UK and Scotland programme. | Living labs, health care, Scotland, narrative, independence referendum | http://oro.open.ac.uk/40880/ |
| Digital Transformation | Alford, J. | he multiple facets of co-production: Building on the work of Elinor Ostrom | Publich Ma- nagement Review, 16 (3), S. 299-316 | 2014 | This article revisits Elinor Ostrom’s pioneering formulation more than three decades ago of the notion of co-production, which remains foundational, but closer scrutiny reveals further unexplored potential. This article focuses on the two parts of the term ‘co-production’, namely, its ‘production’, aspect with its sense of a process of turning inputs into products, and its ‘co’ aspect, with its sense of some kind of relationship. Both aspects have multiple facets, which are in some respects at odds and in others congruent with each other. The article canvasses ways of combining, trading off, and/or choosing between them. | Co-production, work, elinor ostrom | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2013.806578 |
| Digital Transformation | GAO | Healthcare.gov: Contract planning and oversight practices were ineffective given the challenges and risks. | GAO Report | 2014 | This testimony summarizes the information contained in GAO's July 2014 report, entitled Healthcare.gov: Ineffective Planning and Oversight Practices Underscore the Need for Improved Contract Management, GAO-14-694. | "healthcare.gov", ineffective planning | http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-14-824T |
| Digital Transformation | Government Accountability Office. | HEALTHCARE.GOV: Ineffective planning and oversight practices underscore the need for improved contract management (GAO-14- 694) | 2014 | Ineffective planning, oversight practices, contract management | http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-14-694 | ||
| Digital Transformation | GAO | Healthcare.gov: Ineffective planning and oversight practices underscore the need for improved contract management. GAO-14-694 http://www.gao.gov/ | GAO Report | 2014 | The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) undertook the development of Healthcare.gov and its related systems without effective planning or oversight practices, despite facing a number of challenges that increased both the level of risk and the need for effective oversight. CMS officials explained that the task of developing a first-of-its-kind federal marketplace was a complex effort with compressed time frames. To be expedient, CMS issued task orders to develop the federally facilitated marketplace (FFM) and federal data services hub (data hub) systems when key technical requirements were unknown, including the number and composition of states to be supported and, importantly, the number of potential enrollees. CMS used cost-reimbursement contracts, which created additional risk because CMS is required to pay the contractor's allowable costs regardless of whether the system is completed. CMS program staff also adopted an incremental information technology development approach that was new to CMS. Further, CMS did not develop a required acquisition strategy to identify risks and document mitigation strategies and did not use available information, such as quality assurance plans, to monitor performance and inform oversight. | "healthcare.gov", ineffective planning | http://www.gao.gov/roducts/GAO-14-694. |
| Digital Transformation | Bannister F. and Connolly R. | ICT public values and transformative government: Anframework and programme for research. | Government Information Quarterly, 31(1), 119‑128 | 2014 | Many adjectives are used in the context of transforming government including making it more open, transparent, participative, agile, responsive and so forth. Most, if not all, of these adjectives are either in themselves public values or reflect one or more underlying public values. This paper examines the relationship between information and communications technology (ICT), transformative government and such public values and proposes a framework for further research. A study of the literature on public values is used to develop a typology of public sector values likely to be affected by ICT. This impact is examined for a number of these values. For others hypotheses about the impact of ICT on other values are then posited. It is argued that ICTs can and do have transformational impacts on public values, though not always for the better, concludes that values are a potential powerful lens for considering such impacts and sets out a programme of research into these relationships. | e-governance, e-government, sustainability, complexity, literature review | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.06.002 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Lewis JM, Ricard LM, Klijn E-H, Grotenberg S, Ysa T, Albareda A, Kinder T | Innovation environments and innovation capacity in the public sector | LIPSE research report no. 1 | 2014 | This report provides an important advance in linking innovation environments to innovation capacity in the public sector (specifically, municipalities). Additional research will progress this even further and generate much needed information on how to increase social innovation capacity. | public sector, innovation capacity, local government | https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/39245233/547f85820cf25b80dd6e7fa2.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DInnovation_environments_and_innovation_c.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20190716%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20190716T085840Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=fc9abb5bc5a42b860d334b250cb22f8445075592b9a5b0f13ff0e717ff171ff4 |
| Social Innovation | Kolleck, N. | Innovations through networks: understanding the role of social relations for educational innovations | Zeitschrift fur Erziehungswissenschaft 17 (5): 47-64 | 2014 | Scholars of diverse disciplines have begun to observe the growing importance of social networks for educational innovations. However, there is still a lack of studies that analyze the implementation of educational innovations by drawing on empirical techniques of Social Network Analysis (SNA). SNA research is critical to help us understand both how normative and complex social innovations are realized and what the possibilities of innovative ideas in educational contexts are. This article addresses the research gap and seeks to better understand the role of social networks in the implementation of educational innovations. It presents results of theoretically based empirical studies that implement SNA in five different German municipalities. It shows, for example, that the innovation networks are characterized by both dense cliques and central actors that foster the formation of shared values and trust, on the one hand, and brokerage positions that support the diffusion of innovations, on the other hand. Altogether, results point to the value of SNA methodology in understanding implementation of educational innovations | Innovations through networks, social relations, educational innovations | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-014-0547-9 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Najafian, M. and A.M. Colabi. | Inter-organizational Relationship and Innovation: A Review of Literature | Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal 6(1): 52-70 | 2014 | Introduction The network approach is not new. It dates back to the 1930s in organizational studies but also owes much to its founding disciplines and conceptual origins, namely sociology, anthropology and role theory (Jack, 2010). The network concept has captured a special position in the scientific literature of business, organization, entrepreneurship and management. This is one of the important factors that lead to improvement of business performance (Li, Cui & Li, 2008). Networks provide access to resources like capital (Aldrich & Zimmer, 1987), power and influence (Sousa et al., 2008). Organizations need different relations to gain access to knowledge and information about innovations, investors and markets (Aldrich and Martinez, 2000). Inter-organizational networks and their effects on firms' capability and performance has been subject of many researches in the area of network studies. But, there is not a clear and widely accepted definition of this concept mainly because this term has a metaphorical origin and also different disciplines have used it frequently in their research approaches. (Borgatti et al., 2009). The term network is not always used to describe the inter-organizational relations. Many who study business, community, and other organizational networks use terms partnerships, strategic alliances, inter-organizational relationships, coalitions, cooperative arrangements, or collaborative agreements (Provan et al., 2007). In inter-organizational research, "networks" can refer to as different phenomena such as whole networks, interlocks and strictly dyadic relations (Borgatti et al., 2009). Many, in particular those tying their work to resource dependence theory and transaction cost economics or researching inter-organizational contracts also focus only on dyads (relationships between two organizations) (Provan et al., 2007). One of the most widely accepted definitions in the social network analysis literature defines networks as "a set of nodes (e.g. persons, organizations) linked by a set of social relationships (e.g. Friendships, transfer of funds, overlapping membership) of a specified type" (Borgatti et al., 2009). Despite differences, nearly all definitions refer to certain common themes, including social interaction (of individuals acting on behalf of their organizations), relationships, connectedness, collaboration, collective action, trust, and cooperation (Provan et al., 2007). Network research can involve the study of a wide range of features and aspects such as network size, structure, interactional processes, influences, behaviors and skills and this might be an advantage and also a constraint (Jack, 2010). In recent years, the inter-organizational networks have gained attention of innovation researchers. Inter-organizational networks have been identified as one of the critical success factors in implementation of innovations. Innovation is development and implementation of new ideas (Van de Ven, 1986). Innovations are increasingly taking place in networks, in which actors with different backgrounds are involved (Kallio et al., 2010). When the knowledge base of an industry is both complex and expanding and the sources of expertise are widely dispersed, the locus of innovation will be found in networks of learning, rather than in individual firms (Powell et al., 1996). Rothwell (1977) gave strong support to the idea that success in innovation has to do with long-term relationships and close interaction with agents external to the firm. This is particularly evident in small knowledge intensive firms which have few resources (Jenssen & Nybakk, 2013). Soh and Roberts (2003) Believe that empirical investigation of an integrated framework on networks of innovators is important because the convergence of open systems technologies in the recent years has intensified the collaboration efforts among competing firms and increased the number of joint product developments significantly. | Inter-organizational relationship, innovation, literature | http://www.gbmrjournal.com/pdf/vol.%206%20no.%201/Najafian%20&%20Colabi.pdf |
| Service Design | Fuglsang, L., & Rønning, R. | Introduction: Framing innovation in public service sectors: A contextual approach | In Framing innovation in public service sectors (pp. 15-31): Routledge | 2014 | The need for innovation in public service sectors has been increasingly stressed by governments all over the world. One reason is that there are massive fi scal pressures on the public sector to save costs and use resources in an effi cient way. Furthermore, citizens’ expectations of public services, such as the expectations of high quality education and heath care, are steadily growing. In addition to this, public service sectors often have to deal with complex “wicked problems” that cannot be solved in a simple way (e.g., crime). Finally, the changing environment of public services as a result of new opportunities resulting from information and communication technology (ICT) create a constant need for scanning opportunities and considering change and innovation. | Innovation, public service sectors | https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315885612 |
| Living Labs | Bygholm, A., & Kanstrup, A. M. | Learning from an Ambient Assisted Living Lab | Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 318-322 | 2014 | This paper presents methodological lessons learned from an Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) lab exploring the use of intelligent beds in a nursing home. The living lab study was conducted over a period of three month. 20 intelligent beds were installed. Data was collected via self-registration, diaries, observations, interviews and workshops with residents, nurses, nursing assistants, management, building officers, and purchasers from the Municipality. The paper presents an analysis within the overall themes of technology, use, and care, which is discussed by use of the SWOT framework presenting strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats identified in the living lab of the intelligent bed. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for mature technology, long-term studies, clarification of role and tasks of different stakeholders, and attention on methods used for living lab evaluations. | Ambient Asisted Living lab, healthcare, intelligent beds, SWOT | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25160198 |
| Living Labs | Dell'Era & Landoni | Living Lab: A Methodology between User-Centred Design and Participatory Design | Creativity and Innovation Management, 23(2), 137-154 | 2014 | Living Labs have received limited attention in the literature despite their diffusion throughout Europe and recent interest from policy makers. This limited attention is linked to the newness of the phenomenon, the high heterogeneity of cases and the consequent lack of definitions and acknowledged frameworks for scholarly analyses. In this work, we argue that the originality of the Living Lab phenomenon resides in the introduction of a new methodology. Using an analysis of the literature and case studies, we propose a new definition, position this methodology among other design methodologies and highlight its peculiarities. We underline the co‐creative potentialities, the awareness of users and the real‐life settings. Furthermore, our case‐based research allows us to identify four different specifications for this methodology, and therefore four different types of Living Labs, based on the openness of the user involvement and the adopted platform technology. | Living labs, participatory design, user centered design, methodology, case studies | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/caim.12061 |
| Living Labs | Muir, R. & I. Parker. | Many to Many-How the relational state will transform public services | London: Institute for Public Policy Research | 2014 | Many-how, public services | https://www.ippr.org/files/images/media/files/publication/2014/02/Many-to-many_Feb2014_11865.pdf | |
| Digital Transformation | Besharov M.L. and Smith W.K. | Multiple institutional logics in organizations: explaining their varied nature and implications | Academy of Management Review | 2014 | Multiple institutional logics present a theoretical puzzle. While scholars recognize their increasing prevalence within organizations, research offers conflicting perspectives on their implications, causing confusion and inhibiting deeper understanding. In response, we propose a framework that delineates types of logic multiplicity within organizations, and we link these types with different outcomes. Our framework categorizes organizations in terms of logic compatibility and logic centrality and explains how field, organizational, and individual factors influence these two dimensions. We illustrate the value of our framework by showing how it helps explain the varied implications of logic multiplicity for internal conflict. By providing insight into the nature and implications of logic multiplicity within organizations, our framework and analysis synthesize the extant literature, offer conceptual clarity, and focus future research. | logic multiplicity, framework, organizations | https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/amr.2011.0431 |
| Service Design | Dahl, A. and Soss, J. | Neoliberalism for the common good? Public Value Governance and the downsizing of democracy | Public Administration Review | 2014 | This article raises a set of cautions regarding public value governance along two dimensions. First, it questions the common claim that public value governance poses a direct challenge to the economistic logic of neoliberalism. Second, although public value is often presented as a democratizing agenda, leading works sidestep foundational questions of power and conflict and advance prescriptions that are at odds with important democratic values. Without attending to these problems, the public value concept risks producing a new variant of neoliberal rationality, extending and strengthening the de‐‐democratizing, market‐oriented project that its proponents seek to overturn. | common good, neoliberalism, governance, democracy, values, rationality, medication, downsizing, governance, neoliberalism, democracy, public value, market | https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12191 |
| Social Innovation | Aarikka-Stenroos, L., Sandberg, B. and T. Lehtimäki T. | Networks for the commercialization of innovations: A review of how divergent network actors contribute | Industrial Marketing Management, 43(3): 365-381 | 2014 | Successful commercialization is of great importance to innovative firms, and the recent literature has increasingly acknowledged that networks make a contribution not only to research and development but also to commercialization. A single company is rarely capable of generating successful diffusion in the commercialization of an innovation; success often requires cooperation between individual actors and organizations, and support from stakeholders. However, research on networks facilitating the commercialization of innovations is scattered across divergent disciplines. The aim of this study is thus, on the basis of an extensive, multidisciplinary, metatheoretical literature review, to integrate the extant knowledge on networks for commercialization and analyze how contributors external to the innovator firm can facilitate commercialization. The analysis identified divergent network approaches to commercialization, such as industrial networks, social networks, strategic networks, and entrepreneurship networks. According to the findings, customers and user communities, distributors, complementaries, suppliers, investors, associations, public organizations, and policy makers and regulators can perform diverse practical commercialization tasks, facilitate innovation adoption/diffusion and create markets. This article contributes by generating an integrative framework and a research agenda on networks for commercialization – a theme that is emergent, multifaceted, and crucial to innovative companies. | Networks, commercialization of innovations | http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/nbnfi-fe2020052538987.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Meijer, A. | New media and the coproduction of safety: an empirical analysis of Dutch practices | American Review of Public Administration | 2014 | The new media have been argued to strengthen the coproduction of safety by reducing the costs of interactions between government and citizens and providing new communicative potential. Does that lead to relevant additional input from citizens in police work? Or are preexisting interactions reproduced online? This empirical study of police practices in the Netherlands shows that new media indeed strengthen the coproduction of safety by enabling the police to reach more citizens and contact them 24/7. The police build new connections to citizens: mediated citizen networks form an important addition to offline networks. The costs are reduced most in a situation where new media replace face-to-face contacts between police and citizens, that is, in the coproduction of police patrol work. The article concludes that new media support the trend of responsibilization: the police use new media to build virtual networks with citizens and engage them anywhere and anytime in the coproduction of safety. | coproduction, safety, new media, responsibilization | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0275074012455843 |
| Social Innovation | Brogaard, L. and Petersen, O. H. | Offentlige-private innovationspartnerskaber (OPI) – Evaluering af erfaringer med OPI på velfærdsområdet | København: KORA | 2014 | Offentlige-private innovationspartnerskaber (OPI), velfærdsområdet | https://www.regioner.dk/media/2715/koras-evaluering-af-opi-projekter.pdf | |
| Public service value co creation | Radnor, Z., Osborne, S.P., Kinder, T. and Mutton, J. | Operationalising coproduction in public services delivery: the contribution of service blueprinting | Public Management Review | 2014 | We have argued for public services to move away from product-dominant logic towards a service approach. By taking a services orientation, the experience, inter-organizational, and systemic nature of public services delivery can be considered along with the role of the service user as a co-producer. In this article, we unpack how co-production can be operationalized through the application of service blueprinting. This article presents an example within higher education where the creation of a blueprint brought together staff and students to focus on the design of student enrolment, resulting in improved student experience and supporting coproduction. | co-production, higher education, service blueprinting, service management | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a148/598696875555bda44a8dce71b2d9d0b1ee17.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Andresen, K. | Ordning, reda og brukermedvirkning | Stat & styring | 2014 | Service design is about creating better and more efficient services, by putting the user's needs at the center. Now designers will renew and improve the public sector by creating shape in the myriad created by regulations, laws and regulations. | service design, user centered, public services | https://www.idunn.no/stat/2014/03/ordning_reda_og_brukermedvirkning?languageId=2 |
| Public service value co creation | Munno, G, & Nabatchi, T | Public Deliberation and Co-Production in the Political and Electoral Arena: A Citizens’ Jury Approach | Journal of Public Deliberation | 2014 | This study presents an empirical evaluation of the co-production of a “Statement to the Candidates” and a “Voters Guide” for a key U.S. Congressional race. Citizens produced these materials during an intensive process called “Reclaim November Ohio,” which used the Citizen Jury method of public deliberation. We use a series of pre- and post-test surveys to evaluate this unique application of co-production. Specifically, we assess whether this deliberative approach to co-production in the political and electoral arena improved participants’ perceptions of politics and government and made citizens more interested in and knowledgeable about policy issues. We also assess whether participants believed the Reclaim November Ohio process would help the candidates better understand citizens’ concerns and whether participants were satisfied with the event. The results suggest that co-production in the political and electoral arena can have positive effects on citizens’ agency, voice, and perceptions of politics and government. The results are mixed for both the perceived influence of the event and issue interest and knowledge. Nevertheless, participants were extremely satisfied with the event and its various components. | Public deliberation, co-production, political, electoral | DOI:10.16997/jdd.206 |
| Service Design | Wang, S. M. | Public service space remodeling based on service design and behavioral maps | Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 31(2), 76-84 | 2014 | The main purpose of this study is to remodel and improve public services by analyzing behavioral maps in relation to service design elements in public spaces. Modeling human spatial behavior in public spaces is of great interest to public service providers for creating the maximal benefit for the users. Adequate observations reveal significant information about the users’ preferences, an essential consideration for public service designers. This study used behavioral maps and designed elements of public service spaces to document five human factors: physical, cognitive, social, cultural, and emotional reactions/adaptations. Prototype designs of the smart bench and the green trellis were placed in the case study area to assess user reactions. The results of this study show that the methodology proposed here can be used to investigate and develop a deeper understanding of the users’ emotions, experiences, and preferences so as to enhance the design of public spaces and services. | service design, behavioral maps, public service, user experience, human factors | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21681015.2014.887595 |
| Public service value co creation | Bryson J.M., Crosby B.C. et Bloomberg L. | Public value governance: moving beyond traditional public adminis‑ tration and the new public management | Public Administra‑ tion Review, 74(4), 445‑456 | 2014 | A new public administration movement is emerging to move beyond traditional public administration and New Public Management. The new movement is a response to the challenges of a networked, multisector, no-one-wholly-in-charge world and to the shortcomings of previous public administration approaches. In the new approach, values beyond efficiency and effectiveness—and especially democratic values—are prominent. Government has a special role to play as a guarantor of public values, but citizens as well as businesses and nonprofit organizations are also important as active public problem solvers. The article highlights value-related issues in the new approach and presents an agenda for research and action to be pursued if the new approach is to fulfill its promise | Public value governance, public administration, public management | https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12238 |
| Public service value co creation | Miles, M. B., Michael Huberman, A., & Saldana, J. | Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. Vol. 3rd. | Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. | 2014 | Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña’s Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook is the authoritative text for analyzing and displaying qualitative research data. The Fourth Edition maintains the analytic rigor of previous editions while showcasing a variety of new visual display models for qualitative inquiry. Graphics are added to the now-classic matrix and network illustrations of the original co-authors. Five chapters have been substantially revised, and the appendix’s annotated bibliography includes new titles in research methods. Graduate students and established scholars from all disciplines will find this resource an innovative compendium of ideas for the representation and presentation of qualitative data. As the authors demonstrate, when researchers “think display,” their analyses of social life capture the complex and vivid processes of the people and institutions studied. | data, qualitative research, analysis | https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/qualitative-data-analysis/book246128 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Rostgaard Evald; M., Aarøe Nissen; H., Højbjerg Clarke; A. and K. Balslev Munksgaard. | Reviewing cross-field public private innovation literature: current research themes and future research themes yet to be explored | International Public Management Review, 15(2): 32-57 | 2014 | The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic overview of current and future research themes discussed in the literature of Public Private Innovation (PPI). The overview is much needed as different research areas currently investigating PPI seem unaware of each other’s findings and, as such, produce knowledge that is unconnected. Bridging these unconnected knowledge resources makes it possible for researchers to position their PPI studies more effectively, and practitioners become aware of the many cross-research contributions existing in the area of PPI. The overview is provided through a systematic review and content analysis of PPI literature, bringing together PPI knowledge from different research areas. Our findings point out that current research into PPI mainly is process-oriented, focusing on the early activities taking place in PPI projects (development activities), and especially interested in how to manage relationships between public and private players. Also, current research mainly adopts a public sector perspective when investigating PPI. Further, our findings show that suggestions for future research keep this particular orientation. Only few researchers discuss PPI from the perspective of private firms, or consider those implementation and commercialization challenges that may exist after solutions have been developed. | Public private innovation, literature | http://journals.sfu.ca/ipmr/index.php/ipmr |
| Social Innovation | Andersen, L. L., Fæster, M., Bisballe, L., Grander, M. and Björg, F. | Samarbejde omkring unges indtraeden på arbejdsmarkedet: En tværsektoriel Øresundsmodel | Roskilde: Interreg IVA | 2014 | På båda sidor sundet, i Danmark och i Sverige, står vi inför samma utmaningar, när det gäller unga i utanförskap. Därför är uppgiften om att förbättra möjligheterna för dessa unga att komma in på arbetsmarknadenen av de viktigaste. Vi har genom de sista 20 åren sett att ungdomsarbetslösheten har varit konstant, och det betyder att vi måste göra något annat än det, vi brukar att göra. Vi måste skapa en större synergi och förenkla vägarna till samverkan för den offentliga sektorn, för näringslivet, för den idéburna sektorn och inte minst för de unga. Detta har varit utgångspunkten för arbetet i projekt NEO. Denna skrift utgör projektets slutrapport. | Samarbejde, arbejdsmarkedet, tværsektoriel Øresundsmodel | https://mau.diva-portal.org/smash/resultList.jsf?aq=%5B%5B%7B%22localid%22%3A21251%7D%5D%5D&dswid=1622394773019 |
| Public service value co creation | Robinson, O. C. | Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide. | Qualitative Research in Psychology, 11(1), 25–41 | 2014 | ampling is central to the practice of qualitative methods, but compared with data collection and analysis its processes have been discussed relatively little. A four-point approach to sampling in qualitative interview-based research is presented and critically discussed in this article, which integrates theory and process for the following: (1) defining a sample universe, by way of specifying inclusion and exclusion criteria for potential participation; (2) deciding upon a sample size, through the conjoint consideration of epistemological and practical concerns; (3) selecting a sampling strategy, such as random sampling, convenience sampling, stratified sampling, cell sampling, quota sampling or a single-case selection strategy; and (4) sample sourcing, which includes matters of advertising, incentivising, avoidance of bias, and ethical concerns pertaining to informed consent. The extent to which these four concerns are met and made explicit in a qualitative study has implications for its coherence, transparency, impact and trustworthiness. | case studies, purposive sampling, quota sampling, random sampling, recruitment, sample size, sampling, stratified sampling, theoretical sampling | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14780887.2013.801543 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Mustak, M. | Service innovation in networks: A systematic review and implications for business-to-business service innovation research | Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing 29(2):151-163 | 2014 | Purpose – Service innovation in networks (SIIN) is of utmost importance particularly to business-to-business firms for their profitability, growth and long-term competitive advantage. This paper aims to investigate several critical aspects of extant SIIN research: its current state, theoretical standpoints, determinants, and outcomes. Based on the findings, implications for business-to-business service innovation research are drawn. Design/methodology/approach – This is a systematic literature review. Extant publications were located from large electronic databases, analyzed, and the findings have been compiled to answer the predefined questions. Findings – The paper illustrates the overall state of extant SIIN research and presents its major topics. It reveals the six key theoretical perspectives that have been applied in SIIN studies. Determinants that affect SIIN, as well as its potential positive and negative outcomes, are shown. In addition, gaps in the existing knowledge-base have been identified and have led to the laying out of paths for future research. Research limitations/implications – The review does not cover publications that were unavailable in the electronic databases employed, or were not written in English. However, the succinct presentation of accessible knowledge provides multidimensional theoretical understandings as well as empirical insights into SIIN research. Practical implications – Managers may benefit from this study by understanding the determinants that they may influence, and the potential changes that may accompany the positive and negative outcomes of SIIN. Originality/value – The analytical review provides a concise synopsis of existing knowledge on service innovation in networks, and discusses its implications for business-to-business research and firms, which will be of interest to both academics and practitioners. | Service innovation in networks, systematic review, implications, business-to-business service innovation research | DOI:10.1108/JBIM-05-2013-0122 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Hidalgo, A., and L. D'Alvano. | Service innovation: Inward and outward related activities and cooperation mode | Journal of Business Research 67 (5): 698-703 | 2014 | Knowledge of how customers co-create value, the way that suppliers and providers co-produce services, and how research and development centers and universities transfer technologies is becoming increasingly important to scholars' understanding of service innovation. This paper presents an analysis of the relationship between inward and outward innovation activities in service organizations and their modes of innovation, using network innovation premises and an extended innovation model. Empirical data from retail, health and education sector service organizations show the existence of a relationship between the degree of development of the inward innovation process and the degree of development of outward innovation activities. The majority of service organizations have innovation processes with an orientation toward customers and suppliers rather than other service network members, and leading service organizations follow a path that the literature defines as oriented toward the service value network. Findings lead to implications of how innovation managers could develop their internal innovation capacity to balance inward and outward activities properly. | Service innovation, cooperation mode | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.11.030 |
| Living Labs | Berloco M. | Smart Cities: Green Economy, Innovazione e Sostenibilità nelle Città del Futuro. | Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali: Dipartamento di Impresa e Management | 2014 | The aim of this paper is to offer a concise and comprehensive representation of an innovative model of design, management and organization of cities, emerged in recent years and spread nationally and internationally: the smart city. The aim is to demonstrate that the rethinking of urban areas in an intelligent way could be one of the solutions to environmental and social problems that arose following the propagation of the irreversible urbanization phenomenon and at the same time promote economic growth, thanks to the opportunities offered by the new technologies. It is therefore intended to introduce and comment on the main characteristics related to this phenomenon, the requirements and some successful initiatives, providing an overview of three hundred and sixty degrees of the concept of smart city, of the tools and incentives through which it is possible to carry out this ambitious project. | smart cities, innovation, green economy, design | https://tesi.luiss.it/15458/1/173351.pdf |
| Service Design | Verkuil, P. R., & Fountain, J. E. | The administrative conference of the United States: Recommendations to advance cross-agency collaboration under the GPRA modernization act. | Public Administration Review, 74(1), 10–11 | 2014 | Perspective | United Sates, cross-agency collaboration | https://www.acus.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Verkuil_Fountain%20PAR%20Article.pdf |
| Service Design | Jacobs, L.R. | The contested politics of Public Value | Public Administration Review | 2014 | The emerging field of public values helpfully focuses on the norms and government policies that serve the public interest, but its analysis neglects the barriers to actually creating public value in contemporary America. Chief among these barriers are contending strains of public beliefs and opinions, the disproportionate influence of affluent individuals and business and professional associations, as well as governing structures predisposed toward inaction and drift. This article contrasts the expectations of the public values field with research on American politics to identify barriers to advancing the public interest under current conditions. Although public values scholars offer an analysis of American public life that is inadequate, they do raise challenging questions about how a public‐regarding agenda can be “designed in” to politics and policy. The article concludes by suggesting feasible reforms to improve the conditions for pursuing the public interest. | public value, public interest | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/puar.12170 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Lin, C.Y. | The Evolution of Taipei's Music Industry: Cluster and Network Dynamics in the Innovation Practices of the Music Industry” | Urban Studies 51 (2): 335-354 | 2014 | This paper aims to explore the spatial and organisational dynamics of innovation activities in the evolution of cultural industry using Taipei’s music industry as a case study. The existing literature has emphasised that innovation and creativity are driving the evolution of the cultural industry as a result of the spatial proximity effect generated by production systems. However, few studies have examined the innovation practices of the cultural industry resulting from interactive relationships between the urban cluster environment and the mobilisation process of project networks. An evolutionary perspective is used to illustrate how the cluster and network elements of the music industry are intertwined in innovation practices within the Taipei context. As a contribution to the cluster–network debates, this paper argues that the innovation dynamics of Taipei’s music industry are a hybrid feature of Taipei’s cluster environment and the strategic competencies of music project networks rather than the local cluster effect. In conclusion, a different trajectory for the evolution of Taipei’s music industry is presented. Additionally, this dynamic process between cluster and network makes Taipei a hybrid creative platform that is an active element in the cultivation of the innovative competencies of Taipei’s music producers and related workers. | Evolution of Taipei's Music Industry, cluster, innovation | https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0042098013489745 |
| Digital Transformation | Birkinshaw, J., & Duncan, S. | The government digital service (UK). | London, UK: London School of Business. | 2014 | The case describes how Mike Bracken, the newly appointed head of the UK Government Digital Service (GDS), took on the massive challenge of setting up, from scratch, a centralised team to deliver online public services efficiently online across all of the government's digital channels. This involved not merely overcoming great operational and technical challenges - legacy IT systems, lack of recognition and reward for specialist skills - but instigating deep cultural change and securing senior-level buy-in to make the necessary changes happen. The case illustrates how to approach implementing large-scale change across a highly bureaucratic organisation; in this case, the UK government. As such, it is a beautiful illustration of where agile works well. One key point to note is that, rather than focusing on the specifics of agile working, it demonstrates when agile methods can be a very powerful tool for enabling change. It also illustrates the importance of a decisive leader in getting an agile way of working implemented (and to some extent, risk-taking on the part of Mike Bracken and his sponsor in government). We will discuss the pros and cons of this approach. | Strategy, Organizational transformations, Change management, Enterprise agility | https://store.hbr.org/product/the-uk-government-digital-service/lbs210?sku=LBS210-PDF-ENG |
| Public Sector Innovation | Jordan, S.R. | The Innovation Imperative: An analysis of the ethics of the imperative to innovate in public sector service delivery | Public Management Review 16(1): 67-89 | 2014 | Innovating to improve public service is regarded as potentially obligatory, not merely laudable, part of good public management. However, the moral content of an obligation to innovate is not well understood. How can we innovate ethically? In academic bioethics and research ethics, the obligatory nature of the ‘research imperative’ is discussed and criticized. In this article, I outline the content of what I call the ‘innovation imperative’ and draw a parallel between the innovation imperative and the research imperative, arguing that the ethical principles that govern innovation in public service are similar to those governing research imperative in biomedical sciences. | Innovation imperative, analysis, public sector service delivery | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2013.790274 |
| Living Labs | Sundbo, J. & F. Sørensen. | The Lab is back – Towards a new model of innovation in services | Pp. 57-72 in C. Bilton & S. Cummings (eds). Handbook of Management and Creativity. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar | 2014 | Lab back, towards, innovation services | https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781000977.00012 | |
| Digital Transformation | Karabell, Zachary. | The Leading Indicators | New York: Simon and Schuster | 2014 | Leading indicators | https://www.amazon.com/Leading-Indicators-Short-History-Numbers/dp/1451651228/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&qid=1486595110&sr=8-1&keywords=leading+indicators&linkCode=sl1&tag=voidmagazine-20&linkId=1c9b017c1a94e70d99f77a946bb316ad | |
| Service Design | Alford J. | The multiple facets of co-production: Building on the work of Elinor Ostrom | Public Management Review | 2014 | This article revisits Elinor Ostrom’s pioneering formulation more than three decades ago of the notion of co-production, which remains foundational, but closer scrutiny reveals further unexplored potential. This article focuses on the two parts of the term ‘co-production’, namely, its ‘production’, aspect with its sense of a process of turning inputs into products, and its ‘co’ aspect, with its sense of some kind of relationship. Both aspects have multiple facets, which are in some respects at odds and in others congruent with each other. The article canvasses ways of combining, trading off, and/or choosing between them. | co-production, Elinor Ostrom, motivation, public value, service management | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719037.2013.806578 |
| Social Innovation | Bekkers V., Edelenbos J., Nederhand J., Steijn B., Tummers L. and Voorberg W. | The Social Innovation Perspective in the Public Sector: Co-creation, Self-organization and Meta-Governance | In 'Innovation in the public sector: linking capacity and leadership'; Palgrave McMillan | 2014 | Innovation is key to ensuring that public sectors are able to deliver services efficiently and effectively while also creating a system that can cope with the many societal challenges that exist in today's world. In this compelling collection,contributors explore ways in which civil services are adapting to meet the many challenges they now face. | innovation, public sector, public services | https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/354552 |
| Service Design | Saldaña J. | Thinking qualitatively: Methods of mind. | Sage Publications. | 2014 | Thinking Qualitatively: Methods of Mind boldly pursues the challenge of teaching students not just how to collect and analyze data, but how to actively think about them. Each chapter presents one “method of mind” (thinking analytically, realistically, symbolically, ethically, multidisciplinarily, artistically, summarily, interpretively, and narratively), together with applications, a vignette or story related to the thinking modality, points to remember, and exercises. Designed to help researchers “rise above the data,” the book explores how qualitative research designs, data collection, data analyses, and write-ups can be enriched through over 60 different lenses, filters, and angles on social life. Venturing into more evocative and multidimensional ways to examine the complex patterns of daily living, the book reveals how the researcher's mind thinks heuristically to transcend the descriptive and develop "highdeep" insights about the human condition. | qualitative research, data, methodology, applications | https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/thinking-qualitatively/book242817 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Windrum, P. | Third sector organizations and the co-production of health innovations | Management Decision 52 (6): 1046-1056 | 2014 | Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the roles played by third sector organizations in forming and managing health innovation networks, and their contribution to the co-production of new health services. Design/methodology/approach – Using data collected in four case studies, the findings highlight the central role of third sector organizations in forming and organizing public-private health networks. Findings – They are trusted organizations, commonly patient advocates, with perceived neutrality. Members of these organizations take leading roles in innovations networks, using their excellent network connections and their prominent positions within their organizations to leverage competences and funding. A key asset of key third sector individuals is their prior experience of public and private sector organizations and, hence, the ability to move across public-private boundaries. Practical implications – The research findings have important implications for practitioners. The author identifies a set of key drivers and barriers for the successful organization of innovation networks and the innovative services they develop. Prior knowledge and experience of partners, often linked to personal ties, in initial partner selection but are also important for trust and the effective organization of complementary competences during innovation projects. The absence of direct competitors – whether public, private or third sector organizations – is also highlighted. Non-rivalry and different partners’ interests in the outcomes of the innovation reduces moral hazard and the associated costs of setting up and monitoring formal contracts. Heterogeneity requires flexibility by actors; to understand partners’ different values, cultures, and organizational drivers. Finally, the research findings identify policy and practitioner enrolment as critical for the successful roll out and diffusion of service innovations. Originality/value – The paper examines an important, but under researched issue – the role of third-sector organizations in collaborative innovation projects. | Third sector organizations, co-production, health innovations | DOI:10.1108/MD-03-2012-0166 |
| Public Sector Innovation | OECD. | Together for Better Public Services, Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development | Paris, OECD | 2014 | Public services, directorate, public governance, territorial development | ||
| Living Labs | Hart, P. | Understanding public leadership. Basingstoke | Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. | 2014 | Leadership of public organizations and institutions is as timely and relevant as it is contested. While the prescription for “good” leadership used to entail ideals of ethics and service, some versions of modern-day rationales rest on personal loyalty and authoritarian styles. At the same time, effective leadership of public organizations and its role in facilitating successful resolutions to wicked global crises of public health, climate, poverty, and conflicts remains more important than ever. With this stage set, it is needless to say that ‘t Hart and Tummers offer an analytical peak into the world of public leadership that should be valued in scholarly circles... | Public leadership, basingstoke | https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muaa005 |
| Living Labs | Pino, M., Benveniste, S., Picard, R., & Rigaud, A.S. | User-driven innovation for dementia care in France: The Lusage living lab case study | Interdisciplinary Studies Journal, 3(4), 251-268 | 2014 | The use of technology-based products and services for supporting older adults living with dementia, and their caregivers, has gained significant popularity in recent years. In this paper we present the case study of LUSAGE, a French Living Lab that has successfully adapted to provide the infrastructure, knowledge, services and flexibility to promote user-driven innovation in the context of dementia care by: (a) taking into account the needs and interests of primary end-users (patients, families, and care providers) and relevant stakeholders in the healthcare ecosystem; (b) encouraging the active involvement of primary end-users in all stages of the product design and development cycle, (c) conducting experimentation and assessments in real-life conditions, and (d) fostering value creation including individual, social and economic dimensions. By delivering a complete description of the implementation and activities of LUSAGE over the last years, we identify factors that have influenced success and failure in technology innovation in this context. Finally, we suggest some promising directions for further development of Living Labs working in the field of healthcare and independent living. | Living labs, user-driven innovation, case study, mental health, France | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261698901_User-driven_innovation_for_dementia_care_in_France_the_LUSAGE_Living_Lab_case_study |
| Public Sector Innovation | Poldma, T., Labbé, D., Bertin, S., Kehayia, E., Swaine, B., Ahmed, S., Le Dorze, G., Fung, J., Archambault, P., Lamontagne, A. & Kairy, D. | Users, Stakeholders and Researchers: Dilemmas of Research as Practice and the Role of Design Thinking in the Case Study of a Rehabilitation Living Lab | Paper presented at the Design Research Society’s 2014 Conference held at Umeå Institute of Design. | 2014 | Through the lens of a Rehabilitation Living Lab, this paper presents what happens when researchers work with managers and users in the design situation of an urban commercial complex. This multi-sectorial and interdisciplinary research project brings together over 45 researchers to explore issues of social inclusion and social participation of people with disabilities, as they arrive and use the shopping complex. Within the context of a Living Lab, researchers implement various research projects from diverse research paradigms and methodological perspectives. While the research method for the overarching project is within the general framework of participatory action research, all researchers use clinical, basic and experimental forms of research (Friedman, 2003) to move forward the goals and research streams defined at the outset. The research is supported by a parallel design activity with students in a baccalaureate design studio. The overall research project goals and an example of a pilot project are presented in concert with a design studio activity, to consider potential concepts that are research-informed. Discussion of results reveals salient issues that emerge in early findings in pilot studies, and underscores what happens when people from diverse research perspectives work together. | Interdisciplinary research, participatory action research, rehabilitation science, design thinking, universal design | https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tiiu_Poldma2/publication/266739112_Stakeholders_and_researchers_Dilemmas_of_Research_as_Practice_and_the_Role_of_Design_Thinking_in_the_Case_Study_of_a_Rehabilitation_Living_Lab/links/557c96c908aeb61eae236409/Stakeholders-and-researchers-Dilemmas-of-Research-as-Practice-and-the-Role-of-Design-Thinking-in-the-Case-Study-of-a-Rehabilitation-Living-Lab.pdf |
| Living Labs | Hyysalo, S. & Hakkarainen, L. | What difference does a living lab make? Comparing two health technology innovation projects | CoDesign, 10 (3-4), 191-208 | 2014 | Living laboratories are increasingly common and promising arrangements in collaborative design. Their strength lies in being real life, open ended, sustained and complex coproduction arrangements, but these characteristics also make it hard to research what difference a living lab collaboration would make – after all the project within a living lab should be quite different to one conducted without it. This paper reports on a rare opportunity to compare two unusually similar innovation projects, one of which relied on a living lab and the other that did not. Contrary to what one might have predicted, the living lab collaboration did not make the development paths very different, and the key challenges regarding design collaboration remained closely similar. Extensive redesign in pilot use, an extended learning period between developers and users, consciously built collaboration arrangements, effective boundary spanners and investment in conflict resolution were equally paramount to success in both cases. The living laboratory did make meeting these challenges quicker, and lessened the strain that redesigns caused to customer relations. | living lab, collaborative design, case study comparison, health technology, innovation | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15710882.2014.983936 |
| Service Design | Giacomin, J. | What Is Human Centred Design? | The Design Journal | 2014 | Reflections upon the meaning of the word ‘design’ are made and a relatively complete definition of the paradigm of human centred design is formulated. Aspects of both the background and the current practice of the paradigm are presented, as is a basic structural model of the design questions addressed. Examples are provided of the economic benefit of human centred design in business settings as an approach for designing products, systems and services which are physically, perceptually, cognitively and emotionally intuitive. Examples are further provided of the coherence of the paradigm with the logic and structure of several currently popular marketing and banding frameworks. Finally, some strategic implications of adopting human centred design as a business strategy are suggested. | people centred design, human centred design, design process, innovation model | https://doi.org/10.2752/175630614X14056185480186 |
| Digital Transformation | Wong, W. | 18F brings a new attitude to government: The members of 18F are young, brilliant and changing government from the inside out | FedTech | 2015 | 18F, changing government, inside out | https:// fedtechmagazine.com/article/2015/10/inside-18f. | |
| Public service value co creation | Meijer A. and Bekkers V. | A metatheory of e-government: Creating some order in a fragmented research field. | Government Information Quarterly | 2015 | Theoretical fragmentation in e-government studies hampers the further development of this field of study. This paper argues that a metatheory can reduce theoretical confusion. Ideas from the philosophy of the social sciences are used to develop a metatheory of e-government consisting of three dimensions: explaining/understanding, holism/individualism and change/maintenance. This metatheory is used to analyze a corpus of papers on e-government in both journals on public administration and information systems. The analysis of the 116 papers shows a bias towards explaining e-government (rather than understanding social constructions), analyzing holistic systems (rather than the behavior, attitudes and cognitions of individual actors) and studying incremental rather than transformational change. We conclude that the value of the metatheory lies in (1) facilitating debate about e-government between researchers with different perspectives, (2) enabling researchers to be clear about their social science perspective, and (3) developing educational programs that bring in various scientific perspectives. | e-government, metatheory literature review, philosophy of science | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.04.006 |
| Social Innovation | Voorberg W., Bekkers V. and Tummers L. | A systematic review of co-creation and co-production: embarking on the social innovation journey | Public Management Review 17 (9): 1333-1357 | 2015 | This article presents a systematic review of 122 articles and books (1987–2013) of co-creation/co-production with citizens in public innovation. It analyses (a) the objectives of co-creation and co-production, (b) its influential factors and (c) the outcomes of co-creation and co-production processes. It shows that most studies focus on the identification of influential factors, while hardly any attention is paid to the outcomes. Future studies could focus on outcomes of co-creation/co-production processes. Furthermore, more quantitative studies are welcome, given the qualitative, case study, dominance in the field. We conclude with a research agenda to tackle methodological, theoretical and empirical lacunas. | co-creation, co-production, public-sector innovation, social innovation, systematic review | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719037.2014.930505 |
| Living Labs | Copenhagen Living Lab & Public Intelligence | Analyse af living labs’ virkemåder og undersøgelse af virksomheders ønsker til ydelser | Væksthus Hovedstadsregionen | 2015 | Living labs | ||
| Public service value co creation | D. Beach, & R. B. Pedersen. | Applying Process Tracing in Five Steps | Centre for Development Impact Practice Paper Annex, 10(April), 1–8 | 2015 | Process tracing, five steps | ||
| Social Innovation | Rutgers, M.R. | As good as it gets? On the meaning of public value in the study of Policy and Management | American Review of Public Administration | 2015 | Public values are being promoted as a core concept in the study of public administration, in particular, in discourses surrounding Moore’s public value management and Bozeman’s public value failure. This article outlines the approaches to the concept of values and public values. Particular attention is paid to the founding distinction between facts and values, which proves to be less clear than usually assumed. After discussing a range of possible characteristics of public values, an encompassing definition is attempted, which consequently has to accommodate opposing characteristics. It is concluded that the concept of public value is a fuzzy concept, and that is probably “as good as it gets.” | public value, facts and values, public value management, public value failure | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0275074014525833?journalCode=arpb |
| Public Sector Innovation | Sanzo, M.J., Alvarez, L.I., Rey, M. and N. Garcia. | Business-nonprofit partnerships: a new form of collaboration in a corporate responsibility and social innovation context | Service Business 9 (4): 611-636 | 2015 | This research analyzes cross-sector partnerships as a new and powerful form of collaboration that encourages the development of social innovation practices. The study focuses on business–nonprofit partnerships and evaluates their influence on the nonprofit’s development of innovations, capability building, and performance. Empirical research is based on a survey of a representative sample of 325 Spanish foundations. Structural equation techniques and multisample analysis served to analyze the data. The results show that close relationships based on trust and commitment foster the nonprofit’s development of innovations, although the intensity of this effect depends on the type of firms’ contribution to the partnership. | Business-nonprofit partnerships, collaboration, corporate responsibility, social innovation context | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-014-0242-1 |
| Service Design | Morelli, N. | Challenges in designing and scaling up community services | Design Journal | 2015 | This paper is based on two European Union-funded projects: Life 2.0, which was recently completed, and My Neighbourhood, which is still ongoing. The goal of the former was to create location-based and socially networked services to support elderly people in living independently. The aim of the latter is to develop a platform to activate hidden or latent resources in neighbourhoods. Both of the projects are an application of service design to the public sector and together provide useful insights about designing and scaling up highly localized and personalized services and service platforms. While several analogies can be found between the existing generation of social networking platforms and the services proposed in these projects, there are also several important differences that challenge the way local and individual services should be designed in the perspective of being scaled up to larger contexts. This paper reflects on the lesson learned from the work undertaken so far and proposes criteria and hypotheses for the diffusion of these types of services. | service design, local services, personalized services, community services, service scalability | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2752/175630615X14212498964394 |
| Living Labs | Eskelinen, J., A.G. Robles, I. Lindy, J. Marsh & A. Muente-Kunigami. | Citizen-Driven Innovation: A Guidebook for City Mayors and Public Administrators | Washington, DC: The World Bank and Brussels, Belgium: European Network of Living Labs | 2015 | This guidebook aims to bring citizen-driven innovation to policy makers and change agents around the globe, by spreading good practice on open and participatory approaches as applied to digital service development in different nations, climates, cultures, and urban settings. The report explores the concept of smart cities through a lens that promotes citizens as the driving force of urban innovation. Different models of smart cities are presented, showing how citizen-centric methods have been used to mobilize resources to respond to urban innovation challenges in a variety of situations, objectives, and governance structures. The living lab approach strengthens these processes as one of the leading methods for agile development or the rapid prototyping of ideas, concepts, products, services, and processes in a highly decentralized and user-centric manner. By adopting these approaches and promoting citizen-driven innovation, cities around the world are aiming to alleviate the demand for services, increase the quality of delivery, and promote local entrepreneurship. This guidebook is structured into seven main sections: an introductory section describes the vision of a humanly smart city, in order to give an idea of the kind of result that can be attained from opening up and applying citizen-driven innovation methods. Chapter one getting started helps mayors launch co-design initiatives, exploring innovation processes founded on trust and verifying the benefits of opening up. Chapter two, building a strategy identifies the key steps for building an innovation partnership and together defining a sustainable city vision and scenarios for getting there. Chapter three, co-designing solutions looks at the process of unpacking concrete problems, working creatively to address them, and following up on implementation. Chapter four, ensuring sustainability describes key elements for long-term viability: evaluation and impact assessment, appropriate institutional structuring, and funding and policy support. Chapter five, joining forces suggests ways to identify a unique role for participation in international networks and how to best learn from cooperation. Finally, the report provides a starter pack with some of the more commonly used tools and methods to support the kinds of activities described in this guidebook. | Citizen-driven innovation, city mayors, public administrators | https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/21984 |
| Public service value co creation | GDS | Civil servants are users too | Blog government digital service | 2015 | Civil servants, users | https://gds.blog. gov.uk/2015/09/28/civil-servants-are-users-too/. | |
| Living Labs | Schuurman, D., L. Coorevits, S. Logghe, K. Vandenbroucke, A. Georges & B. Baccarne. | Co-creation in living labs: Exploring the role of user characteristics on innovation contribution | International Journal of Services Sciences, 5(3/4): 199-219 | 2015 | Since the 1970s, the innovative potential of users has been recognized by von Hippel and his seminal works on the Customer Active Paradigm (CAP) and Lead Users. This fostered further research into the nature of user contribution in NPD and the characteristics of innovative and innovating users. This research stream has been labeled user innovation and looks at the utility gains for end-users when involved in innovation. More recently, open innovation approaches have been looking to integrate the insights and creative potential of users through various methods and tools. One of these approaches gaining ground are the so-called Living Labs, an innovation approach relying on intensive user involvement through co-creation, using real-life settings and a multi-stakeholder approach. Although user involvement is seen as key within these Living Labs, research integrating the insights from user innovation into ways of user selection and user contribution in Living Labs is scarce. Within this paper, we will explore some of the hypotheses from user innovation regarding user characteristics in three concrete Living Lab projects and assess whether these characteristics have an impact on the outcomes and on the user contribution. The results indicate that it is necessary to take into account domain-related as well as innovation-specific characteristics, otherwise this may lead to one-dimensional user contributions. Moreover, our research suggests that Living Labs are capable to facilitate a diversity of user contributions through a mix of self-selection and purposeful sampling. Keywords | Co-creation, living labs, innovation | https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/5723421/file/5723429.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Gemser G, Perks H. | Co-creation with customers: An evolving research field. | Journal of Product Innovation Management, 32: 660–665 | 2015 | Introduction to the inaugural virtual issue of Journal of Product Innovation Management on Co-creation. Article is an analysis of over a decade of the co-creation for innovation field within the JPIM community with a research agenda. | co-creation, innovation, research agenda | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15405885 |
| Public Sector Innovation | W.B. Arthur. | Complexity and the Economy | Oxford University Press | 2015 | Economics is changing. In the last few years it has generated a number of new approaches. One of the most promising -complexity economics - was pioneered in the 1980s and 1990s by a small team at the Santa Fe Institute. Economist and complexity theorist W. Brian Arthur led that team, and in this book he collects many of his articles on this new approach. The traditional framework sees behavior in the economy as in an equilibrium steady state. People in the economy face well-defined problems and use perfect deductive reasoning to base their actions on. The complexity framework, by contrast, sees the economy as always in process, always changing. People try to make sense of the situations they face using whatever reasoning they have at hand, and together create outcomes they must individually react to anew. The resulting economy is not a well-ordered machine, but a complex evolving system that is imperfect, perpetually constructing itself anew, and brimming with vitality. The new vision complements and widens the standard one, and it helps answer many questions: Why does the stock market show moods and a psychology? Why do high-tech markets tend to lock in to the dominance of one or two very large players? How do economies form, and how do they continually alter in structure over time? The papers collected here were among the first to use evolutionary computation, agent-based modeling, and cognitive psychology. They cover topics as disparate as how markets form out of beliefs; how technology evolves over the long span of time; why systems and bureaucracies get more complicated as they evolve; and how financial crises can be foreseen and prevented in the future. | Complexity, economy | |
| Service Design | Aulton, K. | Co-Production and the Design of Community Health and Social Care Services for Older People in Scotland | Paper to the International Research Society for Public Management conference, University of Birmingham, April | 2015 | Co-production is currently one of cornerstones of public policy reform across the globe. Inter alia, it is articulated as a valuable route to public service reform and to the planning and delivery of effective public services, a response to the democratic deficit and a route to active citizenship and active communities, and as a means by which to lever in additional resources to public service delivery. Despite these varied roles, co-production is actually poorly formulated and has become one of a series of ‘woolly-words’ in public policy. This paper presents a conceptualization of co-production that is theoretically rooted in both public management and service management theory. It argues that this is a robust starting point for the evolution of new research and knowledge about co-production and for the development of evidence-based public policymaking and implementation. | co-production, public services reform, active citizens, active communities, public service-dominant logic, co-creation, public value | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719037.2015.1111927?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=rpxm20 |
| Digital Transformation | Fotaki, M. | Co-production under the financial crisis and austerity: a means of democratizing public services or a race to the bottom? | Journal of Management Enquiry | 2015 | The involvement of users in the co-production of public services is of increasing importance as fiscal and financial crises put pressure on public spending in many countries around the world. The role of co-production in public policy is also important as it creates opportunities for users’ empowerment through their greater involvement in the key aspects of services on which they rely. However, there are practical and conceptual limitations to co-production. Citizens normally lack the training and experience to perform specialized services, and the substitution of paid personnel with voluntary efforts means that some of the costs are transferred to co-producers themselves . Co-production and users taking over public services under the financial crisis and austerity, might usher in a new era of democratizing public services or instigate a race to the bottom. This short article highlights the need for broadening and deepening our knowledge of the various forms of co-production, in order to understand the conditions for potentially transformative effects of co-production on the participants and policy environment. In conclusion, I argue that examining the new emerging forms of co-production, including those that promote different social goals and alternative ways of organizing, might provide an answer to questions about the future of public services. | co-production, public services, financial crisis, austerity, alternative organizing | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1056492615579790?journalCode=jmia |
| Digital Transformation | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. | Data-Driven Innovation: Big Data for Growth and Well-Being | Paris : OECD | 2015 | Today, the generation and use of huge volumes of data are redefining our “intelligence” capacity and our social and economic landscapes, spurring new industries, processes and products, and creating significant competitive advantages. In this sense, data-driven innovation (DDI) has become a key pillar of 21st-century growth, with the potential to significantly enhance productivity, resource efficiency, economic competitiveness, and social well-being. Greater access to and use of data create a wide array of impacts and policy challenges, ranging from privacy and consumer protection to open access issues and measurement concerns, across public and private health, legal and science domains. This report aims to improve the evidence base on the role of DDI for promoting growth and well-being, and provide policy guidance on how to maximise the benefits of DDI and mitigate the associated economic and societal risks. | Data-driven innovation, Big Data | https://www.oecd.org/sti/data-driven-innovation-9789264229358-en.htm |
| Digital Transformation | Jonsson, M. E. | Democratic Innovations in Deliberative Systems: The Case of the Estonian Citizens’ Assembly Process | Journal of Public Deliberation 11(1) | 2015 | With the proliferation and application of democratic innovations around the world, the empirical study of deliberative and participatory processes has shifted from small-scale environments and experiments to real-life political processes on a large scale. With this shift, there is also a need to explore new theoretical approaches in order to understand current developments. Instead of analyzing democratic innovations in isolation, the recent ‘systemic turn’ in the field encourages us to broaden our perspective and evaluate democratic innovations as complementary parts of a political system. This paper will draw upon a qualitative case study, based on interview and supported by survey data, of the ‘Estonian Citizens’ Assembly Process’ (ECA), in order to operationalize the systemic approach to deliberative democracy and illustrate how this can be applied to an analysis of democratic innovations. The ECA spanned more than a year (November 2012 to April 2014) and covered three political arenas: the public sphere, democratic innovations and representative institutions. The systemic analysis highlights the deliberative strengths and weaknesses of arenas and institutions, and illuminates how various arenas and democratic innovations did and did not complement one another in the creation of a deliberative process. The systemic analysis offers two possible interpretations of the ECA. The more affirmative interpretation is it constituted a deliberative system, as it did perform the three main functions fulfilled by different arenas and institutions. The more critical interpretation is that the ECA partly failed to be a deliberative system, due to social domination and decoupling of institutions. | Democratic innovations, deliberative systems, citizens’, assembly Process | https://delibdemjournal.org/article/id/496/ |
| Service Design | Design Council. | Design methods for developing services. | Keeping Connected Business Challenge | 2015 | This is a brief introduction to why design methods can be useful when developing services. You can use it to familiarise yourself with a typical process that designers use when developing products and services. It will give you an idea of what to expect from working with a designer. If you are a designer, you may be familiar with all of this already, but you may find this document useful when explaining common service design methods to others that are new to them. | design methods, service development | https://connect. innovateuk. org/web/3338201/service-designmethods. |
| Public Sector Innovation | Sangiorgi D. | Designing for public sector innovation in the UK: design strategies for paradigm shifts | Foresight, 17(4), 332-348 | 2015 | Purpose: The aim of this work is to provide an initial picture of how some design agencies are contributing toward a paradigm shift and how they are developing in the future to better inform design policies and interdisciplinary work. There is a general agreement that the current government and public sector structure and modes of operation need radical transformation. In this scenario, a shift from New Public Management towards New Public Governance paradigm has been auspicated. Design has attracted attention as a potential approach to support this transformation, but research into Service Design, as well as discussions on its future development, for public sector innovation is limited. This paper is an exploratory study into the individual work of seven representative UK design agencies operating for and within the public sector. | Service innovation, Public services, Design industry, Service design | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/FS-08-2013-0041/full/html |
| Living Labs | Franz. | Designing social living labs in urban research | Info, 17(4), 53-66 | 2015 | The purpose of this paper is to develop a more socially centred understanding of living labs for urban research questions by reflecting on current technologically centred and innovation-driven approaches. | Living lab, Contextualised living methods, Social living lab, Spaces of encounter, Urban Research | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/info-01-2015-0008/full/html |
| Digital Transformation | Janowski T. | Digital government evolution: From transformation to contextualization. | Government Information Quarterly | 2015 | The Digital Government landscape is continuously changing to reflect how governments are trying to find innovative digital solutions to social, economic, political and other pressures, and how they transform themselves in the process. Understanding and predicting such changes is important for policymakers, government executives, researchers and all those who prepare, make, implement or evaluate Digital Government decisions. This article argues that the concept of Digital Government evolves toward more complexity and greater contextualization and specialization, similar to evolution-like processes that lead to changes in cultures and societies. To this end, the article presents a four-stage Digital Government Evolution Model comprising Digitization (Technology in Government), Transformation (Electronic Government), Engagement (Electronic Governance) and Contextualization (Policy-Driven Electronic Governance) stages; provides some evidence in support of this model drawing upon the study of the Digital Government literature published in Government Information Quarterly between 1992 and 2014; and presents a Digital Government Stage Analysis Framework to explain the evolution. As the article consolidates a representative body of the Digital Government literature, it could be also used for defining and integrating future research in the area. | digital technology, digital government, digital government evolution, digital government innovation, digital government institutionalization, digital government research | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.07.001 |
| Public service value co creation | Bryson, J, M, Crosby, B, C, & Bloomberg, L | Discerning and Assessing Public Value | Washington: Georgetown University Press | 2015 | Public administrations are required by law to contribute to society, thus obliged to shape the common good. What value they have to society is uncovered by their public value. This chapter provides an approach to public value management that is relevant for organizations, NGOs, and governmental institutions, in order to systematically investigate their contributions to society. Previous work on public value serves as a good starting point, providing significant public value perspectives. We follow this by a conceptual delineation of the public value concept according to Timo Meynhardt, who roots the notion of value in psychological needs theory and thereby links public value directly to a conditio humana. As cases in point, we identify and discuss two management tools, the Public Value Scorecard (PVSC) and the Public Value Atlas. We conclude with a short reflection on how public value can advance public sector management. | Public value | http://publicvaluesconference.weebly.com/uploads/8/8/9/4/8894371/bryson_-_a_methodology_for_discerning_what_the_public_values_-_the_case_of_a_collaborative_regional_geographic_information_systems.pdf |
| Living Labs | Bryson, J.M., Crosby, B.C. and Bloomberg, L. | Discerning and assessing public value: major issues and new directions | In 'Public value and public administration', Washington: Georgetown University Press | 2015 | This chapter explores the meaning of value, compares Moore's and Bozeman's views of public value to concpets like the public interest and suggests how different public value approaches might be integrated. Because a workable public sphere is vital to conceptions of public value, we also consider the meaning of the public sphere. | value definition, public value, public interest | https://www.worldcat.org/title/public-value-and-public-administration/oclc/929239573 |
| Living Labs | Tõnurist, P., R. Kattel & V. Lember. | Discovering Innovation Labs in the Public Sector | Working Papers in Technology Governance and Economic Development, 61. Norway: The Other Canon Foundation and Tallinn, Estonia: Tallinn University of Technology | 2015 | While innovation labs (i-labs) are increasingly popular in the public sector, there is almost no systematic academic overview of these organizations. This article is a first comprehensive attempt to map and analyze such labs globally. We have identified 35 such organizations all over the world. The research is based on a two-step approach: first, a comprehensive survey was carried out followed by an extensive in-depth interview with the managing figures of i-labs; 11 i-labs responded. The survey is based on longterm and large-scale research into public sector organizations in Europe (COBRA project); we have significantly updated it to fit our purposes. In this article we report our first findings. I-labs are rather unique organizations and diverse in their mission, expected to act as change agents within public sector and enjoy large autonomy in setting their targets and working methods. I-labs are typically structurally separated from the rest of the public sector and expected to be able to attract external funding as well as ‘sell’ their ideas and solutions within the public sector. I-labs tend be small structures, specializing on quick experimentations and usually lack the capabilities and authority to significantly influence up-scaling of the new solutions or processes. The main capabilities of i-labs are their ability to jump-start or show case user-driven service re-design projects. Interestingly, IT capabilities seem to be not that prominently present in the studied i-labs. In sum: i-labs, although prominent in many modern public management strategies, are yet far from becoming organic parts of public sector, which is paradoxically both their weakness and strength. | Discovering innovation labs, public sector | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10051255/1/Kattel_Innovation%20labs%20in%20the%20public%20sector.%20What%20they%20are%20and%20what%20they%20do_AAM.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Brogaard, L. | Drivkræfter og barrierer i offentlige-private innovationspartnerskaber (OPI) på sundheds- og ældreområdet i Danmark | Politica, 47(4), 541-560 | 2015 | Drivkræfter, barrierer, offentlige-private innovationspartnerskaber (OPI), sundheds- og ældreområdet | https://politica.dk/fileadmin/politica/Dokumenter/politica_47_4/brogaard.pdf | |
| Service Design | Meijer A. | E-governance innovation: Barriers and strategies. | Government Information Quarterly | 2015 | Various models have been developed to explain the adoption of e-government but systematic research on barriers to e-governance is lacking. On the basis of the literature, this paper develops a theoretical model of e-governance innovation that highlights (1) phases in the innovation process, (2) government and citizen barriers and (3) structural and cultural barriers. Fixing problems and framing stories are presented as the two principal strategies for tackling the various barriers throughout the innovation process. This model is explored in a case study of a technological system for collaboration between police and citizens in The Netherlands. The case shows the value of the model and highlights that e-governance innovation is about designing comprehensive strategies of fixing and framing to tackle the variety of barriers. More specifically, the research highlights that government officials and citizens are not motivated by the promise of technology but by frames that connect technological opportunities to the production of public value. | e-governance, innovation, barriers, trategies, police | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.01.001 |
| Digital Transformation | Cordella A. and Tempini N. | E-government and organizational change: Reappraising the role of ICT and bureaucracy in public service delivery. | Government Information Quarterly | 2015 | There is a substantial literature on e-government that discusses information and communication technology (ICT) as an instrument for reducing the role of bureaucracy in government organizations. The purpose of this paper is to offer a critical discussion of this literature and to provide a complementary argument which favors the use of ICT in the public sector to support the operations of bureaucratic organizations. Based on the findings of a case study – of the Venice Municipality in Italy – the paper discusses how ICT can be used to support rather than eliminate bureaucracy. Using the concepts of e-bureaucracy and functional simplification and closure, the paper proposes evidence and support for the argument that bureaucracy should be preserved and enhanced where e-government policies are concerned. Functional simplification and closure are very valuable concepts for explaining why this should be a viable approach. | e-bureaucracy, e-government, ICT enabled public sector reforms | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.03.005 |
| Service Design | Sangiorgi, D., & Junginger, S. | Emerging Issues in Service Design | The Design Journal, 18(2), 165-170 | 2015 | The title acknowledges that service design, though still a young area of research, practice and even younger as a profession, has come a long way. With this special issue, we suggest that the field of service design is now entering a stage where discussions and research need to move beyond descriptions and justifications of what service design is and how it works. What is required to understand its future relevance and applications are studies on its impact and its place and role in business and society. It is time for a more nuanced consideration of the nature and purposes of different services; a regard for the contexts and situations they are supposed to address and transform – or not. This raises new questions, for example, concerning the influence of places and communities in service design projects and vice versa, questions about the responsibilities and ethics of service designers engaging with these. At the same time, it invites us to reflect on the suitability and ability of specific practices to deal in situ with context specific dynamics and realities, such as for example, organizational design legacies, organizational power dynamics or interrelated networks affected by a given service. Service design continues to evolve and to change. | service design, research | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2752/175630615X14212498964150 |
| Living Labs | Alatriste, Y. | Estudio teórico y evidencia empírica de la aplicación de la metodología Living Lab en el diseño de sistemas eHealth (Theoretical study and empirical evidence on Living Lab methodology implementation in eHealth systems) | Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Expressió Gràfica a l'Enginyeria | 2015 | In the European Union and some other countries, the Living Labs are innovation areas with diverse elements that foster innovative spaces with the final users. Also, the combination of public and private associations involved: companies, researchers, authorities and citizens work in a joint manner to improve the quality of life of the people, all of this within a real context. From this point of view, this work explores the application of the Living Lab methodology in the design of eHealth systems with the purpose of the users to have a meaningful experience through the use of the system in the treatment of their rehabilitation therapy of spasticity or dysphagia. The meaningful experience of users is achieved with the inclusion of usability principles and perceived utility. The research encompasses a theoretical study which analyses the topics of the domain of Living Labs and a compilation of different ad--hoc methodologies.The theoretical study shows that there are few contributions relating eHealth systems set through the Living Lab methodology. The methodological proposal from Ståhlbröst & Holst (2013) to present theTRH LAB system which is a methodology developed to suppor t the participation of the user with a Living Lab approach. In it, the users have influence in future IT solutions with a formative approach.The results obtained in the validation show that the system is usable, useful and it is also adaptable to new health fields.The four focus groups integrated for the study were located in Cataluña and Mexico City | Living labs, eHealth systems, healthcare, methodology, theory | https://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/386315#page=1 |
| Living Labs | Sivarajah U., Irani Z. and Weerakkody V. | Evaluating the use and impact of Web 2.0 technologies in local government. | Government Information Quarterly | 2015 | Second generation web-based technologies (Web 2.0) such as social media and networking sites are increasingly being used by governments for activities ranging from open policy making to communication campaigns and customer service. However, this in turn has brought about additional challenges. By its very nature, Web 2.0 technologies are more interactive than the traditional models of information provision or creation of digital services. Such technologies open up a new set of benefits, costs and risks to those government authorities who make use of these social and digital media to enhance their work. This study draws on the extant literature together with an in-depth qualitative case enquiry to propose an emergent framework for evaluating the intra-organisational use of Web 2.0 technologies and its impact on local government. The study findings identified additional four factors (i.e. benefits: intra-marketing, informal engagement, costs: workload constraints and risk: integration with other systems) as part of the evaluation criteria which have not previously been discussed in the existing literature surrounding the context of Web 2.0 use in local government. The study concludes that a combined analysis of the evaluation and impact assessment factors, rather than one particular approach would better assist decision makers when implementing Web 2.0 technologies for use by public administration employees. | web 2.0, evaluation, impact, local government authorities, e-government, case study, qualitative research | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.06.004 |
| Digital Transformation | The White House. | Executive order—Presidential innovation fellows program | 2015 | Executive order, presidential innovation fellows program | https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/08/17/executive-order- presidential-innovation-fellows-program | ||
| Public service value co creation | Donetto, S., Pierri, P., Tsianakas, V., & Robert, G. | Experience based co-design and healthcare improvement: Realizing participatory design in the public sector. | Design Journal, 18(2) | 2015 | Over the last decade, growing attention has been paid to the potential value of design theory and practice in improving public services. Experience-based Co-design (EBCD) is a participatory research approach that draws upon design tools and ways of thinking in order to bring healthcare staff and patients together to improve the quality of care. The co-design process that is integral to EBCD is powerful but also challenging, as it requires both staff and patients to renegotiate their roles and expectations as part of a reconfiguration of the relationships of power between citizens and public services. In this paper, we reflect upon the implementation and adaptation of EBCD in a variety of projects and on the challenges of co-design work within healthcare settings. Our discussion aims to contribute to the growing field of service design and to encourage further research into how co-design processes shape – and are shaped by – the power relations that characterize contemporary public services. | co-design, participatory design, healthcare, public sector | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275153597_Experience-based_Co-design_and_Healthcare_Improvement_Realizing_Participatory_Design_in_the_Public_Sector |
| Public service value co creation | Skålén, Pace, S, & Cova, B | Firm-brand community value co-creation as alignment of practices | European Journal of Marketing | 2015 | The purpose of this paper is to contribute knowledge regarding the nature of successful and unsuccessful value co-creation processes between firms and brand communities and the strategies used to address the latter. | Value co-creation, practices | https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-08-2013-0409 |
| Social Innovation | Agger, A. and Tortzen, A. | Forsknings review om samskabelse | Roskilde: Roskilde Universitet and University College Lillebælt | 2015 | Forsknings, samskabelse | https://centerforborgerdialog.dk/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/forskningsreview-om-co-production.pdf | |
| Public service value co creation | Sundbo J. | Handbook of Services Business: Management, Marketing, Innovation and Internationalisation | Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, p. 205-222 | 2015 | Service business accounts for more than 75 per cent of the wealth and employment created in most developed market economies. This interdisciplinary Handbook provides a critical and multi-disciplinary review of current service business processes and practices. Broadening our understanding of services in the world economy, the editors push back the frontiers of current critical thinking by bringing together eminent scholars from economics, management, sociology, public policy, planning and geography. Chapters contribute to ongoing debates about the nature and management of service business and the characteristics of service-led economies. Disciplinary perspectives on services, services and core business processes, and the management of service business are explored. Included is a series of case studies from the EU, USA, UK and Australia. Designed as an additional text for undergraduates and postgraduate studies, this book will appeal to students and scholars seeking a multi-disciplinary understanding of this increasingly mainstream field. | Services business, management, marketing, innovation, internationalisation | https://www.amazon.sg/Handbook-Service-Business-Management-Internationalisation/dp/1781000409 |
| Digital Transformation | Crouch, D. | How Estonia set the Pace on the Way to Digital Government | Financial Times, 5 June | 2015 | Digital government | ||
| Public Sector Innovation | Arundel A, Casali L, Hollanders H. | How European public sector agencies innovate: The use of bottom-up, policy-dependent and knowledge-scanning innovation methods | Research Policy | 2015 | Factor and cluster analysis are used to identify different methods that public sector agencies in Europe use to innovate, based on data from a 2010 survey of 3273 agencies. The analyses identify three types of innovative agencies: bottom-up, knowledge-scanning, and policy-dependent. The distribution of bottom-up agencies across European countries is positively correlated with average per capita incomes while the distribution of knowledge-scanning agencies is negatively correlated with income. In contrast, there is no consistent pattern by country in the distribution of policy-dependent agencies. Regression results that control for agency characteristics find that innovation methods are significantly correlated with the beneficial outcomes of innovation, with bottom-up and knowledge-scanning agencies out-performing policy-dependent agencies. | European, public sector, innovation methods | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.04.007 |
| Living Labs | Mastelic, J., Sahakian, M, & Bonazzi, R. | How to keep a living lab alive | Info | 2015 | This paper aims to explore how Living Labs might be evaluated, building on the current efforts of the European Network of Living Lab (ENoLL) to encourage new members, and complementing their existing criteria with elements from business model development strategies – specifically the Business Model Canvas (BMC) (Osterwalder and Pigneur, 2010). | Open innovation, Business models, ENoLL, Evaluation criteria, Living labs | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/info-01-2015-0012/full/html |
| Public Sector Innovation | De Vries H., Bekkers V., Tummers L. | Innovation in the public sector: a systematic review and future research agenda | Public Administration, 94, p. 146-166 | 2015 | This article brings together empirical academic research on public sector innovation. Via a systematic literature review, we investigate 181 articles and books on public sector innovation, published between 1990 and 2014. These studies are analysed based on the following themes: (1) the definitions of innovation, (2) innovation types, (3) goals of innovation, (4) antecedents of innovation and (5) outcomes of innovation. Based upon this analysis, we develop an empirically based framework of potentially important antecedents and effects of public sector innovation. We put forward three future research suggestions: (1) more variety in methods: moving from a qualitative dominance to using other methods, such as surveys, experiments and multi‐method approaches; (2) emphasize theory development and testing as studies are often theory‐poor; and (3) conduct more cross‐national and cross‐sectoral studies, linking for instance different governance and state traditions to the development and effects of public sector innovation. | public sector innovation, studies, antecedents, framework | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/padm.12209. |
| Social Innovation | Dagnino G.B., Levanti G., Mina A., and P.M. Picone. | Interorganizational network and innovation: A bibliometric study and proposed research agenda | Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing 30 (3/4): 354-377 | 2015 | Purpose – This paper aims to explore the latent structure of the literature on interorganizational network and innovation as well as to map the main themes and empirical advances in this research stream. Design/methodology/approach – Using bibliometric coupling, the authors analyze the citation patterns in 67 management studies regarding innovation networks, published in ISI-journals from January 1996 to October 2012. Findings – The authors identify the conceptual orientations that studies share. Bibliometric analysis allows us to draw an overview of how this field of research has developed, recognizing in essence six main clustered research themes: networks as a framework that sustains firm innovativeness in specific contexts; network dimensions and knowledge processes; networks as a means to access and share resources/knowledge; the interplay between firm and network characteristics and its effects on innovative processes; empirical research on networks in highly dynamic industries; and the influence of industry knowledge domain’s peculiarities on network dimensions and characteristics. Research limitations/implications – By providing a comprehensive survey of current trends in the literature on interorganizational network and innovation, the authors eventually identify the major gaps in our knowledge and help refocusing the current research agenda in this increasingly relevant research stream. Practical implications – The systematic introduction to the field of innovation networks is of notable interest to scholars and practitioners, who have (or desire to have) some awareness in the topic. Here, practitioners may find their compass to acquire some knowledge on innovation networks and orient their choices. Originality/value – First, the spatially organized picture of the intellectual structure of the literature the authors offer is the initial thought-out comprehensive introduction to the field of on interorganizational network and innovation. Second, by developing a thorough bibliometric analysis of the extant bulk of the innovation networks literature, the authors develop specific methodological contribution. Third, we are able to map the intellectual structure in a two-dimensional space to visualize spatial distances between intellectual themes | Interorganizational network, innovation | https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-02-2013-0032 |
| Public service value co creation | Cossío-Silva et al. | La percepción del cliente sobre la co-creación de valor | 2015 | This work focuses on the validation of the proposed escalation of Yi and Gong (2013) to measure the behavior of value creation from the perspective of the client. In the validation process, the recommendations of Camison and Bou (2000) are followed. To do this, analyze the reliability and duration of the measurement instrument, using a sample composed of 374 users of services related to personal care. The results confirm the multidimensionality of the scale for the Spanish context, although it shows the existence of five dimensions and the elements of quince, the opposite of the points of view and eight dimensions of the original scale. The main contributions are derived from the development of the escalation, since the acceptance of the same requires demonstrating its stability in different environments and situations. With regard to the implications for management, the study translates into commitment to management, care and service, the issue of importance, commitment and loyalty. of the client towards the organization. | Key Logic of the service, co-creation of value, consumer behavior, reliability, validity. | https://www.esic.edu/documentos/revistas/esicmk/160302_040356_E.pdf | |
| Public service value co creation | Schlappa, H. & Y. Imani. | Leading the co-production process: Who is in charge? | Paper given to the IIAS Study Group on co-production in Public Services. Nijmegen, The Netherlands, June 8-9 | 2015 | The notion of service co-production is becoming firmly embedded in the contemporary discourse on public service provision. While talking about co-production is rapidly gaining in popularity among policy makers and practitioners, the academic discourse is characterised by significant conceptual gaps despite an ever growing range of case studies of coproduction. Of particular concern here is that questions associated with leading service coproduction are theoretically and empirically under-developed. This paper makes a contribution towards filling this gap by putting forward a framework for the exploration of leadership in the co-production process. An initial and preliminary application of this framework to case studies of co-production suggests that the citizen co-producer is limited in the way she can enact leadership functions, the regular public service producer appears to be firmly ‘in the lead’ except where citizens are engaged in a process that runs from design, to management and implementation of a service. | Co-production process, charge | https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/2299/16484/Schlappa_and_Imani_Who_is_in_charge_of_CP_vs_3.2.pdf?sequence=3 |
| Public service value co creation | Capdevila I. | Les différentes approches entrepreneuriales dans les espaces ouverts d’innovation | Innovations, 48, 87‑105 | 2015 | Creativity has a strong social component, and the capture of distributed collective creativity plays an important role in the innovative process of organizations. In recent years, many open innovation spaces have been created under different names : fab labs, hackerspaces, makerspaces, coworking spaces, and living labs to name a few. While all of these spaces are based on openness, collaboration, and knowledge sharing, they differ in some aspects of their entrepreneurial approach. This article proposes a classification of different spaces according to 1) their focus on the exploration of new ideas or exploitation of innovations for commercial purposes, and 2) the mode of governance of the space : whether it is “top-down” or “bottom up.” It also examines the implications of the complementarity of different spaces and of the development of the creative capacity of the individuals and organizations that use these spaces.JEL Codes : O31, L26 | Open innovation spaces, fab labs, hackerspaces, coworkings spaces, living labs, top-down, bottom.up | https://www.cairn.info/revue-innovations-2015-3-page-87.htm?contenu=article |
| Living Labs | Nielsby, U., & Gustafsson, M. H. | Living Lab [Sanseskærme] | Aalborg: Danske professionshøjskoler | 2015 | The report was written on the basis of data collected in connection with the testing of sensory screens on 3 nursing homes / housing units, during the period May-November 2014. The main points of the report are the importance of the screen for stimulation of the demented citizen and for the work routines, as well as general experiences with implementation of technology in the organization. | technology implementation, healthcare, nursing homes, pilot | https://www.forskningsdatabasen.dk/da/catalog/2305629621 |
| Living Labs | Lehmann, V., M. Frangioni & P. Dubé. | Living Lab as knowledge system: an actual approach for managing urban service projects? | Journal of Knowledge Management, 19(5): 1087-107 | 2015 | This paper aims to explore Living Labs (LL) as knowledge systems for urban service projects. This empirical study aims to identify and characterize knowledge in LL dedicated to urban service projects. It also aims to understand how through knowledge path, LL redefine the management of projects. First, the praxeologic and academic context underlining the main challenges associated to urban service projects is presented. It mainly concerns the growth of the cities (Haouès-Jouve, 2013), the problematic of social acceptability (Savard, 2013) as well as the normative approaches to manage projects (Kerzner, 2010). Second, a literature review on co-innovation and Livings Labs is presented. (Chesbrough, 2004; Gaglio, 2011). This paper also presents the concept of knowledge applied in an LL system (Sanders and Stappers, 2008). Here, knowledge refers to dynamic knowledge, as suggested by Argyris (1995). | Project management, Innovation, Systemic thinking, Knowledge, Stakeholders, Collection management | https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/85165087.pdf |
| Living Labs | Ballon, P. & Schuurman, D. | Living labs: concepts, tools and cases | Information and Learning Science, 17(4) | 2015 | Living labs bring experimentation out of companies’ R&D departments to real-life environments with the participation and co-creation of users, partners, and other parties. This study discusses living labs as four different types of networks characterized by open innovation: utilizer-driven, enabler-driven, provider-driven, and user-driven. The typology is based on interviews with the participants of 26 living labs in Finland, Sweden, Spain, and South Africa. Companies can benefit from knowing the characteristics of each type of living lab; this knowledge will help them to identify which actor drives the innovation, to anticipate likely outcomes, and to decide what kind of role they should play while "living labbing". Living labs are networks that can help them create innovations that have a superior match with user needs and can be upscaled promptly to the global market. | Living labs, praxis and theory, definitions | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/info-04-2015-0024/full/html |
| Social Innovation | Burdon, S., Mooney, G.R. and H. Al-Kilidar. | Navigating service sector innovation using co-creation partnerships | Journal of Service Theory and Practice 25 (3): 285- 303 | 2015 | The purpose of this paper is to analyse a series of engineering services partnerships to better understand requisites needed in building high value co-creation alliances – especially where innovation is the strategic goal | Service sector innovation, co-creation partnerships | https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/36609/3/Navigating%20Service%20Sector%20Innovation%20using%20Co-creation%20Partnerships%2c%20Managing%20Service%20Quality.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Denhardt, J.V. and Denhardt, R.B. | New Public Service: serving, not steering | Routledge: New York | 2015 | The New Public Service: Serving, not Steering provides a framework for the many voices calling for the reaffirmation of democratic values, citizenship, and service in the public interest. It is organized around a set of seven core principles: (1) serve citizens, not customers; (2) seek the public interest; (3) value citizenship and public service above entrepreneurship; (4) think strategically, act democratically; (5) recognize that accountability isn’t simple; (6) serve, rather than steer; and (7) value people, not just productivity. The New Public Service asks us to think carefully and critically about what public service is, why it is important, and what values ought to guide what we do and how we do it. It celebrates what is distinctive, important, and meaningful about public service and considers how we might better live up to those ideals and values. The revised fourth edition includes a new chapter that examines how the role and significance of these New Public Service values have expanded in practice and research over the past 15 years. Although the debate about governance will surely continue for many years, this compact, clearly written volume both provides an important framework for a public service based on citizen discourse and the public interest and demonstrates how these values have been put into practice. It is essential reading fo students and serious practitioners in public administration and public policy. | politics & international relations, public administration & management, public policy, economics, finance, business & industry, business, management and accounting, public & nonprofit management, public anagement | https://www.routledge.com/The-New-Public-Service-Serving-Not-Steering-4th-Edition/Denhardt-Denhardt/p/book/9781138891258 |
| Digital Transformation | Coblence, E., & Pallez, F. | Nouvelles formes d’innovation publique. | Revue française de gestion (6) | 2015 | While administrative reforms seem always more discussed, new practices have been emerging since early 2000s. Explicitely presented as innovations, their methods are inspired by design, open source, ethnography or social entrepreneurship approaches. Based on a qualitative analysis of these public innovation forms, we show that they may disrupt some of the traditional principles of public action. In that respect, we discuss their potential effects on public managers’ behavior, at various levels. | public innovation, social entrepreneurship, qualitative analysis | https://www.cairn.info/revue-francaise-de-gestion-2015-6-page-97.htm?contenu=resume |
| Public Sector Innovation | Arthur W.B. | On the evolution of complexity | Arthur W.B. (Ed.) Complexity and the Economy, Oxford University Press, New York | 2015 | It is often taken for granted that as systems evolve over time they tend to become more complex. But little is understood about the mechanisms that might cause evolution to favor increases in complexity over time. This paper proposes three means by which complexity tends to grow as systems evolve. In co-evolutionary systems it may grow by increases in ``species'' diversity: under certain circumstances new species may provide further niches that call forth further new species in a steady upward spiral. In single systems it may grow by increases in structural sophistication: the system steadily cumulates increasing numbers of subsystems or sub-functions or sub-parts to break through performance limitations, or enhance its range of operation, or handle exceptional circumstances. Or, it may suddenly increase by ``capturing software'': the system captures simpler elements and learns to ``program'' these as ``software'' to be used to its own ends. Growth in complexity in all three mechanisms is intermittent and epochal. And in the first two is reversible, so that collapses in complexity may occur randomly from time to time. Ilustrative examples are drawn from biology, but from economics, adaptive computation, artificial life, and evolutionary game theory. | Evolution of complexity | https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:wop:safiwp:93-11-070 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Andrews, R., Beynon, M. J., & Aoife, M. | Organizational capability in the public sector: A configurational approach | Journal of public administration research and theory. | 2015 | This article brings together resource-based theory and contingency theory to analyze organizational capability in the public sector. Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis is used to identify configurations of organizational attributes (department size, structural complexity, agencification, personnel instability, use of temporary employees), associated with high and low organizational capability in UK central government departments. Findings identify a single core configuration of organizational attributes associated with high capability departments—low structural complexity and personnel stability. Two core configurations are associated with low capability departments—personnel instability and the combination of structural complexity and departmental agencification. Based on the configurations evident in successful and struggling organizations, discussion illuminates potential organizational design strategies to improve public sector organizational capability. | organizational capability, fuzzy-set analysis, organizational design | https://academic.oup.com/jpart/article-abstract/26/2/239/2886435 |
| Social Innovation | Kallio, K. and I Lappalainen. | Organizational learning in an innovation network: Enhancing the agency of public service organizations | Journal of Service Theory and Practice 25 (2): 140-161 | 2015 | The purpose of this paper is to examine how collaborative service development in a public-private citizen innovation network can be approached as an organizational learning process. Although the importance of learning in networks has been highlighted in earlier studies, the actual processes and outcomes have remained less studied, especially in the public service context. | Organizational learning, innovation network, public service organizations | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2010.09.010 |
| Social Innovation | Ferraro, G. and A. Iovanella. | Organizing collaboration in inter-organizational innovation networks, from orchestration to choreography | International Journal of Engineering Business Management 7 (24): 1-14 | 2015 | Innovation networks constitute a valid structure within which to foster members' abilities to interact and cooperate, in order to reduce environmental uncertainty and face the challenges that derive from economic change. Network members take advantage of their participation in the system by creating and extracting value when performing certain deliberate and purposeful activities. Traditionally the interactions between network members are represented in a hierarchical structure with a prominent member performing a leadership role in managing the system. Recently, more complex organizations have emerged in which the power of the decisions is spread among all partners. In this paper, we overcome the single hub model and propose a new organizational framework called “choreography”, which takes into account all network members, extending the roles of coordination and management throughout the entire network. | Collaboration, inter-organizational innovation networks, orchestration, choreography | https://doi.org/10.5772/61802 |
| Digital Transformation | Veronesi, G. and Keasey, K. | Patient and public participation in the English NHS: an assessment of experimental implementation processes | Public Management Review | 2015 | This article analyses the impact of the implementation of a set of policies introduced after 1997 in the English National Health Service aimed at increasing patient and public involvement in organizational decision-making processes. Adopting the ambiguity/conflict policy implementation model and based on a year-long research project, it shows that patient and public engagement can be more effectively achieved when there is room for interpretation and discretion in selecting the means for involvement. Local initiatives, based on effective leadership governance mechanisms and organizational learning processes, are more likely to generate inclusiveness, shared ownership, and user-centredness than a top-down framework for involvement. | board of directors, national health service, patient and public involvement, policy implementation | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719037.2013.822526?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=rpxm20 |
| Digital Transformation | Bellé, N. | Performance-related pay and the crowding out of motivation in the public sec- tor: A randomized field experiment | Public Administration Review, 75, 230-241 | 2015 | This article advances our understanding of the effects of monetary rewards on public employee performance and of the contingencies that may moderate these effects. In a randomized control-group experiment with nurses working at a local health authority in Italy, performance-related pay (PRP) had a larger effect on task performance when the rewards were kept secret than when they were disclosed. The negative interaction between PRP and visibility was stronger among participants who were exposed to direct contact with a beneficiary of their efforts, which heightened their perception of making a positive difference in other people's lives. These results are consistent with theoretical predictions that monetary incentives for activities with a prosocial impact may crowd out employee image motivation. There were no crowding-out effects when a symbolic reward was substituted for the monetary incentive. | Performance-related, public sector, field experiment | DOI:10.1111/puar.12313 |
| Service Design | Liedtka, J. | Perspective: Linking Design Thinking with Innovation Outcomes through Cognitive Bias Reduction | Journal of Product Innovation Management, 32(6), 925-938 | 2015 | “Design thinking” has generated significant attention in the business press and has been heralded as a novel problem-solving methodology well suited to the often-cited challenges business organizations face in encouraging innovation and growth. Yet the specific mechanisms through which the use of design, approached as a thought process, might improve innovation outcomes have not received significant attention from business scholars. In particular, its utility has only rarely been linked to the academic literature on individual cognition and decision-making. This perspective piece advocates addressing this omission by examining “design thinking” as a practice potentially valuable for improving innovation outcomes by helping decision-makers reduce their individual level cognitive biases. In this essay, I first review the assumptions, principles, and key process tools associated with design thinking. I then establish its foundation in the decision-making literature, drawing on an extensive body of research on cognitive biases and their impact. The essay concludes by advancing a set of propositions and research implications, aiming to demonstrate one particular path that future research might take in assessing the utility of design thinking as a method for improving organizational outcomes related to innovation. In doing so, it seeks to address the challenge of conducting academic research on a practice that is obviously popular in management circles but appears resistant to rigorous empirical inquiry because of the multifaceted nature of its “basket” of tools and processes and the complexity of measuring the outcomes it produces. | design thinking, innovation | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jpim.12163 |
| Digital Transformation | The White House. | President Obama Signs executive order making presidential inno- vation fellows program permanent | 2015 | President Obama, order making, innovation fellows program permanent | https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ the-press-office/2015/08/17/fact-sheet-president-obama-signs-executive-order-making- presidential | ||
| Digital Transformation | Trudeau, J. | President of the treasury board of Canada mandate letter | 2015 | President, treasury board, canada mandate letter | https://pm.gc.ca/eng/president-treasury-board-canada-mandate-letter. | ||
| Living Labs | Keijzer-Broers, W. J. W., Florez-Atehortua, L., & de Reuver, M. | Prototyping a multisided health and wellbeing platform. | Paper presented at the 24th International Conference on Information Systems Development (ISD2015 Harbin), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China | 2015 | A key challenge older adults face is the ability to live independently. Losing their everyday independence is a major concern for older adults. Partly, because they fear this could lead to an involuntary move to an assisted living facility instead of living independently. Since 2015, the Dutch government encourages their citizens to age-in-place, but at the same time struggles how to implement new healthcare regulations. To support both the government and the citizens, we propose an online platform to match supply and demand in the health and wellbeing domain. Such a platform should not only enable end-users to enhance self-management, but also support them to find solutions for everyday problems related to aging-in-place. To illustrate our action design research we established a Living Lab in a metropolitan area in the Netherlands, and developed a prototype of the proposed platform in a real-life setting. The usability of the alpha version of the platform is evaluated with six potential end-users. Their comments are input for next iterations where the ADR team will constantly observe the effects of the platform in a complex social process within the Living Lab setting. | wellbeing, elderly care, healthcare, online platform, living lab, prototype | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283697842_Prototyping_a_Multi-sided_Health_and_Wellbeing_Platform |
| Digital Transformation | O'Toole, L. J., & Meier, K. J. | Public management, context, and performance: Inquest of a more general theory. | Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory | 2015 | Recent years have seen a substantial growth in the large-N quantitative study of public management and performance. Much of the progress can be attributed to a small number of data sets on local governments in a few countries. The range of data sets suggests the validity of the overall hypothesis of management affecting performance, but the precise findings also vary across these and other contexts. These various and sometimes conflicting findings suggest that additional gains might be made through developing a theory of context and how context affects the management-performance linkage. This article seeks to take some initial steps in providing such a theory by incorporating such contextual variables as political context (unitary versus shared powers, single- or multiple-level, corporatist versus adversarial, with or without a formal performance appraisal system), environmental context (extent of complexity, turbulence, and also munificence; presence versus absence of social capital), and internal context (extent of goal clarity and consistency, organizational centralization versus decentralization, and degree of professionalism). The theory presents context as a set of variables that condition the impact of management in an interactive model. The theory seeks to unify the existing findings and present a series of hypotheses for further empirical testing. | public management, theory, quantutative studies, contextual variables | https://academic.oup.com/jpart/article-abstract/25/1/237/887031/ |
| Digital Transformation | Perry, J. L., & Vandenabeele, W. | Public service motivation research: Achievements, challenges, and future directions | Public Administration Review, 75, 692-699 | 2015 | This article takes stock of public service motivation research to identify achievements, challenges, and an agenda for research to build on progress made since 1990. After enumerating achievements and challenges, the authors take stock of progress on extant proposals to strengthen research. In addition, several new proposals are offered, among them conducting more research on the disaggregated construct, developing grounded theory of public service motivation to understand contextual variations across cultures and political institutions, and improving current measures to better capture loyalty to governance regime as an institutional dimension of the public service motivation construct. | Public service, motivation, achievements, challenges, directions | DOI:10.1111/puar.12430 |
| Service Design | Pretlow, C., & Sobel, K. | Rethinking Library Service: Improving the User Experience with Service Blueprinting | Public Services | 2015 | Service blueprinting is a process that businesses use for analyzing and improving service. Originally presented in the Harvard Business Review in 1984, it has retained a strong following ever since. At present, it is experiencing a revival at numerous academic institutions. The authors of this article present the process of service blueprinting. They illustrate it with an example that will be familiar to a range of librarians at academic libraries. | service blueprinting, academic libraries, public services, customer service, computers, usability, library users | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15228959.2014.967826 |
| Service Design | Sundbo J. | Service and experience | In 'Handbook of Services Business: Management, Marketing, Innovation and Internationalisation'; Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar | 2015 | This chapter explores the experience aspect of services, both as a concept within service management and marketing theory. | services, experience | https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781781000403/9781781000403.00019.xml |
| Service Design | Reason, B., Løvlie, L., & Brand Flu, M. | Service Design for Business: A Practical Guide to Optimizing the Customer Experience | Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons | 2015 | A practical approach to better customer experience through service design Service Design for Business helps you transform your customer's experience and keep them engaged through the art of intentional service design. Written by the experts at Livework, this practical guide offers a tangible, effective approach for better responding to customers' needs and demands, and provides concrete strategy that can be implemented immediately. You'll learn how taking a design approach to problem solving helps foster creativity, and how to apply it to the real issues that move businesses forward. Highly visual and organized for easy navigation, this quick read is a handbook for connecting market factors to the organizational challenge of customer experience by seeing your company through the customers' eyes. Livework pioneered the service design industry, and guides organizations including Sony, the British Government, Volkswagen Procter & Gamble, the BBC, and more toward a more carefully curated customer experience. In this book, the Livework experts show you how to put service design to work in your company to solve the ongoing challenge of winning with customers. * Approach customer experience from a design perspective * See your organization through the lens of the customer * Make customer experience an organization-wide responsibility * Analyze the market factors that dovetail with customer experience design The Internet and other digital technology has brought the world to your customers' fingertips. With unprecedented choice, consumers are demanding more than just a great product the organizations coming out on top are designing and delivering experiences tailored to their customers' wants. Service Design for Business gives you the practical insight and service design perspective you need to shape the way your customers view your organization. | service design, business, experience, customer approach | https://www.amazon.es/Service-Design-Business-Optimizing-Experience/dp/1118988922 |
| Service Design | Barrett, M., Davidson, E., Prabhu, J., & Vargo, S. L. | Service innovation in the digital age: key contributions and future directions | MIS quarterly, 39(1), 135-154 | 2015 | Over the last decade, there has been an increasing focus on service across socioeconomic sectors coupled with transformational developments in information and communication technologies (ICTs). Together these developments are engendering dramatic new opportunities for service innovation, the study of which is both timely and important. Fully understanding these opportunities challenges us to question conventional approaches that construe service as a distinctive form of socioeconomic exchange (i.e., as services) and to reconsider what service means and thus how service innovation may develop. The aim of this special issue, therefore, is to bring together some of the latest scholarship from the Marketing and Information Systems disciplines to advance theoretical developments on service innovation in a digital age. | Service innovation, digital age | DOI:10.25300/MISQ/2015/39:1.03 |
| Public service value co creation | Gronroos, C | Service management and marketing: customer management in service competition | 3er edition, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons | 2015 | Service management, marketing, customer management, service competition | https://doi.org/10.1108/09604520910984418 | |
| Public service value co creation | Ostrom, A, Parasuraman, A, Bowen D | Service Research Priorities in a Rapidly Changing Context | Journal of service research | 2015 | The context in which service is delivered and experienced has, in many respects, fundamentally changed. For instance, advances in technology, especially information technology, are leading to a proliferation of revolutionary services and changing how customers serve themselves before, during, and after purchase. To understand this changing landscape, the authors engaged in an international and interdisciplinary research effort to identify research priorities that have the potential to advance the service field and benefit customers, organizations, and society. The priority-setting process was informed by roundtable discussions with researchers affiliated with service research centers and networks located around the world and resulted in the following 12 service research priorities: stimulating service innovation, facilitating servitization, service infusion, and solutions, understanding organization and employee issues relevant to successful service, developing service networks and systems, leveraging service design, using big data to advance service, understanding value creation, enhancing the service experience, improving well-being through transformative service, measuring and optimizing service performance and impact, understanding service in a global context, and leveraging technology to advance service. For each priority, the authors identified important specific service topics and related research questions. Then, through an online survey, service researchers assessed the subtopics’ perceived importance and the service field’s extant knowledge about them. Although all the priorities and related topics were deemed important, the results show that topics related to transformative service and measuring and optimizing service performance are particularly important for advancing the service field along with big data, which had the largest gap between importance and current knowledge of the field. The authors present key challenges that should be addressed to move the field forward and conclude with a discussion of the need for additional interdisciplinary research. | Service, priorities | https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670515576315 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Gallouj F. and Djellal F. | Services and Innovation | The International Library of Critical Writings in Economics series, Edward Elgar Publishers. | 2015 | Service innovation is a young but prolific research field, with a rapidly increasing number of publications being dedicated to the area. This new title provides a collection of the most significant articles that have helped build and develop this subject from a theoretical, empirical and methodological perspective. Together with an original introduction by the editors, the 43 seminal papers in this book address the key focuses of the subject, including the theories, nature and measurement of innovation in services, and other concerns, such as the role of knowledge intensive business services (KIBS) in client innovation. | service innovation, theory, empirical evidence, KIBS | https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/services-and-innovation |
| Digital Transformation | Eriksen, T. H. | Small Places, Large Issues - An Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology | London: Pluto Press. | 2015 | Ranging from the Pacific islands to the Arctic north and from small villages to modern nation states, this concise introduction to social and cultural anthropology reveals the rich global variation in social life and culture. The text also provides a clear overview of anthropology, focusing on central topics such as kinship, ethnicity, ritual and political systems, offering a wealth of examples that demonstrate the enormous scope of anthropology and the importance of a comparative perspective. Unlike previous texts on the subject, "Small Places, Large Issues" broadens the study to incorporate the anthropology of complex modern societies, thus providing a unique key text for all students of social and cultural anthropology. Using reviews of key monographs to illustrate his argument, Eriksen's text remains an established introductory text in anthropology. This new edition is updated throughout and includes a new chapter on the history of anthropology. It also shows clearly and comprehensively, through numerous new examples, why classic studies of small-scale societies are relevant for the study of complex phenomena such as nationalism, consumption and the Internet. In this way, the book bridges an often perceived gap between "classic" and "contemporary" anthropology. | anthropology, society, culture | https://www.amazon.es/Small-Places-Large-Issues-Introduction/dp/0745317723 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Kim, K., Lee, WR and J. Altmann. | SNA-based innovation trend analysis in software service networks | Electronic Markets 25 (1): 61-72 | 2015 | Service networks can be considered to be open innovation systems. It has led to research on the structure of these networks, concentrating on the static network topology and its effect on innovation. However, the research misses the changes of network positions over time. In this paper, we examine the changes of nodes’ positions in a software service network. The software service network has been built from empirical data. In this network, a node represents a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) service and a link denotes a re-use of existing software services through a new service. Our results suggest that: first, software services undergo life cycles in their network positions; second, some software services achieve to hub position in their life cycle while others a core position; and third, an innovation trend appears at service category level not just by a single service. These results imply that innovation studies should not only consider static network positions and topologies but also trends of changing positions within the network. | Innovation trend analysis, software service networks | https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-014-0164-8 |
| Social Innovation | Niemi, I., Aps, J., Bach, P., Lukjanska, R., Danys, M., Cebula, A. and Bergstrand, B.-O. | Social entrerprise sector snapshot around | The Baltic Sea: Stakeholders, education, impact analysis, Bruxelles: Erasmus+ | 2015 | Social, sector | https://kooperationen.dk/media/114998/social-enterprise-sector-snapshot-around-the-baltic-sea-stakeholders-education-impact-analysis.pdf | |
| Social Innovation | Bach, P. | Socialøkonomiske virksomheder - øjebliksbillede fra landene omkring det Baltiske Hav | Aarhus: Sociale entreprenører i Danmark / Social Entrepreneurship Support Network of the Baltic Sea Region | 2015 | Socialøkonomiske virksomheder | https://socialeentreprenorer.dk/wp-content/uploads/attachments/SocialokonomiskeVirksomhederOjebliksbillede-05.03.pdf | |
| Digital Transformation | Kane, Gerald C., Palmer, Doug, Phillips, Anh Nguyen, Kiron, David & Buckley, Natasha. | Strategy, not technology, drives digital transformation | MIT Sloan Management Review and Deloitte University Press, (14), 1-25 | 2015 | Strategy, not technology, drives digital transformation | https://zonecours2.hec.ca/sdata/c/attachment/6-700-15.A2016.J01/OpenSyllabus/01_Strategy%20not%20techno%20drives%20digital%20transfo.pdf | |
| Public service value co creation | Verleye K. | The co-creeation experience from the customer perspective: its measurement and determinants | Journal of Service Management 26 | 2015 | Purpose: Companies increasingly opt for co-creation by engaging customers in new product and service development processes. The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the customer experience in co-creation situations and its determinants. | Service innovation, New product developement, Co-creation, Experience, Service co-creation, Expectations | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JOSM-09-2014-0254/full/html |
| Social Innovation | Eggers W. D. and Bellman J. | The journey to government's digital transformation. | Deloitte | 2015 | Overwhelmingly, we found that digital technologies are having a major impact on government: Three-fourths of the respondents told us that digital technologies are disrupting the public sector; nearly all (96 percent) characterised the impact on their domain as significant. Truly transforming government through the power of digital technologies will be a journey. This report provides an insight into that journey and the characteristics which determine a digitally mature organisation, allowing you to map your current position and focus on the operational aspects which will drive your transformation. Our research suggests there is a common set of issues and barriers. In this section we explore some of the challenges that the UK public sector faces, in comparison to governments across the globe. Importantly the report provides some valuable advice on addressing these barriers, based on experience from across the public sector. | digital technologies, public sector, impact, issues and barriers | https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/public-sector/articles/the-journey-to-governments-digital-transformation.html# |
| Digital Transformation | Denhardt, J.V. and Denhardt, R.B. | The New Public Service Revisited | Public Administration Review | 2015 | The New Public Service describes a set of norms and practices that emphasize democracy and citizenship as the basis for public administration theory and practice. This article revisits some of the core arguments of the New Public Service and examines how they have been practiced and studied over the past 15 years. The authors conclude that neither the principles of the New Public Service nor those of the New Public Management have become a dominant paradigm, but the New Public Service, and ideas and practices consistent with its ideals, have become increasingly evident in public administration scholarship and practice. | New Public Service, public administration | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/puar.12347 |
| Service Design | Osborne, S. P., Radnor, Z., Kinder, T., & Vidal, I. | The SERVICE Framework: A Public-service- dominant Approach to Sustainable Public Services | British Journal of Management, 26(3), 424-438 | 2015 | In this paper we argue that the new public management has been a flawed paradigm for public services delivery that has produced very internally efficient but externally ineffective public service organizations. Subsequently we develop the SERVICE framework for sustainable public services and public service organizations. This framework is rooted within the public‐service‐dominant business logic and emphasizes the need for a focus on external value creation rather than internal efficiency alone. | SERVICE framework, public-service- dominant, public services | doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12094 |
| Public service value co creation | Osborne, S. P., Radnor, Z., Kinder, T., & Vidal, I. | The SERVICE Framework: A Public-service-dominant Approach to Sustainable Public Services | British Journal of Management | 2015 | In this paper we argue that the new public management has been a flawed paradigm for public services delivery that has produced very internally efficient but externally ineffective public service organizations. Subsequently we develop the SERVICE framework for sustainable public services and public service organizations. This framework is rooted within the public‐service‐dominant business logic and emphasizes the need for a focus on external value creation rather than internal efficiency alone. | New Public Management, service framework, Public Service Dominant Logic | doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12094 |
| Public service value co creation | Osborne, S.P., Radnor, Z., Kinder, T. and Vidal, I. | The SERVICE framework: a public-service-dominant approach to sustainable public services | British Journal of Management, 26.3 (2015) : 424-438 | 2015 | In this paper we argue that the new public management has been a flawed paradigm for public services delivery that has produced very internally efficient but externally ineffective public service organizations. Subsequently we develop the SERVICE framework for sustainable public services and public service organizations. This framework is rooted within the public-service-dominant business logic and emphasizes the need for a focus on external value creation rather than internal efficiency alone. | New Public Management, public services, public organizations, service-dominant logic, value creation | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274322330_The_SERVICE_Framework_A_Public-service-dominant_Approach_to_Sustainable_Public_Services |
| Service Design | Blomberg, J., & Darrah, C. | Towards an Anthropology of Services | The Design Journal | 2015 | This paper proposes an anthropology of services with implications for service science and design. Contemporary services are often presented as a rupture with previous economic regimes such as manufacturing, a discontinuity that allows services to be conceptualized as a professional domain. We argue instead that services have long characterized the human condition and that they are always embedded in local contexts. An anthropology of services explicates these social contexts to develop more varied and grounded approaches to service encounters, notions of co-production and co-creation, value propositions and service systems. Paradoxically, an anthropology of services draws attention to the conceptual and methodological messiness of service worlds and in doing so it contributes to expanding our understanding of the variety of services, the limits to their conceptualization as objects of design and the possibilities for intervening in and around them to contribute to human betterment. | anthropology, service concepts, human condition | https://doi.org/10.2752/175630615X14212498964196 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Martin B. | Twenty challenges for innovation studies | SPRU Working Paper Series, SWPS 2015-30, November | 2015 | With the field of innovation studies (IS) now half a century old, the occasion has been marked by several studies looking back to identify the main advances made over its lifetime. Starting from a list of 20 advances over the field’s history, this discussion paper sets out 20 challenges for coming decades. The intention is to prompt a debate within the IS community on what are, or should be, the key challenges, and more generally on what sort of field we aspire to be. It is argued that the empirical focus of our studies has failed to keep pace with the fast changing world, especially the shift from manufacturing to services and the increasingly urgent need for sustainability. The way we conceptualise, define, operationalise and analyse ‘innovation’ seems somewhat rooted in the past, leaving us less able to grapple with other less visible or ‘dark’ forms of innovation. | innovation studies, challenges, empirical focus | https://academic.oup.com/spp/article/43/3/432/2363502 |
| Public service value co creation | Gkatzidou, V., Hone, K., Sutcliffe, L., Gibbs, J., Sadiq, S. T., Szczepura, A., Estcourt, C. | User interface design for mobile-based sexual health interventions for young people: Design recommendations from a qualitative study on an online Chlamydia clinical care pathway | Bmc Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 15 | 2015 | Background. The increasing pervasiveness of mobile technologies has given potential to transform healthcare by facilitating clinical management using software applications. These technologies may provide valuable tools in sexual health care and potentially overcome existing practical and cultural barriers to routine testing for sexually transmitted infections. In order to inform the design of a mobile health application for STIs that supports self-testing and self-management by linking diagnosis with online care pathways, we aimed to identify the dimensions and range of preferences for user interface design features among young people. Methods. Nine focus group discussions were conducted (n = 49) with two age-stratified samples (16 to 18 and 19 to 24 year olds) of young people from Further Education colleges and Higher Education establishments. Discussions explored young people’s views with regard to: the software interface; the presentation of information; and the ordering of interaction steps. Discussions were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Interview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Results. Four over-arching themes emerged: privacy and security; credibility; user journey support; and the task-technology-context fit. From these themes, 20 user interface design recommendations for mobile health applications are proposed. For participants, although privacy was a major concern, security was not perceived as a major potential barrier as participants were generally unaware of potential security threats and inherently trusted new technology. Customisation also emerged as a key design preference to increase attractiveness and acceptability. Conclusions. Considerable effort should be focused on designing healthcare applications from the patient’s perspective to maximise acceptability. The design recommendations proposed in this paper provide a valuable point of reference for the health design community to inform development of mobile–based health interventions for the diagnosis and treatment of a number of other conditions for this target group, while stimulating conversation across multidisciplinary communities. | Focus Group; Mobile Phone; Sexual Health; Focus Group Discussion; Mobile Health | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-015-0197-8 |
| Service Design | Gkatzidou, V., Hone, K., Sutcliffe, L., Gibbs, J., Sadiq, S. T., Szczepura, A., Estcourt, C. | User interface design for mobile-based sexual health interventions for young people: Design recommendations from a qualitative study on an online Chlamydia clinical care pathway | Bmc Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 15 | 2015 | The increasing pervasiveness of mobile technologies has given potential to transform healthcare by facilitating clinical management using software applications. These technologies may provide valuable tools in sexual health care and potentially overcome existing practical and cultural barriers to routine testing for sexually transmitted infections. In order to inform the design of a mobile health application for STIs that supports self-testing and self-management by linking diagnosis with online care pathways, we aimed to identify the dimensions and range of preferences for user interface design features among young people. | Interface design, mobile-based sexual health, recommendations | doi:10.1186/s12911-015-0197-8 |
| Living Labs | Lub V. | Validity in qualitative evaluation: Linking purposes, paradigms and perspectives | International Journal of Qualitative Methods | 2015 | This article provides a discussion on the question of validity in qualitative evaluation. Although validity in qualitative inquiry has been widely reflected upon in the methodological literature (and is still often subject of debate), the link with evaluation research is underexplored. Elaborating on epistemological and theoretical conceptualizations by Guba and Lincoln and Creswell and Miller, the article explores aspects of validity of qualitative research with the explicit objective of connecting them with aspects of evaluation in social policy. It argues that different purposes of qualitative evaluations can be linked with different scientific paradigms and perspectives, thus transcending unproductive paradigmatic divisions as well as providing a flexible yet rigorous validity framework for researchers and reviewers of qualitative evaluations. | Validity, evaluation research, validity checklist, reliability, policy research | https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406915621406 |
| Public service value co creation | Hardyman W, Daunt KL, Kitchener M. | Value co-creation through patient engagement in health care: A micro-level approach and research agenda. | Public Management Review 17 | 2015 | Patient engagement has gained increasing prominence within academic literatures and policy discourse. With limited developments in practice, most extant academic contributions are conceptual, with initiatives in the National Health Service (NHS) concentrating at macro- rather than at micro-level. This may be one reason why the issue of ‘value co-creation’ has received limited attention within academic discussions of patient engagement or policy pronouncements. Drawing on emerging ideas in the services marketing and public management literatures, this article offers the first elucidation of the importance of studying ‘value co-creation’ as a basis for further empirical analysis of patient engagement in micro-level encounters. | Patient engagement, value co-creation, service-dominant logic, micro-level approach | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719037.2014.881539 |
| Public service value co creation | Boswell, J., Settle, C. and Dugdale, A. | Who speaks, and in what voice? The challenge of engaging ‘the public’ in health policy decision-making | Public Management Review | 2015 | Despite widespread calls for greater public involvement in governance, especially in relation to health policy, significant challenges remain in identifying any such legitimate ‘public’ voice. This research investigates this problem through a case study. It examines how actors experienced and interpreted a government-commissioned citizen’s jury on health spending prioritization in relation to the work of the local health care consumers’ organization. The analysis highlights an unproductive tension around this encounter, and points to more complementary ways in which such top–down and bottom–up efforts might be coordinated. It, therefore, contributes significantly to efforts to strengthen the public voice in contemporary health governance. | administrative reform, citizens, consumers, customer preferences, New Public Management | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719037.2014.943269?tokenDomain=eprints&tokenAccess=Pzzbbk7EIQSyZiQdfmTe&forwardService=showFullText&doi=10.1080%2F14719037.2014.943269&doi=10.1080%2F14719037.2014.943269&journalCode=rpxm20 |
| Living Labs | Autor, D.H. | Why are there still so many jobs? the history and future of workplace automation | The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(3): 3-30 | 2015 | In this essay, I begin by identifying the reasons that automation has not wiped out a majority of jobs over the decades and centuries. Automation does indeed substitute for labor—as it is typically intended to do. However, automation also complements labor, raises output in ways that leads to higher demand for labor, and interacts with adjustments in labor supply. Journalists and even expert commentators tend to overstate the extent of machine substitution for human labor and ignore the strong complementarities between automation and labor that increase productivity, raise earnings, and augment demand for labor. Changes in technology do alter the types of jobs available and what those jobs pay. In the last few decades, one noticeable change has been a "polarization" of the labor market, in which wage gains went disproportionately to those at the top and at the bottom of the income and skill distribution, not to those in the middle; however, I also argue, this polarization is unlikely to continue very far into future. The final section of this paper reflects on how recent and future advances in artificial intelligence and robotics should shape our thinking about the likely trajectory of occupational change and employment growth. I argue that the interplay between machine and human comparative advantage allows computers to substitute for workers in performing routine, codifiable tasks while amplifying the comparative advantage of workers in supplying problem-solving skills, adaptability, and creativity. | History, future, workplace automation | https://economics.mit.edu/files/11563 |
| Digital Transformation | Mitchell, B. | The secret to USDS, 18F hiring success | FedScoop | 2016 | Secret success | https:// www.fedscoop.com/the-secrets-to-usds-18f-hiring-success/ | |
| Public service value co creation | Williams, BN, Kang, SC, & Johnson, J | (Co)-Contamination as the Dark Side of Co-Production: Public value failures in co-production processes | Public Management Review | 2016 | Co-production is associated with the expanding role that citizens and other third-party actors assume in the development and delivery of public services. While there are benefits to co-production, there are also challenges. This study draws from the marketing literature on value co-destruction to describe the processes in co-production of public services that can negatively affect public values from regular producers and users. We refer to this public value failure as co-contamination. Two case studies are used to explore some of the ‘dark sides’ of co-production. Our analyses reveal the co-contaminating aspects of this process and offer implications for public managers. | Contamination, co-production, public value | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2015.1111660 |
| Public service value co creation | Criado, J., & Ruvalcaba, E. | ¿Qué es y qué se entiende por Gobierno Abierto? Análisis de la percepción e implementación del Gobierno Abierto en el ámbito local español. (What is and what is meant by Open Government? Analysis of the perception and implementation of Open Government in the local Spanish context.) | NovaGob Academia. Colección NovaGob Academia nº1. Madrid: NovaGob. Retrieved January, 11, 2017. | 2016 | The Open Government concept is in the process of maturing, collaborating in the consolidation of a new paradigm in public management. This has generated increasing attention from politicians, academics and public managers / employees. However, beyond the rhetoric that is sometimes a bit overblown, little is known about how the consolidation of Open Government is developing, and less so at the local level. Therefore, this study aims to better understand what "Open Government" means, from the perception of public managers dedicated to their management and promotion in local governments. | open government, collaboration, public management, local government | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312474740_Que_es_y_que_se_entiende_por_Gobierno_Abierto_Analisis_de_la_percepcion_e_implementacion_del_Gobierno_Abierto_en_el_ambito_local_espanol |
| Living Labs | Hesseldal, L. & Kayser, L. | A living lab in the intersection between the informal and formal structures | Healthcare innovation | 2016 | The need to innovate is increasingly important for all types and sizes of organizations, but the opportunities for innovation differ substantially between them. For micro-, small,- and medium-sized enterprises, innovation activities are both crucial and demanding because of limited resources, competencies, or vision to innovate their offerings. To support these organizations, the concept of living labs as a service has started to emerge. This concept refers to living labs offering services such as designing the idea-generation processes, planning or carrying out real-world tests of innovations, and pre-market launch assessments. In this article, we will present the findings from a study of micro-enterprises operating in the information technology development sector, including the experienced value of services provided to the companies by a research-based living lab. We share experiences from Botnia, our own living lab in northern Sweden. In this living lab, our aim of creating value for customers is of key importance. Our study shows that using a living lab as a service can generate three different types of value: improved innovations, the role the living lab can play, and the support the living lab offers. | Living lab, informal, formal, structures | https://www.u4iot.eu/pdf/U4IoT_LivingLabMethodology_Handbook.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Janssen, M., & van der Voort, H. | Adaptive governance: Towards a stable, ac- countable and responsive government | Government Information Quarterly, 33(1), 1–5 | 2016 | Organizations are expected to adapt within a short time to deal with changes that might become disruptive if not adequately dealt with. Yet many organizations are unable to adapt effectively or quickly due to the established institutional arrangements and patterns of decision-making and governance. Adaptive governance should enhance the capacity of an organization to deal with and adapt to changes, while protecting the same organization from becoming unstable. Strategies of adaptive governance include utilizing internal and external capabilities, decentralizing decision-making power, and seeking to inform higher-level decisions from bottom-up. At the same time, adaptive strategies may challenge stability and accountability, which remain essential for governments. This means that adaptive governance implies a ‘balancing act’, and a reliance on ambidextrous strategies. The aim of this editorial is to introduce the concept of adaptive governance and discuss its implications for governments in the digital age. | agility, adaptability, speed, institutions, e-government, ambidexterity, adaptive governance, agile development, innovation, governance | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X16300156 |
| Digital Transformation | Mergel, I. | Agile innovation management in government: A research agenda. | Government Information Quarterly, 33 (3), S. 516-523 | 2016 | Governments are facing an information technology upgrade and legacy problem: outdated systems and acquisition processes are resulting in high-risk technology projects that are either over budget or behind schedule. Recent catastrophic technology failures, such as the failed launch of the politically contested online marketplace Healthcare.gov in the U.S. were attributed to an overreliance on external technology contractors and failures to manage large-scale technology contracts in government. As a response, agile software development and modular acquisition approaches, new independent organizational units equipped with fast reacting teams, in combination with a series of policy changes are developed to address the need to innovate digital service delivery in government. This article uses a process tracing approach, as well as initial qualitative interviews with a subset of executives and agency-level digital services members to provide an overview of the existing policies and implementation approaches toward an agile innovation management approach. The article then provides a research framework including research questions that provide guidance for future research on the managerial implementation considerations necessary to scale up the initial efforts and move toward a collaborative and agile innovation management approach in government. | agile government, agility, agile development, digital service delivery, innovation | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X16301101 |
| Public service value co creation | Boyer, E.J., Van Slyke, D.M. and Rogers, J.D. | An empirical examination of public involvement in public-private partnerships: qualifying the benefits of public involvement in PPPs | Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory | 2016 | This article investigates the roles and impacts of public involvement in public-private partnerships (PPPs). Our findings contribute to the literature on public-private collaborations by demonstrating the ways that the facilitation of deliberative activities can provide administrative benefits to PPPs. The results suggest that although public involvement can improve support from citizens and political leaders for PPPs and improve the tailoring of project designs to local conditions, the processes have little effect on expediting project delivery or in addressing power imbalances between public and private sectors. We also find that a combination of in-person approaches and virtual approaches to public involvement can improve the achievement of performance standards in PPPs. | public private partnership, examination, performance standard, private sector, public sector, leader, citizen, human being, public-private partnerships, public involvement. | https://experts.syr.edu/en/publications/an-empirical-examination-of-public-involvement-in-public-private- |
| Digital Transformation | The Government, Local Government Denmark, & Danish Regions. | Astronger and more secure digital Denmark | The Digital strategy 2016-2020 | 2016 | Astronger, secure, digital Denmark | https://en.digst.dk/media/14143/ds single page uk web.pdf | |
| Living Labs | European Platform for Rehabilitation. | Building capacity for excellence in service provision for people with disabilities | Briefing Paper co-production of services. Brussels, Belgium: European Platform for Rehabilitation | 2016 | Capacity, service provision, people disabilities | http://epr.eu/wp-content/uploads/EPR_Presentation.pdf | |
| Public service value co creation | Frow, P, McColl-Kennedy R, & Payne, A | Co-creation practices: Their role in shaping a health care ecosystem | Industrial Marketing Management 56 | 2016 | Co-creation is described as a resource integration process involving actors that are linked within a service ecosystem. This process occurs when value propositions attract actors to share their resources during collaborative activities and interactions, termed co-creation practices. The purpose of this paper is three-fold: (1) to develop a typology of co-creation practices that shape a dynamic health care service ecosystem, identifying those practices that have positive effects, those that have negative effects, and those that can have either positive or negative effects on the service ecosystem; (2) to provide indicative measures of co-creation practices; and (3) to offer a compelling research agenda. Actors assess their resources and seek to address resource gaps, engaging in co-creation practices that offer access to valued resources. As such, we argue that co-creation practices play a central role in shaping the service ecosystem, influencing which resources are available, when they are employed, and how they are integrated. We develop a typology consisting of eight co-creation practices, illustrating these in the context of a health care ecosystem. We provide a set of indicative measures, identifying how co-creation practices can impact the well-being of the ecosystem, and develop a research agenda calling for further studies in this important area. | Co-creation practices, Resource integration, Value co-creation, Ecosystem, Health care | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001985011630030X |
| Social Innovation | Torfing, J. | Collaborative Innovation in the Public Sector | Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press | 2016 | This article claims that there is a need for a new form of innovation in the public sector because bureaucratic (closed) ways of innovating do not yield the quantity and quality of innovations necessary to solve emergent and persistent policy challenges. Based on these shortcomings the article defines a set of criteria, which a suitable form of public sector innovation needs to fulfill. The article shows that collaborative innovation meets these criteria because it opens the innovation cycle to a variety of actors and taps into innovation resources across borders, overcomes cultural restrictions and creates broad socio-political support for public sector innovation. The article highlights risks and issues associated with collaborative innovation and that the concept should not be discarded on these grounds since there is no suitable alternative to tackle emergent and persistent challenges. Finally, the article suggests capacities, which government needs to develop to successfully implement collaborative innovation. However as research on innovation in the public sector is rather thin the article suggests a map for further research to substantiate the role of collaborative innovation in the public sector. | Collaborative innovation, public sector | https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1h64pfm |
| Digital Transformation | Senato della Republica | Commissario straordinario per l'attuazione dell'Agenda digitale | Articolo 1, commi (pp. 585–586). Italy: Government of Italy | 2016 | Commissario straordinario, agenda digitale | http://presidenza.governo.it/AmministrazioneTrasparente/Organizzazione/CommissariStraordinari/CS_Attias/Piano%20triennale%20di%20prevenzione%20della%20corruzione%20_2019.pdf | |
| Service Design | Nimegeer, A., Farmer, J., Munoz, S. A., & Currie, M. | Community participation for rural healthcare design: description and critique of a method | Health & Social Care in the Community, 24(2), 175-183 | 2016 | This paper outlines a community participation process that was developed to engage rural community stakeholders in designing new health services. The paper explains what led up to the process and provides critique around applying the process for other health services and in other communities. Internationally, community participation is widely invoked, but it is only broadly explained in the literature, other than reviews of outcomes or descriptions of problems. This paper provides an actual process, derived from iterative research, that others could use, but explains caveats in the method and its application. From developing this method of community participation for service design, we conclude that rather than being a benign and inherently 'good thing', community participation is a process into which health services managers and communities should enter cautiously. Stronger parameters around desirable outcomes and awareness of potential pitfalls in the process are important to address. | community participation; outcomes; primary healthcare; rural health; service delivery models; service design | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25684597 |
| Public service value co creation | Osborne S, Radnor Z, Strokosch K. | Co-Production and the Co-Creation of Value in Public Services: A suitable case for treatment? | Public Management Review 18 | 2016 | Co-production is currently one of cornerstones of public policy reform across the globe. Inter alia, it is articulated as a valuable route to public service reform and to the planning and delivery of effective public services, a response to the democratic deficit and a route to active citizenship and active communities, and as a means by which to lever in additional resources to public service delivery. Despite these varied roles, co-production is actually poorly formulated and has become one of a series of ‘woolly-words’ in public policy. This paper presents a conceptualization of co-production that is theoretically rooted in both public management and service management theory. It argues that this is a robust starting point for the evolution of new research and knowledge about co-production and for the development of evidence-based public policymaking and implementation. | value co-creation, co-production, public services, reform, management theory | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297755681_Co-Production_and_the_Co-Creation_of_Value_in_Public_Services_A_suitable_case_for_treatment |
| Public service value co creation | Meijer, A | Coproduction as a structural transformation of the public sector | The International journal of public sector management | 2016 | Recent years have witnessed growing public administration practitioners’ and researchers’ interests in the involvement of citizens as co-producers of public service design and delivery. With advanced information and communication technologies (ICT) favoring multilateral interactivity and ubiquitous communication, governments are able to expand new opportunities for public service co-production. This literature review contributes to our understanding of current knowledge about the use of ICTs in co-production and the potential outcomes. The results of the review show three models of ICT-enabled co-production: (1) Citizen-sourcing; (2) Automatic Co-production; (3) Government as an Open Platform, each with its unique features in terms of citizens’ contributions, citizens’ capacities, and government openness. This review highlights future developments in electronic sensors and the use of data could lead to new approaches to co-production. ICT-enabled coproduction is promising to bring positive outcomes on public service provision and citizen engagement, yet the effectiveness of those practices is conditioned on factors both inside and outside government organizations. The review also indicates that ICT-enabled co-production is not a panacea and potential dark sides need to be acknowledged. Future research needs to address critical drivers and barriers for governments to utilize different models of ICT-enabled coproduction as well as to evaluate the outcomes of those practices in multiple contexts. | Coproduction, transformation, public sector | https://doi.org/10.1145/3325112.3325232 |
| Social Innovation | Meijer, A. | Coproduction as a structural transformation of the public sector | International Journal of Public Sector Management | 2016 | Purpose Coproduction fundamentally changes the roles of citizens and governments. The purpose of this paper is to enhance the theoretical understanding of the transformative changes in the structural order of the public domain that result from the coproduction of public services. Design/methodology/approach This paper builds upon both the literature on coproduction of public services, new public governance and on social contracts between citizens and the state to identify the nature, drivers and implications of the transformation. The argument is illustrated with examples from crime control and healthcare. Findings The analysis identified an institutional misfit and highlights four key issues that are key to the understanding of the structural transformation of public services: compensation for time and knowledge resources, responses to new forms of (in)equality, risk of conflicts between citizens and re-organizing accountability. Research limitations/implications The analysis highlights the need for further research into the implications of coproduction for government legitimacy, transfer of power, financial implications, representativeness and consequences for non-coproducing citizens. Originality/value This paper links instrumental debates about the coproduction of public services to fundamental debates about the relations between government and citizens and identifies substantial issues that are raised by this structural transformation in the public domain and that require new responses. | coproduction, New public governance, Structural transformation | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJPSM-01-2016-0001/full/html |
| Public service value co creation | Alford J. | Co-production, interdependence and publicness: extending public service dominant logic | Public Management Review, 673-691 | 2016 | This article argues that while the idea of public service-dominant logic (PSDL) has much to offer, there remains room to extend it. First, the article fine-tunes the argument that co-production is unavoidable in services management, by categorizing the different things co-producers provide and analysing their interdependencies. Second, it seeks to account for collectively consumed public value, which is neglected in PSDL. Third, it recognizes that far from ‘delighting’ customers, many public services entail applying the coercive authority of the state to those with whom they deal. The article proposes a reconceptualization of the notion of ‘client focus’. | co-production, services management, publicness, social exchange, public service-dominant logic, co-creation | https://econpapers.repec.org/article/tafpubmgr/v_3a18_3ay_3a2016_3ai_3a5_3ap_3a673-691.htm |
| Public service value co creation | Alford, J | Co-Production, Interdependence and Publicness: Extending public service-dominant logic | Public Management Review, 673-691 | 2016 | This article argues that while the idea of public service-dominant logic (PSDL) has much to offer, there remains room to extend it. First, the article fine-tunes the argument that co-production is unavoidable in services management, by categorizing the different things co-producers provide and analysing their interdependencies. Second, it seeks to account for collectively consumed public value, which is neglected in PSDL. Third, it recognizes that far from ‘delighting’ customers, many public services entail applying the coercive authority of the state to those with whom they deal. The article proposes a reconceptualization of the notion of ‘client focus’. | Co-Production, public service | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2015.1111659 |
| Public service value co creation | Yang, K | Creating Public Value and Institutional Innovations across Boundaries: An Integrative Process of Participation, Legitimation, and Implementation | Public administration review | 2016 | Public value creation has become a critical challenge, but existing approaches have limitations and it is unclear how they can be integrated. This article addresses this issue by analyzing four best-practice cases in which public value was created through the integration of community indicators and government performance management. It identifies an iterative process of participation, legitimation, and implementation, with institutional innovations across boundaries between civil society, politics, and administration. These institutional innovations help integrate the often fragmented arenas of participation, legitimation, and implementation. | public administration, performance management, public relations, politics, iterative and incremental developement, government, economics, civil society, legitimation, public value | https://scinapse.io/papers/2363554882 |
| Living Labs | Cimatti, B. | Definition, development, assessment of soft skills and their role for the quality of organizations and enterprises | International Journal for Quality Research, 10 (1): 97-130 | 2016 | Soft Skills is a very popular term nowadays, used to indicate personal transversal competences such as social aptitudes, language and communication capability, friendliness and ability of working in team and other personality traits that characterize relationships between people. Soft Skills are traditionally considered complementary of Hard Skills, which are the abilities to perform a certain type of task or activity. Soft Skills are strategic to be successful in personal and professional life then are essential for a candidate when he tries to obtain any kind of job. Enterprises generally hire new employees, in particular recent graduates, taking more in consideration their Soft Skills than their Hard Skills. This happens also for technical professions, such as engineers, because the company, in order to be competitive, needs to create good and effective teams and a collaborative working atmosphere. The quality of products provided by any industry then doesn't only base on the materials chosen and on the technology used, neither only on the expertise of workers who contribute to their fabrication, but also on the quality of the enterprise in its whole. And this quality strongly depends from the human resources involved and their capability of positively interacting to achieve a common aim: the company success. | Definition, development, organizations, enterprises | https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4772&context=dissertations |
| Service Design | Trischler J, Scott DR | Designing public services: the usefulness of three service design methods for identifying user experiences | Public Management Review 18 | 2016 | This article examines the use of three service design methods in exploring complex public service systems. The methods used were the persona technique, mapping techniques in collaborative design workshops, and observations supplemented by group discussions. In their application to a university service, it was found that through their user-centred and collaborative approach, the service design methods assisted in the analysis of user experiences, including critical incidents, within the service system. It was also identified that user co-production formed the core of the service system and its processes, which highlights the need to actively involve users in public service design projects. | Service design, public service systems, public service-dominant logic, service mapping, co-production | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719037.2015.1028017 |
| Digital Transformation | Burlamaqui, L. and R. Kattel. | Development as Leapfrogging, Not Convergence, Not Catch-up: Towards Schumpeterian Theories of Finance and Development | Review of Political Economy 28(2), 270–88 | 2016 | Our aim is to demark a pathway towards Schumpeterian theories of finance and development. To do this, we offer four basic propositions for discussion. First, we suggest that ‘convergence’ and ‘catch-up’ are, from a Schumpeterian perspective, theoretically inadequate concepts as they frame development narratives similarly to the Rostovian idea of a linear path towards some sort of ‘equilibrium imposed on history’. Leapfrogging by means of innovation and finance is put forward as a better approach to analyzing development trajectories. Second, we contend that rather than the often-assumed convergence among nations, history shows that ‘divergence’ is a more common result of development trajectories; this is especially visible in the last half a century. Third, we outline the key features of this Schumpeterian framework, centered on the concept of leapfrogging through innovation and finance. We conclude by highlighting the essential roles of finance and financial governance within this alternative framework for understanding successful development trajectories, and posit that this construct may be labeled a Schumpeterian entrepreneurial state. | Theories, finance, development | https://doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2016.1142718 |
| Digital Transformation | Corydon, B., Ganesan, V., & Lundqvist, M. | Digital by default: A guide to transforming government. | McKinsey Center for Government. | 2016 | Digitizing a government requires attention to two major considerations. The first is the core capabilities that governments use to engage citizens and businesses and carry out their work: the methods and tools they use to provide services, the processes they implement, their approach to making decisions, and their sharing and publishing of useful data. The other consideration is the organizational enablers that support governments in delivering these capabilities: strategy; governance and organization; leadership, talent, and culture; and technology (exhibit). These elements make up a framework that governments can use to set their priorities for a comprehensive digital transformation that boosts the efficiency, responsiveness, and quality of government activity and helps improve quality of life. In this article, we offer a detailed look at the capabilities and enablers in this digital-government framework, along with guidelines and real-world examples drawn from our experience helping government leaders seize the opportunities that digitization has to offer. | digitisation, government, capabilities, enablers, guidelines | https://www.alejandrobarros.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Digital-by-default-A-guide-to-transforming-government-final.pdf |
| Service Design | Orlikowski, W. J. | Digital work: a research agenda. | 2016 | We have been invited to discuss “digital work” and to propose a research agenda for the next decade or so. We value the opportunity to share some thoughts on this important area. In doing so, we will begin with a reconceptualization off the phenomenon that is at stake here, offer some specific examples, and then close by considering some possible future research directions that we hope will be both useful and generative. | Digital, work | http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/108411 | |
| Public service value co creation | Brandsen T. et Honingh M. | Distinguishing different types of co‑production: a conceptual analysis based on the classical definitions | Public Administration Review, 76(3), 427‑435 | 2016 | Coproduction of public services means that services are not only delivered by professional and managerial staff in public agencies but also coproduced by citizens and communities. Although recent research on this topic has advanced the debate considerably, there is still no consensus on precisely what coproduction means. This article argues that rather than trying to determine one encompassing definition of the concept, several different types of coproduction can be distinguished. Starting from the classical definitions of Elinor Ostrom and Roger Parks, the article draws on the literature on professionalism, volunteering, and public management to identify the distinctive nature of coproduction and identify basic dimensions on which a typology of coproduction can be constructed. Recognizing different types of coproduction more systematically is a critical step in making research on this phenomenon more comparable and more cumulative. | Types, co-production, classical definitions | https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12465 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Byrne D.M., Fernald J.G., Reinsdorf M.B. | Does the United States have a productivity slowdown or a measurement problem? | Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Spring, pp. 109- 182 | 2016 | After 2004, measured growth in labor productivity and total factor productivity slowed. We find little evidence that this slowdown arises from growing mismeasurement of the gains from innovation in information technology-related goods and services. First, the mismeasurement of information technology hardware is significant preceding the slowdown. Because the domestic production of these products has fallen, the quantitative effect on productivity was larger in the 1995-2004 period than since then, despite mismeasurement worsening for some types of information technology. Hence, our adjustments make the slowdown in labor productivity worse. The effect on total factor productivity is more muted. Second, many of the tremendous consumer benefits from the "new" economy such as smartphones, Google searches, and Facebook are, conceptually, nonmarket: Consumers are more productive in using their nonmarket time to produce services they value. These benefits raise consumer well-being but do not imply that market sector production functions are shifting out more rapidly than measured. Moreover, estimated gains in nonmarket production are too small to compensate for the loss in overall well-being from slower market sector productivity growth. In addition to information technology, other measurement issues that we can quantify (such as increasing globalization and fracking) are also quantitatively small relative to the slowdown. | Productivity slowdown, measurement problem | https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ByrneEtAl_ProductivityMeasurement_ConferenceDraft.pdf |
| Digital Transformation | Siddiquee N.A. | E-government and transformation of service delivery in developing countries: The Bangladesh experience and lessons. | Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy | 2016 | Since 2009, e-government has been high on governmental agenda in Bangladesh. Seen as a vehicle for improving governance and service delivery, it is also presented as a key to fighting poverty and achieving the millennium development goals. Thus, the goals of e-government remain broad and ambitious. Can a developing country such as Bangladesh realize its e-government vision? The purpose of this paper is to explore this and other related questions seeking to draw lessons that the Bangladesh experience may offer. The paper draws primarily on secondary information, complemented by primary data gathered from various sources. In addition to an extensive review of secondary sources, necessary information was derived from websites of relevant government departments/agencies and through interviews and conversations with selected government officials having intimate knowledge on e-government projects at the field and local levels. The paper demonstrates the ways in which various e-initiatives have transformed traditional administrative systems and practices, notwithstanding the nation’s limited overall e-development. It also shows how e-innovations have helped tackle some complex challenges, thereby adding to convenience and benefits to service users. A major conclusion of the paper is that although e-government is yet to make a breakthrough in governance and service delivery, it has set the wheels of change in motion. E-government must be seen as a long term project, it must attract high-level political support and it requires fruitful collaboration between the public, private and non-governmental actors. This paper adds to the limited knowledge in the field. Lessons learned from the Bangladesh experience have much relevance to other developing countries with similar socioeconomic circumstances. The policymakers and practitioners are expected to benefit from the insights of the paper. | service delivery, e-government, digital Bangladesh, maturity model, union digital centre | https://doi.org/10.1108/TG-09-2015-39 |
| Digital Transformation | Tassabehji R., Hackney R. and Popovic A. | Emergent digital era governance: Enacting the role of the 'institutional entrepreneur' in transformational change. | Government Information Quarterly | 2016 | As e-government matures the realisation of its potential to enact organisational change in the public sector remains unclear. This study examines e-government towards digital era governance (DEG) and the actors involved in this transformational change. We draw upon the concept of ‘enactment’ as a lens to provide insights into relevant theoretical issues. These are operationalised through an enhanced Technology Enactment Framework (TEF) to consider reforms to explore the DEG environment and, specifically, the interventions of the CIO on e-government policies. We employed a case analysis approach from public sector authorities in the US States of California and Nevada with data from CIOs and other key informants. Our findings reveal how public sector CIOs adopt the role of an ‘institutional entrepreneur’, who demonstrate a series of initiatives augmented through identified behaviours. These relate to proactive community mobilisation (leadership, member focus) and legitimisation (discourse, success stories). We outline the policy implications of DEG and the risk factors of senior managers who enact these processes towards complex technological change. Furthermore, the characterisation of institutional entrepreneurial enactment appears to be extremely beneficial to the transformation to DEG within any contemporary public sector context. | digital governance, enactment, institutional entrepreneur, enterprise, transformational change | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X16300338 |
| Social Innovation | Espersen, H. H. | Evaluering af samarbejdet i projekt Bogstart - En opsøgende biblioteksindsats over for familier med før-skolebørn i udsatte boligområder | København: KORA | 2016 | Samarbejdet, projekt Bogstart, biblioteksindsats, udsatte boligområder | https://www.videnomlaesning.dk/media/1886/evaluering-af-bogstart_kora_2016.pdf | |
| Digital Transformation | Office of Management and Budget. | Federal cybersecurity workforce strategy | Washington, DC: Author | 2016 | Federal strategy, cybersecurity, workforce | https://www.chcoc.gov/content/federal-cybersecurity-workforce-strategy | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Kaminski, J. | From community analysis to prototype: Creating an online matchmaker for inflammatory bowel disease patients | Albach, H., Meffert, H., Pinkwart, A., Reichwald, R. and W. von Eiff eds. Boundaryless Hospital: Rethink and Redefine Health Care Management, 295-320, Springer | 2016 | Since about five years, the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence, Cambridge, U.S., and the Chronic Collaborative Care Network (C3N) at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, U.S., have been working together to improve care for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients by harnessing methods of computational social science. The goal of this contribution is (1) to present an approach in measuring communication patterns and sentiments within online communities of IBD patients, (2) to analyze the enablers for a better connectedness of community members, and (3) to introduce a prototype application of a collective intelligent online network for IBD patients, named “YouMeIBD”. The mobile application, developed within an interdisciplinary student class at MIT and four other universities, aims to improve the connectedness, well-being and diffusion of innovations in a community of IBD patients. | Creating, online matchmaker, inflammatory bowel disease patients | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49012-9_17 |
| Public service value co creation | Grande, J. I. C. | Gobernanza inteligente, innovación abierta y tecnologías sociales en unas administraciones públicas colaborativas. ¿Hacia un cambio de paradigma en la gestión pública? | Nuevas tendencias en la gestión pública: Innovación abierta, gobernanza inteligente y tecnologías sociales en unas administraciones públicas colaborativas | 2016 | This chapter draws the most recent paradigms of contemporary public management, including theoretical and conceptual debates (traditional public administration, new public management, and public governance), and the interplay with the new technological paradigm developed since the beginning of the new millennium. Thus, this chapter defines the ideas inspiring contemporary public management and explains the relationship among public sector management and the information and communication technologies, during the last decades. According to the evidence of this book, this chapter insists on the on-going dynamics of change in public sector management as a result of the new technological. This new technological paradigm includes relational, collaborative, and open ideas, and it affects other areas of human life: politics, economics, culture, etc. This study characterizes this changes with a new paradigm in public management: smart governance o smart public governance. | public management, ICTs, change, smart public governance | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327201131_Nuevas_Tendencias_en_la_Gestion_Publica_Innovacion_abierta_gobernanza_inteligente_y_tecnologias_sociales_en_unas_administraciones_publicas_colaborativas |
| Digital Transformation | Margetts, H. and A. Naumann. | Government as a Platform: What Can Estonia Show the World? | Oxford: Oxford Internet Institute | 2016 | The concept of Government as a Platform (GaaP) is based on a digital foundation for government to share data, software and services, and has been proposed as an efficient, effective and innovative model for government, particularly in the UK. But it has come nearest to being realised in Estonia, where underlying layers of data registries, information exchange, secure identification and front-end portals form a platform upon which digital services have been built, earning a global reputation for digital government. This paper looks at the Estonian case across the seven principles of GaaP put forward by its original architect, Tim O’Reilly: openness, simplicity, participation, ‘learning from hackers’, data mining, experimentation, and ‘leading by example’. It finds that openness, simplicity, participation and leading by example – have been core to the design – and to the success - of the Estonian digital government, prioritised over the more ‘bottom-up’ principles, such as experimentation, leading to a centrally driven, rational, data efficient model that has benefitted from sustained leadership. In contrast, the UK government and (from 2011) the Government Digital Service has embraced the more informal principles of experimentation, a ‘hacking’ culture and data mining, but has struggled with openness, simplicity and participation, and is now challenged in its central leadership role. This comparative analysis provides some possible lessons for good government (for example, in terms of citizen focus and flexibility) in both countries, and for the GaaP model itself. | Government, platform | https://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/publications/16061/government-as-a-platform.pdf |
| Digital Transformation | Christy, A. | Government goes agile | Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2016, 13-14 | 2016 | Government, agile | https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/insights/us/articles/3897_Agile-in-government/DUP_Agile-in-Government-series.pdf | |
| Public service value co creation | Hesseldal, L. & Kayser, L. | Healthcare innovation—The epital: A living lab in the intersection between the informal and formal structures. | QSR | 2016 | This study explores an alternative healthcare innovation project in its making using ethnographic research methods. The project is a confined space-a living lab-that cannot fully be described or explained in the same way we normally understand set-ups for healthcare innovation. By creating its own space, in the intersection between formal and informal structures, it draws our attention to a new way of organizing healthcare innovation. Taking an ethnographic research approach, it is suggested how a concept of a bubble can be used to describe the nature of the living lab as a partial and flexible object that constitutes multiple future possibilities. The concept of the bubble challenges the notion of the living lab as a cheese bell, which is the term used by the field participants, inspired by Clayton Christensen. Bringing in theoretical points from Bruno Latour regarding laboratories, this study explores the materiality of the laboratory and its political nature. The study contributes to the debate on innovation in healthcare and especially fuses to the discussion of how to organize healthcare innovation. It argues that we need to pay attention to new kinds of living labs-like the one introduced in this study. | Living labs, innovation, healthcare, "bubble" | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301918558_Healthcare_innovation_-_The_Epital_A_living_lab_in_the_intersection_between_the_informal_and_formal_structures |
| Service Design | Snyder, H., Witell, L., Gustafsson, A., Fombelle, P., & Kristensson, P. | Identifying categories of service innovation: A review and synthesis of the literature | Journal of Business Research, 69(7), 2401-2408. | 2016 | Service innovation acts as society's engine of renewal and provides the necessary catalyst for the service sector's economic growth. Despite service innovation's importance, the concept remains fuzzy and poorly defined. Building on an extensive and systematic review of 1046 academic articles, this research investigates and explores how service innovation is defined and used in research. Results identify four unique service innovation categorizations emphasizing the following traits: (1) degree of change, (2) type of change, (3) newness, and (4) means of provision. The results show that most research focuses inward and views service innovation as something (only) new to the firm. Interestingly, service innovation categorizations appear to neglect both customer value and financial performance. | Service innovation, synthesis, literature | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.01.009 |
| Service Design | Jeong, I., Seo, J., Lim, J., Jang, J. and Kim, J. | Improvement of the Business Model of the disaster management system based on the service design methodology | International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering | 2016 | The type and scale of disasters are changing with the changing social structures in modern society. Natural, social and human disasters occurred individually in the past, but the complexity and scale of these disasters have increased recently. As a result, National Disaster Management Institute (NDMI) has been operating the Smart Big Board (SBB) system to ensure effective real-time disaster management since June 2013. Based on Web GIS, this system can rapidly manage various types of information pertaining to disasters. However, it has not been able to satisfy all users because it was not developed keeping in mind the needs of service users. This study attempts to improve the SBB service using the service design methodology that is currently being widely used to improve public services. The service design process is conducted in accordance with the double diamond model, which utilizes a customer journey map to locate the contact point between user and service. This improved system is especially able to perform user customized disaster management in response to various and complex disaster types. If the improved system is applied to the national emergency management system through the business model design process, it will be able to effectively manage any future disasters. | disaster management system, service design, smart big board | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1f10/27245e51e723bc4c46ca2fe86129034150c3.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Grünfeld LA, Bugge M, Jensen TB, Maurseth, PB Skogli E. | Innovasjon i offentlig sektor og samfunnsøkonomisk lønnsomhet en guide, utvalgte eksempler og en kartlegging av effektstudier (On the economics of public sector innovation) | MENON PUBLIKASJON NR. 72 | 2016 | The report covers the subject of public sector innovation from an economic impact perspective. It consists of three parts plus a simple guide for those who wish to assess the economic impact of an innovation project in the public sector. Part 1 explains what innovation in the public sector is, how much the public sector conducts in Norway, and how innovation contributes to value added in the economy as a whole. This part is mostly conceptual. Part 2 presents a framework for cost-benefit analyses of innovation projects in the public sector. This part presents the theoretical basis behind the impact valuation guide. In addition, this part also contains a presentation of practical cases where we use the framework to demonstrate how it works. Part 3 consists of a relatively brief review of the research literature focusing on the economic impact of innovation in the public sector. We cover both studies on country and sector level. In this chapter, we also present a completely new empirical analysis of the effects of innovation. This was necessary in order to fill in a gap in the existing literature. Part 3 also contains policy recommendations based on the findings in the report. | innovation, public sector, economic impact, value | https://www.ks.no/contentassets/d49e71c0fbd14380a807b58e41d89a6f/innovasjon-i-offentlig-sektor.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Miozzo, M., Desyllas, P., Lee, H.-F. and I. Miles. | Innovation collaboration and appropriability by knowledge-intensive business services firms | Research Policy 45 (7): 1337-1351 | 2016 | We uncover a “paradox of formal appropriability mechanisms” in the case of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) firms. Despite evidence that KIBS firms do not typically consider formal appropriability mechanisms, such as patents, to be central mechanisms for capturing value from innovation, we show that they are nevertheless important for their innovation collaboration. Drawing on an original survey of publicly-traded UK and US KIBS firms, we find a significant positive association between the importance of innovation collaboration and the importance of formal appropriability mechanisms. We interrogate the evidence for clients, as they are the most important partners for innovation collaboration. We find that the importance of innovation collaboration with clients goes hand-in-hand with the importance of formal appropriability mechanisms, although a negative relation appears when firms assign very high importance to formal appropriability mechanisms. Thus, modest levels of emphasis on formal appropriability mechanisms may prevent conflicts over ownership of jointly developed knowledge assets and knowledge leakages, while also avoiding the possibly negative effects of overly strict controls by legal departments on innovation collaboration. As well as exploring formal appropriability mechanisms, we also investigate the relationship between contractual and strategic appropriability mechanisms and innovation collaboration for KIBS firms. | Innovation collaboration, appropriability | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2016.03.018 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Fuglsang L. and Sundbo J. | Innovation in public service systems | Toivonen M. (ed.), Service Innovation: Novel Ways of Creating Value in Actor Systems, Springer Japan, p. 217-234 | 2016 | In this chapter, we examine service innovation in the public sector. We outline the characteristics of service innovation and the conditions that in the public sector differ from market-based service sectors. We use the concept of innovation capabilities as the core concept for comparing private and public service innovations. Service innovation within public service systems requires some of the same innovation capabilities as market-based service sectors. However, because public service systems are integrated in political systems, other, partly overlapping, innovation capabilities are required. The political system’s lead is a particularity. Innovative co-production with users and the involvement of employees and their bricolage are important capabilities, which we find in both private and public services. Yet, in the public sector, these particular capabilities are related to the fact that employees and ‘users’ (citizens) may be driven by a public ethos towards adding value to the public sphere (Benington 2011) and service providers cannot abstain from delivering a given service if the context becomes wicked or complex. The capability of externalizing some services to external partners and create networks among public and private actors is important for innovation in public services. It involves such elements as being able to specify the services, coordinate public and private interests, create trust among public and private partners and justify externalization and collaboration vis-à-vis citizens. | service innovation, public sector, public service innovation, innovation capability | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-4-431-54922-2_10 |
| Digital Transformation | Powell, W. W., Oberg, A., Korff, V. P., Oelberger, C., & Kloos, K. | Institutional analysis in a digital era: Mechanisms and methods to understand emerging fields | In 'New themes in institutional analysis: Topics and issues from European research'; Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar | 2016 | Walter Powell, Achim Oberg, Valeska Korff, Carrie Oelberger and Karina Kloos deal with the processes and mechanisms of organizational change and field transformation. On the one hand, this is a classical topic of neo-institutional theory and research, and the authors make use of an impressive array of knowledge from previous studies here. On the other hand, and based on that ‘intellectual history’ as the authors call it, they conduct a highly innovative study by focusing on new organizational forms and field transformation in the nonprofit sector. To underline innovativeness, the authors have developed a web crawler in order to determine change by analyzing organizations’ websites and their references to other organizations through hyperlinks. By doing so, they identify the diversity and dynamics of organizational fields whose boundaries are becoming increasingly porous. | organizational change, institutional theory, non-profit sector | https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781784716868/9781784716868.00016.xml |
| Public service value co creation | Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. | Institutions and axioms: an extension and update of service-dominant logic | Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 44(1), 5-23 | 2016 | Service-dominant logic continues its evolution, facilitated by an active community of scholars throughout the world. Along its evolutionary path, there has been increased recognition of the need for a crisper and more precise delineation of the foundational premises and specification of the axioms of S-D logic. It also has become apparent that a limitation of the current foundational premises/axioms is the absence of a clearly articulated specification of the mechanisms of (often massive-scale) coordination and cooperation involved in the cocreation of value through markets and, more broadly, in society. This is especially important because markets are even more about cooperation than about the competition that is more frequently discussed. To alleviate this limitation and facilitate a better understanding of cooperation (and coordination), an eleventh foundational premise (fifth axiom) is introduced, focusing on the role of institutions and institutional arrangements in systems of value cocreation: service ecosystems. Literature on institutions across multiple social disciplines, including marketing, is briefly reviewed and offered as further support for this fifth axiom. | S-D logic, Theor,y Institutions, Service-dominant logic, Ecosystems | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11747-015-0456-3 |
| Digital Transformation | Andrews, C. | Integrating public service motivation and self-determination theory: A framework | International Journal of Public Sector Management, 29, 238-254 | 2016 | Integrating public service motivation and self-determination theory: A framework | Integrating public service, self-determination, framework | http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-10-2015-0176 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Desmarchelier B., Djellal F., Gallouj F. | KIBS and the Dynamics of Industrial Clusters: a Complex Adaptive Systems Approach | J. Ferreira, M. Raposo, C. Fermandes, M Dejardin (Eds.) Knowledge Intensive Business Services and Regional Competitiveness, Routledge, London, pp. 48-82 | 2016 | An important and highly debated question in economic geography is how to explain the dynamics of industrial clusters, i.e. their emergence and evolution through time. Two main theories are generally explored, without being confronted: the cluster life cycle theory-which mainly adopts an aggregate point of view-and the network-based approach. Although KIBS are an important actor of industrial clusters, these two theories pay little attention to them as a potential driver of clusters' dynamics. We show in this paper that properly taking KIBS into account requires considering an alternative and integrative approach that conciliates these two theories. In particular, we argue that complex adaptive systems (CAS) constitute a promising basis for such a synthesis. We then operationalize the CAS approach by studying an existing industrial cluster-Skywin (aeronautics in Wallonia region, Belgium)-within this framework. For this purpose, we use an exhaustive list of the innovation projects undertaken within this cluster between 2006 and 2014 and we build temporal innovation networks linking the agents of the cluster. It appears that Skywin's innovation networks exhibit a small-world effect. This implies that any agent who takes part into an innovation project of this cluster can easily benefit from knowledge and information generated within another ongoing project. We argue that this effect is an interesting proxy of a cluster's attractiveness and an appropriate aggregate variable for studying clusters' dynamics as it shows cluster's potential for further growth. We also demonstrate that KIBS are the main responsible for the emergence of this small-world effect in Skywin's innovation networks. | KIBS, dynamics, industrial clusters | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281470274_KIBS_and_the_Dynamics_of_Industrial_Clusters_a_Complex_Adaptive_Systems_Approach |
| Social Innovation | Ibsen, B. and Espersen, H. H. | Kommunernes samarbejde med civile aktører – Forskelle og ligheder i forventninger, praksis, samarbejdspartnere og oplevet udbytte | København: Københavns Kommune | 2016 | Kommunernes samarbejde, civile aktører, forventninger, praksis, samarbejdspartnere, oplevet udbytte | https://www.vive.dk/media/pure/11593/2338837 | |
| Social Innovation | Delica, K. N. | Kulturplanlægning som social innovation: om udvikling af biblioteksbaserede medborgercentre i udsatte boligområder i Danmark | Nordisk Kulturpolitisk Tidskrift, 19(2), 163- 182 | 2016 | Cultural planning has in recent years gained influence as a tool for strategic planning. This is seen especially in accordance with the turn toward «the creative city» and arts-based urban regeneration. Cultural planning as central component in growth focused urban development is increasingly criticized and this article chisels out and expands the critique. It builds on a specific strand of cultural planning research, namely what Greg Young coins as «culturized» planning. A strand that’s intrinsically territorial in its focus, aimed at cross cutting administrative sectors and broadly concerned with the mobilization of cultural resources and cultural institutions. The article adds to the growing literature on cultural planning by aligning it with recent research on social innovation and integrated area development. The empirical vantage point is an analysis of a concrete development project in disintegrated urban areas in Denmark – namely the formation of library based community centers. The analysis discusses the actual work done in the community centers during the time of the projects. The article concludes by stating, that culturized planning holds the potential to develop disadvantaged urban areas as well as cultural institutions. | Kulturplanlægning, social innovation | https://rucforsk.ruc.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/58932596/kulturplanlaegning_som_socialinnovation_om_udvikling_af_b.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Grande, J. I. C. | Las administraciones públicas en la era del gobierno abierto. Gobernanza inteligente para un cambio de paradigma en la gestión pública | Revista de estudios políticos(173), 245-275 | 2016 | Management of public administrations is in a process of transformation, as also occurs in other political dimensions, within a context of change in the technological base of our societies. This article offers a theoretical approach, as well as empirical evidence, regarding recent moves in contemporary public management derived from the adoption, use, and diffusion of social media technologies in public organizations. This article supports the idea of an emerging paradigm in public management denoted as ‘smart governance’, which is compared with previous paradigms on the basis of renewed principles including values derived from philosophy 2.0, open data and transparency, social media platforms, a focus on citizen participation and external knowledge in the decision-making process, and new collaboration dynamics among public employees and organizations (Criado, 2016; Noveck, 2015). This paradigm shift is empirically investigated through four case studies, two social media platforms for citizen crowdsourcing (Challenge.gov y SantanderCityBrain) and two social media platforms for open collaboration among public employees (GitHub y NovaGob). The conclusions of the study shed light on the most recent transformations in the technological dimension of public administration, and discusses to what extent they will impact on our way of understanding the future of the public sector. | Public management; governance; collaboration; public innovation; open government; social technologies; participation 2.0. | https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5698479 |
| Living Labs | Mérindol V. & Versailles D. | Les laboratoires d’innovation ouverte comme dispositif entrepreneurial | Entreprendre & Innover, 31 (4), 52-61 | 2016 | Open Innovation Labs (LIOs) are vehicles for spreading entrepreneurial practices and values in the company. From the comparison of eleven of these devices in nine major French companies, this article puts into perspective the key characteristics of IOLs, their missions, the role of employees, their relationship to the rest of the company and identify their key success factors. . The article emphasizes the importance of the methods of producing the legitimacy of the IOL in the company as well as the role of the management on the modalities of access to the activities of the IOL. | open innovation labs, entrepreneurship, business, France | https://www.cairn.info/revue-entreprendre-et-innover-2016-4-page-52.htm?try_download=1 |
| Digital Transformation | Scott, T. (2016). | Leveraging American Ingenuity through reusable and open source software | White House (Ed.), The White House: What is happening. Washington, DC: The White House | 2016 | Reusable software, open source | https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2016/03/09/leverag- ing-american-ingenuity-through-reusable-and-open-source-software | |
| Living Labs | Schliwa, G. & McCormick, K. | Living labs - Users, citizens and transitions. | In Evans, J; Karvonen, A; Raven, R(eds.), EXPERIMENTAL CITY. Book Series: Routledge Research in Sustainable Urbanism, 163-178 | 2016 | Real-life environments have been used and framed as natural laboratories in which to study and develop new knowledge and understandings of human behaviour since the start of the last century (if not before). Likewise, urban researchers have been studying the phenomenon of urban experimentation for a long time (Bulkeley and Castán Broto 2013; Karvonen et al. 2014). Over the last decade, the city has been increasingly cast as a laboratory for the study of sustainable development (Evans and Karvonen 2011). In particular, an increasing number of institutions call themselves a ‘living lab’, demonstrating the level of interest in this concept from many different stakeholders, such as universities, science parks, business and local governments. Living labs have an appeal as they can suggest rigour and innovation, and in some instances become almost a model for urban development (Evans and Karvonen 2014). | cities, sustainability, innovation | https://portal.research.lu.se/portal/en/publications/living-labs-users-citizens-and-transitions(dd433415-5d8a-4879-b8ac-b45e557ee8fe)/export.html |
| Living Labs | Fernández, F. | Living-Labs: Innovación centrada en el usuario en la Sociedad de la Información y el Conocimiento | Living Labs: user centered-innovation in the Knowledge and Infromation Society | 2016 | Studies on innovation have begun to recognize the role that users themselves have in the design of products and services, beginning to speak of open innovation and user-centered innovation, as usual concepts. These studies have been relatively recent and their context is the advancement of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) within the framework of the Information and Knowledge Society. This work will focus on the study of Living-Labs, which are constituted as spaces for research, dissemination and experimentation, and will be analyzed within the framework of their contribution to innovation management processes. For this, a bibliographic review on the subject will be presented, expanded with interviews with experts and the analysis of two cases: the MIT Media Lab, from the United States and Citilab, from Spain. From the aforementioned, it will be verified if the characteristics of self-organization, open innovation, social appropriation of ICT and horizontal participation assigned by the Italian urban planner Domenico Di Siena to the Information and Knowledge Society, are verified in the Living -Labs. | Innovación centrada en el usuario, Living-Labs, Innovación Abierta, Sociedad de la Información y el Conocimiento. | https://rephip.unr.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/2133/6226/TESINA%20FEDERICO%20FERN%C3%81NDEZ%20REIGOSA.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |
| Living Labs | Cinque, M. | Lost in translation. Soft skills development in European countries. | Tuning Journal for Higher Education, 3(2): 389–427 | 2016 | The world of work is changing profoundly, at a time when the global economy is not creating a sufficient number of jobs. Many documents issued by the EU and various researches, carried out by companies and human resources experts, point out that the so-called “soft” skills are closely connected with employability, particularly for young people entering the labour market. At present, EU countries have different methodologies and approaches to the teaching and assessment of soft skills. Another obstacle is represented by the absence of a common language. There are different ways of naming ‘soft skills’, different definitions of them, different manners of classifying and clustering them. The article explores some classifications of soft skills and presents a collection of best practices and methods for teaching and learning them at University level, taking into account different perspectives and basing on the results of two European projects focused on this topic. The final goal is to provide an analysis aimed at the identification of the most important soft skills needed for a successful transition from University education to the labour market. The analysis includes a brief chronological excursus on relevant studies on the subject, a review of current literature on employability skills, quantitative (surveys) and qualitative (focus groups) researches from Europe and Third Countries, identifying the range of soft skills relevant for newly graduates. The aim of this overview is to enhance understanding of soft skills and to indicate key areas for soft skill development at University level. | Lost, translation | https://doi.org/10.18543/tjhe-3(2)-2016pp389-427 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Arundel A, Bowen Butchart D, Gatenby-Clark S, and Goedegebuure L. | Management and Service Innovations in Australian and New Zealand Universities | LH Martin Institute, University of Melbourne | 2016 | This report provides descriptive results for a survey on managerial and service innovations in 39 Australian and six New Zealand universities. The survey was the result of a cooperation agreement between the LH Martin Institute (LHMI) of the University of Melbourne and the Australian Innovation Research Centre (AIRC) of the University of Tasmania. In late 2015 and early 2016, the survey questionnaire was sent to a representative sample of senior managers and directors of 10 core managerial and administrative functions, but intentionally excluded the senior executive (the Senior Management Team (SMT)) and the Vice-Chancellor(VC). Responses were obtained from 573 senior managers or directors, for a response rate of 37.8%. The survey questions cover seven types of innovations introduced by each respondent’s area of responsibility or ‘section’, the drivers of innovation, institutional activities supporting or inhibiting innovation, investment and resources for innovation, the use of best practise innovation strategies, the outcomes of innovation, factors causing an innovation to be abandoned or under-perform, and the obstacles to innovation. Respondents are classified into 10 functions, based on the purpose of their area of responsibility (defined in this report as their ‘section’). For example, the functions include areas such as ‘Student services’, ‘Human resources’, and ‘Information technology/technology services’. The respondent’s function has a larger effect on most innovation activities than other factors such as the university’s performance ranking or whether or not the university is undergoing restructuring. This is due to both differences in the opportunities for innovation by function and differences in regulations and rules that constrain innovation. The purpose of this survey is to identify what is going right for innovation in the university sector in Australia and New Zealand and what might be going wrong, as part of informing best practice and identifying problems that could be corrected. The decision on what is and is not working is based on research on the factors that enable innovation and innovation success in the private and public sectors. The report is preliminary because future analyses may result in minor corrections to the data presented below and planned in-depth research on several topics are likely to provide more accurate results. During the rest of 2016, in-depth papers on specific topics will be simultaneously posted on the websites of both the LHMI (http://www.lhmartininstitute.edu.au) and the AIRC (http://www.utas.edu.au/airc). For example, future reports will provide innovation performance indices, an in-depth evaluation of the effect of best practices on innovation outcomes, and an evaluation of the strategies of second and third ‘tier’ universities to improve their performance. The first of these papers should be available in August 2016. | service innovation, management, survey, universities, Australia, New Zealand | https://melbourne-cshe.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/2564221/management-and-service-innovations-in-australian-and-new-zealand-universitiesfinal-preliminary-report.pdf |
| Digital Transformation | Randma-Liiv, T. and R. Savi. | Managing the Public Sector under Fiscal Stress | G. Hammerschmid, S. Van de Walle, R. Andrews and ,P. Bezes (eds), Public Administration Reforms in Europe: The View from the Top (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing), pp. 231–43 | 2016 | This chapter outlines the responses of European governments to the recent financial crisis with special focus on cutback strategies, consolidation measures and effects of crisis on public management patterns. Applying cutbacks during the fiscal crisis was not a one-off event, but consisted of a series of stages in the majority of European countries. Among personnel cuts, hiring freeze was the most widely applied cutback measure, followed by pay freeze, pay cuts and the reduction of staff through layoffs. All European governments demonstrated a shift towards a higher degree of centralisation in decision-making which was operationalised through the extensive increase in the power of the Ministries of Finance and of organisational budget planning units, along with the general increase in centralisation of organisational decision-making. Crisis-led pressure for public administration reform was the largest in countries that were most severely hit by the crisis and had been compelled to request foreign financial assistance | Managing, public sector, fiscal stress | https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783475407.00031 |
| Public Sector Innovation | B. Desmarchelier and E.S. Fang. | National culture and innovation dif- fusion. exploratory insights from agent-based modeling | Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 105:121–128 | 2016 | The present paper sets to conduct a theoretical investigation on the role of national culture in shaping innovation diffusion patterns in different markets. We build a culturally grounded agent-based model to examine the question and introduce cultural heterogeneity to our simulations by merging two of Hofstede's dimensions of culture (individualism/collectivism and uncertainty avoidance) with Rogers' seminal work on innovation diffusion behavior. Our findings suggest that both dimensions of culture influence diffusion rates. The model also puts forward the importance of network topology as an enabling factor of national culture on diffusion processes. | National culture, innovation diffusion | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.01.018 |
| Digital Transformation | Mergel, I. | Nutzerperspektive in den Vorder- grund stellen | Innovative Verwaltung, 10/2018, S. 22-23 | 2016 | Nutzerperspektive | https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/bitstream/handle/123456789/43163/Co-Creation_Mergel.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y | |
| Living Labs | Hammerl, Barbara; Berkhout, Remko & Oswald, Elizabeth | Open-Innovation- und Living- Lab-Ansätze in der Praxis der Stadtentwicklung - Herausforderungen, Dilemmas und Chancen | REAL CORP 2016. | 2016 | The challenges for Europe's cities are complex and diverse. The degree of urbanization, también the proportion of city dwellers in the total population, was in the EU average in 2014 at 75%, in Austria at just under 66%. Most forecasts assume that the trend of rural depopulation will continue. Teniente Statistik Austria, the population in the Austrian provincial capitals increased on average by 7.4% between 2003 and 2013, with Eisenstadt (14.1%), Graz (12.9%) and Vienna (9.3%) showing the strongest growth. The first noticeable effects are rising real estate prices, congestion, an increasing shortage of green space and attractive public space, air pollution, social tensions and rising urban costs. Given the urgency and complexity of urban challenges, it must be clear that "business as usual" will not solve these problems and that new social practices and governance systems will be needed to improve the quality of life in Europe's urban rulers which no longer reflect the physical, social, economic and cultural reality, makes transport planning and the provision of coordinated public transport services more difficult Another example concerns sectoral thinking and action at the administrative level, which is slowly beginning to emerge and makes way for integrative and cooperative planning processes. Citizens are in many cases virtually excluded from political decision-making processes that affect their immediate living environment in their neighborhood. They are usually not asked how a space should be designed, what would move them to a switch to public transport or how the vacancy in the ground floor areas could be reduced. Civic participation is too often regarded by politics, administration and the economy as a chore, and sometimes prevented by the argument that "always only the critics, no-sayers and bad-makers participate" (which may sometimes be quite true). The conclusion must not be less participation. On the contrary, it must be possible to develop low-threshold and attractive participation offers that incorporate the many constructive ideas, solutions and local knowledge of local people and companies. New solutions do not come about because the same experts are always sitting together with the same attitudes and procedures, but new ideas emerge at the edges of the system and through external impulses. It therefore makes sense to look more closely at involvement and cooperation in urban development from the point of view of innovation processes in order to support the necessary social transformation and the transformation process towards sustainable cities. | cooperative urban development, open innovation, urban challenges, casestudy, smart city | https://repository.corp.at/106/ |
| Digital Transformation | Ritz, A., Brewer, G. A., & Neumann, O. | Public service motivation: A systematic litera- ture review and outlook | Public Administration Review 76, 414-426 | 2016 | Over the past two decades, research on public service motivation has seen rapid growth. Despite the relatively large number of publications to date, no systematic research overview has been created, leaving the body of literature somewhat unstructured and possibly hampering future research. This article fills this void by providing a systematic literature review of 323 publications that examines six key aspects of the literature on public service motivation: the growth of research on the concept, the most prominent studies based on a referencing network analysis, the most frequent publication outlets, research designs and methods, lines of inquiry and patterns of empirical findings, and implications for practice drawn from the publications in the study sample. Strengths and weaknesses of the existing literature are identified, and future research directions are proposed. | Public service, motivation, systematic literature | https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12505 |
| Public service value co creation | Sicilia M., Guarini E., Sancino A., Andreani M. and Ruffini R. | Public services management and co-production in multi-level governance settings | International Review of Administrative Sciences | 2016 | From a normative stance, co-production has been recommended at all stages of the public service cycle. However, previous empirical studies on co-production have neglected the question of how to make this happen. Moreover, little attention has been paid to how co-production might occur in multi-level governance settings. The aim of this article is to fill these gaps, identifying triggers and organizational and managerial issues that could support the adoption of co-production in multi-level governance settings. The empirical analysis is based on a case study of services for autistic children. The findings highlight that co-production was prompted by inter-organizational arrangements and that trust-building among the actors played a pivotal role in nurturing a co-production approach. | co-production, inter-organizational collaboration, managerial skills, multi-level governance, public service management | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0020852314566008 |
| Digital Transformation | Szkuta, Katarzyna, and David Osimo. | Rebooting Science? Implications of Science 2.0 Main Trends for Scientific Method and Research Institutions | Foresight, 18.3 | 2016 | The article aims to analyse a set of converging trends is underpinning a larger phenomenon called Science 2.0 and to assess what are the most important implications for scientific method and research institutions. It is based on a triangulation of exploratory methods that include a wide-ranging literature review, web-based mapping and in-depth interviews with stakeholders. It rejects the notion of science 2.0 as the mere adoption of web 2.0 technologies in science, and puts forward an original integrated definition covering three trends that have not yet been analysed together: open science, citizen science and data-intensive science. It argues that these trends are mutually reinforcing and puts forward their main implications: enhanced efficiency, transparency and reliability, raise of data-driven science, micro-contributions on a macro-scale, multidimensional, immediate and multiform evaluation of science, disaggregation of the value chain of service providers for scientists, influx of multiple actors and the democratization of science. It concludes with the identification of three enablers of Science 2.0 – policy measures, individual practice of scientists and new infrastructure and services and sees the main bottleneck in lack of incentives on the individual level. | Implications, science 2.0 | http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/FS-06-2014-0040 |
| Social Innovation | Pedersen-Ulrich, J. | Samskabelse – en typologi | CLOU Skriftserie VIA University College, 1(2016), 1-15 | 2016 | Alle taler om samskabelse og stort set samtlige kommuner har en ambition om at være mere samskabende i tilrettelæggelse og udførelse af velfærdsopgaverne. Samskabelsesfeltet er imidlertid bredt. Og ofte opstår der misforståelser om, hvad man skal samskabe om og hvordan det skal gøres. Nærværende artikel præsenterer en typologi over forskellige samskabelsesformer, som kan anvendes, når kommuner og andre offentlige organisationer skal arbejde med strategiudvikling, rolleafklaring, kompeten-ceudvikling og ledelsesfærdigheder i forbindelse med samskabelsesprocesser. Typologien præsenterer således fire tilgange til samskabelse: Styret samskabelse, Ansvarliggørende samskabelse, Ligeværdig samskabelse og Faciliterende samskabelse | Samskabelse | https://www.ucviden.dk/da/publications/samskabelse-en-typologi |
| Living Labs | Angelini, L., Carrino, S., Abou Khaled, O., Riva-Mossman, S. & Mugellini, E. | Senior Living Lab: An Ecological Approach to Foster Social Innovation in an Ageing Society | Future Internet, 8(4) | 2016 | The Senior Living Lab (SLL) is a transdisciplinary research platform created by four Universities that aims at promoting ageing well at home through the co-creation of innovative products, services and practices with older adults. While most living labs for ageing well are focused on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), this social laboratory adopts a transdisciplinary approach, bringing together designers, economists, engineers and healthcare professionals to develop multiple forms of social innovation using participatory methods. The SLL is based on an ecological approach, connecting professionals and users in a cooperative network and involving all of the stakeholders concerned with ageing well, such as existing associations, business entities and policy-makers. Three main themes for the co-design of products and services were identified at the beginning of the SLL conception, each sustained by a major business partner: healthy nutrition to cope with frailty, improved autonomous mobility to foster independence and social communication to prevent isolation. This article shows the innovative transdisciplinary approach of the SLL and discusses the particular challenges that emerged during the first year of its creation, investigating the role of ICTs when designing products and services for older adults. | living labs, older adults, ICTs | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/596b/581d58d1d48f41dd95ee2d327e4d6c4c5851.pdf |
| Service Design | Mager, B. | Service design impact report : public sector | Service Design Network | 2016 | The Service Design Impact Report gives a broad overview on service design driven activities in governments and public service organisations all over the world. The report shows how strong the role of design in the public sector has become and how impactful it can be. At the same time it gives insights in many opportunities yet to exploit. | service design, impact, public sector | https://www.service-design-network.org/books-and-reports/impact-report-public-sector |
| Living Labs | Angelova-Mladenova, L. | Study of co-production in services for people with disabilities | Brussels, Belgium: European Platform for Rehabilitation | 2016 | This study looks at practices of EPR members of co-production in service delivery with a focus on services for people with disabilities. It can be a useful resource for service providers, people with disabilities and organisations of people with disabiltiies, policy and decision makers at local, regional and natioanl level and also the European Union institutions | Co-production, services, people with disabilities | http://epr.eu/wp-content/uploads/EPR_Co-production_study_2016.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Haider, C., Kopp, U. & Pajones, M. | Sustainable Transport in Upper Austria - case study for setting up a living lab concept to accelerate innovations | Journal of Technology Management Innovation, 11(3), 101-107 | 2016 | The research team is currently working on defining a suitable path towards the design and implementation of a Living Lab for developing, testing and demonstrating innovations in sustainable transport operations. There are several examples that focus on transport and mobility, either addressing individual or freight transport. The combination of both topics is seen as a unique chance to find new ways for a sustainable transport system and mobility behavior. The region of Upper Austria is used as a research case in order to demonstrate results and findings of an applied research project, called "Mobility Lab Upper Austria." | Living Lab; sustainable transport; stakeholder integration | https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-27242016000300012 |
| Digital Transformation | Bolino, M. C., & Grant, A. M. | The bright side of being prosocial at work, and the dark side, too: A review and agenda for research on other-oriented motives, behavior, and impact in organizations | Academy of Management Annals, 10, 599-670 | 2016 | More than a quarter century ago, organizational scholars began to explore the implications of prosociality in organizations. Three interrelated streams have emerged from this work, which focus on prosocial motives (the desire to benefit others or expend effort out of concern for others), prosocial behaviors (acts that promote/protect the welfare of individuals, groups, or organizations), and prosocial impact (the experience of making a positive difference in the lives of others through one's work). Prior studies have highlighted the importance of prosocial motives, behaviors, and impact, and have enhanced our understanding of each of them. However, there has been little effort to systematically review and integrate these related lines of work in a way that furthers our understanding of prosociality in organizations. In this article, we provide an overview of the current state of the literature, highlight key findings, identify major research themes, and address important controversies and debates. We call for an expanded view of prosocial behavior and a sharper focus on the costs and unintended consequences of prosocial phenomena. We conclude by suggesting a number of avenues for future research that will address unanswered questions and should provide a more complete understanding of prosociality in the workplace. | Bright side, work, dark side, organizations | https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2016.1153260 |
| Public service value co creation | Windrum, P., Schartinger, D., Rubalcaba, L., Gallouj, F., and M. Toivonen. | The Co-Creation of Multi-Agent Social Innovations: A Bridge Between Service and Social Innovation Research | European Journal of Innovation Management, 19 (2): 150-166 | 2016 | Purpose – The research fields of service innovation and social innovation have, until now, been largely disconnected. At the most basic level, a great many social innovations are services, often public sector services with social entrepreneurs organizing and delivering service innovations. As well as this overlap in the focus of research, scholars in both research fields address socio-economic concerns using multidisciplinary perspectives. The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework that can bridge the two research fields. Design/methodology/approach – Inter-linkages between service and social innovation are shown by identifying research areas in which both find a joint heuristic field. This approach has been illustrated in a set of case studies in the health sector in Europe. Findings – The bridge between social innovation and service innovation research can be built when social innovation is examined through a multi-agent framework. The authors focus on social innovations where the co-creation of novel services is guided by the prominent position taken by citizens, social entrepreneurs or third sector organizations (NGOs or charities) in the innovation process. Of particular interest are the ways in which the interests of individual users and citizens are “represented” by third sector organizations. Practical implications – The case study of the Austrian nationwide public access defibrillation programme provides an exemplar of the process of co-creation by which this social innovation was developed, implemented and sustained. Here the Austrian Red Cross acted on behalf of citizens, organizing an innovation network capable of creating both the demand and the supply side of a sustainable market for the production and safe application of portable automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in Austria. This process involved, first, raising public awareness of the need for portable defibrillators and acting as a user representative when inducing changes in the design of portable AEDs. Later, there was the institutionalization of AED training in every first aid training in Austria, work with local manufacturers to produce this device, and with large user organizations to install AEDs on their premises. Originality/value – The paper develops multi-agent model of innovation that enables one to synthesize key concepts in social and service innovation literatures and, thereby, examine the dynamics of invention and diffusion of social innovations. | Co-creation, multi-agent social innovations, service, social nnovation research | DOI:10.1108/EJIM-05-2015-0033 |
| Social Innovation | Windrum P., Schartinger D., Rubalcaba L., Gallouj F. and Toivonen M. | The Co-Creation of Multi-Agent Social Innovations: A Bridge Between Service and Social Innovation Research | European Journal of Innovation Management, 19 (2), May, p. 150- 166 | 2016 | The research fields of service innovation and social innovation have, until now, been largely disconnected. At the most basic level, a great many social innovations are services, often public sector services with social entrepreneurs organizing and delivering service innovations. As well as this overlap in the focus of research, scholars in both research fields address socio-economic concerns using multidisciplinary perspectives. The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework that can bridge the two research fields. Inter-linkages between service and social innovation are shown by identifying research areas in which both find a joint heuristic field. This approach has been illustrated in a set of case studies in the health sector in Europe. The bridge between social innovation and service innovation research can be built when social innovation is examined through a multi-agent framework. The authors focus on social innovations where the co-creation of novel services is guided by the prominent position taken by citizens, social entrepreneurs or third sector organizations (NGOs or charities) in the innovation process. Of particular interest are the ways in which the interests of individual users and citizens are “represented” by third sector organizations. The case study of the Austrian nationwide public access defibrillation programme provides an exemplar of the process of co-creation by which this social innovation was developed, implemented and sustained. Here the Austrian Red Cross acted on behalf of citizens, organizing an innovation network capable of creating both the demand and the supply side of a sustainable market for the production and safe application of portable automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in Austria. This process involved, first, raising public awareness of the need for portable defibrillators and acting as a user representative when inducing changes in the design of portable AEDs. Later, there was the institutionalization of AED training in every first aid training in Austria, work with local manufacturers to produce this device, and with large user organizations to install AEDs on their premises. The paper develops multi-agent model of innovation that enables one to synthesize key concepts in social and service innovation literatures and, thereby, examine the dynamics of invention and diffusion of social innovations. | innovation, organizational innovation, co-creation, services, social innovation | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/EJIM-05-2015-0033/full/html |
| Digital Transformation | Saldaña, J. | The coding manual for qualitative researchers | Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage | 2016 | Johnny Saldaña’s unique and invaluable manual demystifies the qualitative coding process with a comprehensive assessment of different coding types, examples and exercises. The ideal reference for students, teachers, and practitioners of qualitative inquiry, it is essential reading across the social sciences and neatly guides you through the multiple approaches available for coding qualitative data. Its wide array of strategies, from the more straightforward to the more complex, is skillfully explained and carefully exemplified providing a complete toolkit of codes and skills that can be applied to any research project. For each code Saldaña provides information about the method's origin, gives a detailed description of the method, demonstrates its practical applications, and sets out a clearly illustrated example with analytic follow-up. Now with a companion website, the book is supported by: SAGE journal articles showing coding being applied to real research Sample transcripts highlighting coding techniques Links to CAQDAS sites to introduce relevant software Practical student exercises Links to video and digital content This international bestseller is an extremely usable, robust manual and is a must-have resource for qualitative researchers at all levels. | Coding manual, qualitative researchers | http://emotrab.ufba.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Saldana-2013-TheCodingManualforQualitativeResearchers.pdf |
| Living Labs | Leminen, S., Nyström, A., Westerlund, M. & Kortelainen,M. J. | The effect of network structure on radical innovation in living labs | Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 31(6), 743-757 | 2016 | This study aims to focus on living labs as a means of achieving radical innovation by discussing the differences in their network structure and its effect on the type of innovation outcome. Design/methodology/approach This research analyses 24 living labs in four countries using qualitative methods. Findings A specific network structure referred to as a distributed multiplex supports radical innovation in living labs, while distributed and centralized network structures support incremental innovations. Also, the results suggest that radical innovation depends on the driving actor and objectives in a living lab. Research limitations/implications A bias on the perceived novelty of innovation may exist when analyzing data collected through interviews with a limited number of living lab participants compared to a large number of informants. This study proposes a two-dimensional framework based on the network structure to investigate innovation in living labs. Practical implications This paper offers a classification tool to identify, categorize and make sense of organizations’ participation in open innovation networks and in living labs. Originality/value The study provides evidence that, although the distributed multiplex network structure supports the emergence of radical innovations, the distributed and centralized network structures support incremental innovation. A combination of a provider- or utilizer-driven living lab and a distributed multiplex network structure, with a clearly defined and future-oriented strategic objective, offers good potential for radical innovation to occur. | Incremental innovation, Open innovation, radical innovation, Business network, Living lab | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JBIM-10-2012-0179/full/html |
| Living Labs | Hakkarainen, L. & Hyysalo, S. | The Evolution of Intermediary Activities: Broadening the Concept of Facilitation in Living Labs | Technology Innovation Management Review, 6 (1), 45- 58 | 2016 | Innovation intermediaries play an important role in open innovation endeavours. In living lab projects, where different professional identities and organizational cultures are at play, intermediary actors facilitate learning between stakeholders and manage tensions and conflicts of interest. The current living lab literature recognizes the importance and multifacetedness of these actors, but does not shed light on the work they do at a more practical level. Our study seeks to capture the variety and evolution of work tasks of user-side innovation intermediaries during and after a four-year technology project in a living lab. The study explores how these mediating actors tackle the everyday challenges of a living lab project. This article is grounded on a longitudinal qualitative case study of a innovation process for a floor monitoring system for elderly care – the "smart floor". | Living labs, facilitation, innovation, innovation intermediaries, elderly care | https://timreview.ca/article/960 |
| Service Design | Yee, J. S. R., & White, H. | The Goldilocks Conundrum: The ‘Just Right’ conditions for design to achieve impact in public and third sector projects | International Journal of Design, 10(1), 7- 19 | 2016 | What are the most important conditions necessary for a design-led approach to innovation or transformation to flourish in an organization? This paper introduces and discusses three ‘just right’ conditions for design to achieve the desired impact in the context of public and third sector projects, where third sector refers to a broad range of community and volunteer groups. The paper draws on a six-month Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) funded project, aimed at identifying and mapping the impact and value of design in public and third sector organizations. Our research insights are derived from six case studies that were co-created with the project participants of service innovation projects. The case studies were selected based on three criteria: 1) an acknowledged value that design-led approaches have brought to the project; 2) access to a triangulated base of stakeholders: service users, service commissioners and service designers; 3) projects that cover a range of sectors from healthcare, mental well-being, youth services and social care across England, Scotland and Australia. In total eighteen conditions were identified and the ten most important conditions were selected and ranked by the research participants through a workshop validation session. We further clustered these into three overarching themes: community building, capacity, and leadership based on the authors’ previous experiences with public service innovation projects. This research suggests that community building is valued above leadership and capacity as the most important condition for design to have the greatest impact in innovation and transformation projects. | Conditions for Impact, Design in Public and Third Sector Organizations, Value of Design, Service Design, Transformation, Innovation. | http://www.ijdesign.org/index.php/IJDesign/article/view/2381/730 |
| Living Labs | Schuurman, D, De Marez, L. Ballon, P. | The Impact of Living Lab Methodology on Open Innovation Contributions and Outcomes | Technological Innovation Management Review 1 (6), 7-16 | 2016 | Open innovation scholars as well as practitioners are still struggling with the practical implementation of open innovation principles in different contexts. In this article, we explore the value of a living lab approach for open innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Using a case study approach, we compared 27 SME projects conducted by iMinds Living Labs from 2011 to 2015. The results suggest that a real-life intervention and a multi-method approach – both of which are methodological characteristics of living lab projects – increase the chance of generating actionable user contributions for the innovation under development. Moreover, the results also suggest that a living lab project yields maximal value when evolving from concept towards prototype. Besides these exploratory findings, this article also demonstrates that living lab projects are a perfect "playground" to test and validate assumptions from the open innovation literature. | Open Innovation, Living Labs, User Innovation, Innovation Management, Methodology, Impact Assessment | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/876a/41878799ac46dbeb3ae4146f7e2d8e0b5c22.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Torugsa N, Arundel A. | The nature and incidence of workgroup innovation in the Australian public sector: Evidence from the 2011 State of the Service survey | Australian Journal of Public Administration | 2016 | Using data from a nationally representative survey of all Australian Government employees, we explore the nature of innovation implemented at the workgroup level and assess the multi-dimensionality of the workgroup's ‘most significant innovation’ (MSI). Of the 10222 survey respondents, 48% reported at least one innovation implemented by their workgroup, with an innovation more commonly reported with an increase in the respondent's age, seniority, and service experience; among men and university graduates. The results reveal that 54% of the reported MSIs incorporate between two and five dimensions of innovation types (policy, service, service delivery, administrative/organizational, and conceptual), and most of these dimensions reinforce each other. Different dimensions of the MSI draw on different sources of ideas (with senior leaders having the broadest impact), face different ‘revealed’ barriers, require different levels of workplace creativity, and produce different beneficial effects. Our findings help strengthen an understanding of the influencing factors and the effects of multi-dimensional public sector innovations. | Nature, incidence, workgroup innovation, public sector, service survey | https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8500.12095 |
| Living Labs | Tuurnas, S. | The Professional Side of Co-Production | PhD diss. University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland | 2016 | Co-production and co-creation are based on relations between professional staff and service users. This chapter focuses on the professional side of co-production and co-creation, that is, the regular producer who can be a single professional or, in a networked environment, a group of professionals. The different public administration regimes provide an interesting window to the changing professional-citizen relations. The professional-client relation changes from a top-down, one-directional relationship to a collaborative relationship based on user empowerment and interdependence. Professionals are ascribed a specific role in supporting co-creation and co-production through shaping the institutional context in which co-production happens, creating conditions for better interaction with individual co-producers, but also keeping an eye on creating public value going beyond individual interactions. As for the literature that examines the motivational side of professionals, it would be critical to study how different professions cope with co-production, and whether there are some crucially different understandings about co-production and co-creation between different professions. | Professional side, co-production | http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-03-0110-1 |
| Social Innovation | Feng, C. and K. Sivakumar. | The Role of Collaboration in Service Innovation Across Manufacturing and Service Sectors | Service Science 8 (3): 263-281 | 2016 | This study empirically demonstrates the impact of service innovation on innovation performance for manufacturing and service firms and finds that the effect of service innovation on innovation performance is greater for service firms than manufacturing firms. In addition, the results show that the relationship between the propensity for service innovation and three types of collaboration (vertical, horizontal, and third-party collaboration) is significant. Furthermore, this study finds that vertical and third-party collaborations are more beneficial than horizontal collaboration for service firms. This research advances the discourse on service innovation in two ways. First, it offers a stronger justification for examining and fostering innovation generation in service industries. Second, the findings regarding the comparative impact of collaboration highlight the desirability of stronger collaborations with channel members (whose interests are aligned with the firm) and neutral entities (whose interests are not in conflict with the firm) than with competitors (whose interests are likely not aligned with the focal firm). In short, the research presents a detailed and nuanced view of the antecedents and consequences of service innovation. | Collaboration, service innovation, manufacturing, service sectors | https://doi.org/10.1287/serv.2016.0135 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Torfing J, Sorensen E, Roiseland A. | Transforming the public sector into an arena for co-creation: Barriers, drivers, benefits and ways forward | Administration and Society | 2016 | This article explores whether co-creation offers a viable path for the public sector. After an initial account of the transformation of the public sector from a legal authority and a service provider to an arena of co-creation, it defines co-creation and provides some empirical examples. This is followed by a discussion of the risks and benefits of co-creation as well as the drivers and barriers that may stimulate or hamper its expansion. The article also reflects on how institutional design, public leadership, and systemic change can advance co-creation. The conclusion summarizes the findings by setting out some researchable propositions. | Co-creation, new public management, new public governance, public leadership, institutional design, systemic change | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0095399716680057 |
| Digital Transformation | Bertot, J., Estevez, E., & Janowski, T. | Universal and contextualized public services: Digital public service innovation framework. | Government Information Quarterly, 33(3), 211–222 | 2016 | In view of the rising social and economic inequalities, public service delivery should be both universal, i.e. independent of the recipients' social or economic status, and contextualized, i.e. able to compensate for different local needs and conditions. Reconciling both properties requires various forms of innovations, chief among them innovations in digital public services. Building upon the four-stage model underpinning the United Nations e-Government Survey, the paper puts forward a framework for developing such innovations, and populates it with transparent, participatory, anticipatory, personalized, co-created, context-aware and context-smart services (including real-life examples) as initial set of innovations. The paper also outlines new technical, organizational and policy-related government capabilities required to engage in digital public service innovations. | public services, innovation, e-government | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X16300545 |
| Living Labs | Buhr, K., Federley, M. & Karlsson, A. | Urban Living Labs for Sustainability in Suburbs in Need of Modernization and Social Uplift | Technology Innovation Management Review, 6 (1), 27-34 | 2016 | A number of urban living labs have been set up in recent years, with the aim of developing innovation processes within a multi-stakeholder partnership in an urban context. Several urban living labs focus on sustainable development, which is a visible and urgent issue in less valued suburbs in need of modernization and social uplift. We argue that, when applying the living labs approach in the context of sustainable development in suburbs, the primary focus should be society's collective goals, as expressed through municipalities and users. The aim of this article is to show examples of how urban living labs can be applied in less valued suburbs in order to contribute to sustainability based on societal goals. We build on analyses from the research project SubUrbanLab, where urban living labs were set up in Alby and Peltosaari, two suburban areas in Sweden and Finland, respectively. We draw lessons regarding how to use urban living labs for sustainable development in order to create favourable conditions for ongoing engagement with the municipality and users towards long-term sustainability. | city, living lab, suburb, sustainability, urban | https://cris.vtt.fi/en/publications/urban-living-labs-for-sustainability-in-suburbs-in-need-of-modern |
| Public service value co creation | McKevitt, D, & Davis, P | Value for money: a broken piñata? | Public money & management | 2016 | In public management a key driver of effectiveness is value for money (VfM). This paper argues that the VfM concept suffers from conceptual ambiguity, and thus ethical implications arise when VfM is used to legitimize public buying decisions. A conceptual framework, which clarifies properties and boundaries of VfM, is proposed. Empirical data collected from public employees involved in public procurement in Ireland and a perceptual map of subjective meaning and impact of VfM are discussed. While the conceptual framework is broadly supported, it highlights different interpretations of VfM and distinguishes those employees who dent the VfM piñata from those who break it. The implications of the research in this paper include a need for more debate concerning the usefulness of the VfM concept. | Value, money | https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2016.1162591 |
| Digital Transformation | 18F Blog. | We asked over 100 of our coworkers: Why did you join 18F? | 18F Blog. (2016, March 21 | 2016 | 100 coworkers, join 18f | https://18f.gsa.gov/2016/03/21/we-asked-100-of-our-coworkers-why-did- you-join-18f/ | |
| Digital Transformation | Anthopoulos, L., Reddick, C. G., Giannakidou, I., & Mavridis, N. | Why E-government projects fail? An analysis of the Healthcare.gov website. | Government Information Quarterly, 33(1), 161–173 | 2016 | Electronic government or e-government project failure has been widely discussed in the literature. Some of the common reasons cited for project failure are design-reality gaps, ineffective project management and unrealistic planning. Research shows that more than half of e-government projects result in total or partial failures with regard to the initially grounded standards, scheduling or budgeting plans, while even more fail to meet end users' expectations. This paper focuses on the factors that lead to e-government project failures. It explores the context of project failure and investigates the launch of the U.S. Healthcare.gov website. This case is concerned with a highly public e-government project failure where gaps between political agendas and planning are identified through an examination of media sources and social media data analysis of Twitter discussions. The finding of the analysis indicates that e-government users react against failures, while e-government projects will impact and attract opinion makers' attention that influence audience behavior. This research provides classifications of e-government project failure reasons and sources. Moreover, another contribution is the beginnings of a typology for social media activity against e-government project failures. | e-government, project failures, project management, government websites, social network analysis, twitter | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X15000799 |
| Public service value co creation | Hoch, M. | Advice on running a government agency like a startup, from someone who's tried it | Harvard Business Review | 2017 | Government agency, startup | https://hbr.org/2017/04/advice-on- running-a-government-agency-like-a-startup-from-someone-whos-tried-it. | |
| Service Design | Ballantyne, D., & Nilsson, E. | All that is solid melts into air: the servicescape in digital service space | Journal of Services Marketing, 31(3), 226-235 | 2017 | The emergence of new social media is shifting the market place for business towards virtual market space. In the light of the emerging digital space for new forms of marketing, the traditional servicescape concept is critically examined. This paper aims to show why servicescape concepts and attitudes need to be adapted for digital media. | Servicescape, digital service | https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-03-2016-0115. doi:10.1108/JSM-03-2016-0115 |
| Living Labs | Hess, A, Magin, D, Koch, M; Tamanini, C & Klohe, J. | Allgemeines Konzept Living Labs im ländlichen Raum | Fraunhofer IESE | 2017 | This deliverable includes first results of work package AP 3.1 which deals with the conception and initiation of Living Labs in the test municipalities. Living labs are user-centered, open innovation ecosystems in which representatives of a wide variety of groups of people belong be networked in an open innovation ecosystem, to continuously contribute to the development of innovative pilot applications in real-world situations / environments using user-centered methods. In addition to results from an initial literature search, relevant groups of people are first presented that have an influence on the design of a living lab in rural regions. In addition, general objectives are discussed, which are used in the conception of a Living Labs should be considered. In addition, a first methodical concept is presented, which should make it possible to work in the Living Design a lab in order to jointly develop, conceptualize, implement and continuously evaluate innovative ideas. In the future work in the framework of AP 3.1, the results presented in this Deliverable for the respective test municipalities or concrete project goals of the individual will be discussed Instantiated project iterations. | digital villages, living labs, digitization, open innovation, co-creation, Real-World Context | https://www.digitale-doerfer.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/LivingLabKonzept-v1.1.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Rooks G., Matzat U. and Sadowski B. | An empirical test of stage models of egovernment development: Evidence from Dutch municipalities. | The Information Society | 2017 | In this article we empirically test stage models of e-government development. We use Lee's classification to make a distinction between four stages of e-government: informational, requests, personal, and e-democracy. We draw on a comprehensive data set on the adoption and development of e-government activities in 510 Dutch municipalities over the period 2004–2009. Our results show that progression through stages of e-government is mostly linear. However, it seems that a single dimension is insufficient to explain e-government development at the level of more specific features of e-government. Our analysis demonstrates that municipalities sometimes adopt certain e-government features at a later stage even if features of an earlier stage are not adopted at all. These findings suggest that municipalities can—at the level of e-government features—immediately proceed to later stages without having to pass through earlier stages. We conclude that stage models may have some value for benchmarking municipalities at the level of stages, but are inadequate in explaining or predicting the development of features at the different e-government stages. | e-government, empirical test, municipalities, stage models | https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2017.1318194 |
| Public service value co creation | Özdirlik, B., & Pallez, F. | Au nom de l’usager: co-concevoir la relation au public dans une mairie | Sciences du Design(1), 69-84 | 2017 | The relationship with users and the improvement of this relationship are much-studied topics within the realm of public action. Different ways of transforming service relationships have been explored over the last twenty-five years and, recently, the co-designing of public services has been presented as the solution. One of these approaches, “public innovation through design,” promises to give users a central role within the design process. Who are these users, and how are they represented within this process? How can we qualify the results of this process as innovations? Through the analysis of a case study, we show that users are mostly absent from these processes and that the focus is on situations of use. Additionally, these situations of use are not necessarily a result of the field study. The most innovative projects propose novel situations of use with new types of users. Does this mean that “real” users would be obstacles to public innovation? | public service, design, user, co-design, innovation | https://www.cairn.info/revue-sciences-du-design-2017-1-page-69.htm |
| Public service value co creation | Government of Canada. | Budget 2017: Building a strong middle class - chapter 1 - skills, innovation and middle class jobs: Canadian digital services. | Ministry of Finance. (Ottawa, Canada). | 2017 | Budget 2017 comes at a time of tremendous change and opportunity. All around the world, people are embracing innovation and the opportunities it brings—opportunities to rethink everything from how we manage the demands of work, to how we build our cities, to how we grow our economy. For Canadians, innovation is nothing new. For the past 150 years, Canada has tapped into the creativity and ingenuity of its people to solve problems. Some Canadian inventions, like the electric oven, improve our lives; others, such as insulin and the artificial pacemaker, can help to save lives. Women and men across the country continue to dream, invent, test and bring to market products that are changing the world. Canada’s spirit of innovation created the industries and jobs that gave rise to Canada’s middle class. That same sense of curiosity and creativity will fuel the innovations that strengthen and grow the middle class for years to come. With those innovations will come opportunities—a real and fair chance to build better lives for ourselves and for our children. At the same time, technological change can also create anxiety—among workers who worry if their jobs will disappear due to automation, and among parents who watch their children interact with the world using devices and platforms that didn’t exist just a decade or two ago. To make the most of these opportunities, and to offer reassurance and real help to those who worry about being left behind, we need to equip Canada’s current and future workers with the tools they will need to succeed in the new economy. That includes making sure that every Canadian can get the training they need to find and keep good, well-paying jobs. At the same time, there is growing competition from other countries around the world that are eager to make their own mark as innovators. It’s time for our country to prosper from the hard work and ingenuity of Canadians. Canada’s new Innovation and Skills Plan is the plan to get there. | budget, Canada, innovation, technology, change | https://www.budget.gc.ca/2017/docs/plan/chap-01-en.html |
| Living Labs | Leminen, S. & Westerlund, M. | Categorization of innovation tools in living labs | Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(1), 15-25 | 2017 | This article examines the link between innovation processes and the use of innovation tools in living labs. So doing, it develops a conceptual framework based on the literature to analyze 40 living labs in different countries. The study contributes to the discussion on living labs by introducing a new typology of living labs based on their innovation process characteristics and usage of tools: linearizer, iterator, mass customizer, and tailor. Moreover, it proposes three ways to organize innovation activities in living labs. The article concludes by providing a set of implications to theory and practice, and suggesting directions for future research on living labs. | Living labs, innovation, typology, theory, practice | https://timreview.ca/article/1046 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Syverson C. | Challenges to mismeasurement explanations for the US productivity slowdown | Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 31 pp. 165-186 | 2017 | The United States has been experiencing a slowdown in measured labor productivity growth since 2004. A number of commentators and researchers have suggested that this slowdown is at least in part illusory because real output data have failed to capture the new and better products of the past decade. I conduct four disparate analyses, each of which offers empirical challenges to this "mismeasurement hypothesis." First, the productivity slowdown has occurred in dozens of countries, and its size is unrelated to measures of the countries' consumption or production intensities of information and communication technologies (ICTs, the type of goods most often cited as sources of mismeasurement). Second, estimates from the existing research literature of the surplus created by internet-linked digital technologies fall far short of the $3 trillion or more of "missing output" resulting from the productivity growth slowdown. Third, if measurement problems were to account for even a modest share of this missing output, the properly measured output and productivity growth rates of industries that produce and service ICTs would have to have been multiples of their measured growth in the data. Fourth, while measured gross domestic income has been on average higher than measured gross domestic product since 2004—perhaps indicating workers are being paid to make products that are given away for free or at highly discounted prices—this trend actually began before the productivity slowdown and moreover reflects unusually high capital income rather than labor income (i.e., profits are unusually high). In combination, these complementary facets of evidence suggest that the reasonable prima facie case for the mismeasurement hypothesis faces real hurdles when confronted with the data. | Challenges, explanations, productivity slowdown | https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.31.2.165 |
| Public service value co creation | Thomsen, M.K. | Citizen co-production: the influence of self-efficacy perception and knowledge of how to co-produce | American Review of Public Administration | 2017 | Citizen coproduction, that is, citizens’ input to the provision of public services, holds great potential to improve services provided to citizens. It is therefore important to understand why some citizens are more likely to coproduce than others. Citizens’ skills and knowledge to coproduce are argued to be crucial for their contribution to coproduction, but research on this topic is sparse. Building on coproduction theory supplemented with theoretical insights from social psychology theory, the main contribution of this study is to develop theoretical arguments that describe how self-efficacy perception may moderate the influence of knowledge of how to coproduce on citizen coproduction undertaken by individual citizens. A large-N study in the field of education is used to examine this relation. | coproduction, knowledge and self-efficacy | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0275074015611744?journalCode=arpb |
| Digital Transformation | Pastor G. | Co-creación de servicios públicos. El caso de los servicios de asistencia personal en la Comunidad de Madrid (Co-creation of public services: The case of personal assistance services in Madrid) | Fifth International Congress in Government, Public Administration and Policy (National Institute of Public Administration, Madrid), September 2017 | 2017 | The paper aims to let you know what is and how the co-creation of public services is handled in the case of assistance services for the physically disabled in the community of Madrid. in the public sector. | Public services, innovation, citizen, codecision, co-production, participation. | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316993804_Co-creacion_de_servicios_publicos_El_caso_de_los_servicios_de_asistencia_personal_de_la_Comunidad_de_Madrid |
| Public service value co creation | Krämer, G. | Co-Creation in internationalen Märkten–Ein kollaborativer Ansatz. (Co-creation in international markets-A collaborative approach.) | Mensch und Computer 2017-Usability Professionals. Eds: Hess, Steffen AND Fischer, Holger. Publisher: Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. | 2017 | Medical devices are part of complex workflows, which may have different characteristics due to national and regional varying standards, user preferences, etc. It presents a complex picture with many nuances that make it difficult to define universal insights and concepts in terms of utility and user, thus guaranteeing the overall relevance and value of products for a global marketplace. To handle this complexity and ambivalence safely, we conducted co-creation workshops with users in trailing medical work situations. This approach captures real processes in detail and allows us to understand the latent needs of users, the acceptance and added value of new concept approaches, to explore and confirm the solution space together. In addition, the format allowed for a highly effective collaboration with product management and common understanding of the product to be developed. | CoCreation, Ideation, Prototyping (Hardware & Software Mockups), Re-enactment, Value-Proposition, International | https://dl.gi.de/handle/20.500.12116/5763 |
| Living Labs | Hagy, S., Morrison, G.M. & Elfstrand, P. | Co-creation in Living labs. | In 'Living Labs', Springer International Publishing | 2017 | Living labs are places for open innovation where co-creation is a method for addressing real-life issues through the attribution of knowledge from science and society, the latter being a form of transdisciplinary social learning. In a Living-lab the representatives from business, sociatyb and academia, as well as citizens, have different value perceptions and propositions, providing heterogeneity across the stakeholder value spectrum. This provides a rich set of ideas and values for co-creation which can be used for both the operational phase and the integral shaping and creating the design for the physical infrastructure of the Living-lab itself. The use of co-creation workshops are demonstrated for ideation amongst the stakeholders for the HSB Living-lab. This is exemplified in the development of the social washing room which will be prototyped and tested in a fit-for-purpose multifunctional design space. | Living-labs, co-creation | https://espace.curtin.edu.au/handle/20.500.11937/53898 |
| Public service value co creation | Dietrich, T., Trischler, J., Schuster, L., & Rundle-Thiele, S. | Co-designing services with vulnerable consumers | Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 27(3) | 2017 | Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate how vulnerable consumers can be involved in transformative service design and how this approach may enhance the design of such services. The study also analyzes how co-design with vulnerable consumers differs from existing user involvement processes with the purpose of developing a co-design framework. | Co-design, User Involvement, Co-design framework, Transformative service research, Vulnerable consumers | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JSTP-02-2016-0036/full/html |
| Social Innovation | Agger A. and Hedensted Lund D. | Collaborative Innovation in the Public Sector – New Perspectives on the Role of Citizens? | Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration | 2017 | Collaborative innovation in the public sector is increasingly being used as a potential strategy for balancing citizens rising expectations to public services and limited public resources. The article claims that public polices construct citizens, as clients, consumers, or co –producers and thereby encourage or discourage certain behaviours with different potential contributions to innovation. The article conceptualize a new role that of citizens’ as co-innovators and offers an analytical model that can be used in future studies of how public managers can act as civic enablers by creating different opportunity spaces for creating public innovation according to the applied citizen role. | citizen participation, clients, consumers, co-producers, co-innovators | http://130.241.16.45/ojs/index.php/sjpa/article/viewFile/3398/3183 |
| Public service value co creation | O'Toole, L. J., & Meier, K. J. | Comparative public management: A framework for analysis. | In 'Comparative public management'; Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. | 2017 | After introducing the innovative framework, the book offers seven empirical chapters—cases from seven countries and a range of policy areas (health, education, taxation, and local governance)—that show how management affects performance in different contexts. | public management, framework | https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/comparative-public-management-a-framework-for-analysis |
| Public Sector Innovation | Nicolay A. | Conception innovante de lignées de services complexes dans l’industrie d’armement européenne | Thèse de Doctorat, Ecole Polytechnique | 2017 | Dans ce travail de recherche nous nous intéressons à un objet particulier : la conception de lignées de services complexes. Nous étudions cet objet dans un contexte particulier lui aussi, celui de la Défense en Europe. Chacun de ces termes est porteur d’interrogations : que sont les services dans l’armement ? ; en quoi sont-ils complexes ? ; qu’est-ce qu’une lignée de service ? Ces services se caractérisent principalement par une durée de la relation s’inscrivant dans le temps long, de l’ordre de plusieurs décennies, sans commune mesure avec les services le plus souvent étudiés. La complexité de l’écosystème d’acteurs – mêlant public et privé – ainsi que celle intrinsèque aux produits et systèmes d’armement – systèmes de missiles, avions de combat, sous-marins nucléaires, etc. – contribuent également à l’originalité et la valeur de notre objet d’étude. La lignée, issue du monde de la conception innovante de produits, se caractérise sous deux dimensions en interaction : la succession de projets et l’accumulation des connaissances. Là encore, ces deux dimensions sont souvent absentes de la recherche sur les services. Dans l’optique de conception qui est la nôtre, les premières questions en appellent deux autres : comment représenter de tels services ? ; et comment organiser les fonctions de conception et notamment la création des connaissances nouvelles, innovantes, nécessaires à la co-conception et à la co-production du service par l’ensemble des acteurs ? Nous avons mené cette recherche au plus près du terrain. Intégré durant trois ans au sein d’un grand groupe Européen de défense (au titre d’une convention CIFRE), directement impliqué dans différents projets de conception de services innovants, nous avons été confronté d’un point de vue pratique autant que théorique à ces questions. Les travaux s’articulent autour de ces projets ainsi que d’une étude de cas comparative entre des projets de service de défense en France et au Royaume-Uni. À ce titre, le doctorant a effectué une période de six mois en tant que visiting PhD à l’Université de Cambridge. Quoi qu’ancrée dans un secteur particulier, notre recherche est porteuse d’enseignements à la portée plus générale pour la recherche comme pour les praticiens. À la fois Issu des cas et utilisé comme grille de lecture de ces mêmes cas, l’outil ReADy – pour Référentiel d’Analyse Dynamique de la valeur de service – est le principal apport conceptuel de nos travaux. Par la tension qu’il introduit entre ses deux composantes que sont le concept et le contrat, il contribue à représenter et concevoir la succession des projets de service. Par la notion de communauté d’apprentissage, en lien avec ReADy, nous mettons en lumière les principaux mécanismes de la création des connaissances nécessaires à la mise en place d’une lignée de services complexes. | Conception innovante, lignées de services complexes, industrie d’armement européenne | |
| Service Design | Kautonen, H. | Conceptual model of stakeholders' investment- engagement in public services' design | Interaction Design and Architecture(s)(34), 133-160 | 2017 | Public sector organisations increasingly engage people in collaborative designing of public services and highlight the benefits of public involvement. However, users' and other stakeholders' contribution in the design process are seldom accounted for. In this paper, we address the challenges of public service development by presenting a study that conceptualises different stakeholders' investments in design activities. We introduce the key elements of a new conceptual Stakeholder Investment-Engagement (SI-E) Model and provide a tentative application of it to an existing case of a Digital Library. The initial application shows that the model can uncover significant effort that end-users and partners invest in design activities. The new conceptual model enriches our theoretical and practical understanding of collaborative design management by recommending 1) critical examination of existing conceptualisations and practices of cost-justification in the public sector, 2) acknowledgement of various stakeholders' investments, and 3) temporal evaluation of stakeholders' engagement to design activities. | Public sector, collaborative design, public services, costjustification, stakeholders, investment, temporalities, engagement | https://research.aalto.fi/files/31374526/A4_FAM_IxDetA_SI_E_Model_Kautonen_CAMERA.pdf |
| Living Labs | Scaillerez A. & Tremblay D-G. | Coworking, fab labs et living labs. État des connaissances sur les tiers lieux | Revue de géographie et aménagement. n° 34 | 2017 | Within the OECD countries, many devices for the development of digital technologies have been put in place. Taking advantage of this technological development, work organisation and places of work have diversified in response to both the economic context (to be efficient, effective and efficient) and to the expectations of employees who want a better balance between their work and their private life. Remote work has increased and takes various forms, such as working from home or being able to work outside the home or the usual place of work. This last possibility can be realized by setting up third places to facilitate collaboration and knowledge sharing: coworking spaces, fab lab, living lab. Third-places are already emerging in most developed countries and their number increases each year. Research on these new forms of organization is booming, although it is still in its infancy. The aim of our research is to propose a synthesis of knowledge on third places. The results now allow us to better understand the differences between these various types of places and organizations. This state of the art has also helped to advance our reflection on their definition and categorization. If there is a set of scattered writings on third places, our work has enabled us to detect shortcomings. However, the writings testify to the enthusiasm concerning these new places of exchange and present interesting results as to the impact of their implementation on the territories concerned and on employment. | territory, coworking, third place for work, living lab, fab lab | https://journals.openedition.org/tem/4200 |
| Digital Transformation | Roy, J. | Digital government and service delivery: An examination of performance and prospects | Canadian Public Administration-Administration Publique Du Canada, 60(4), 538- 561 | 2017 | Since the emergence of electronic or digital government two decades ago, the delivery of public services online has been a centrepiece in efforts to leverage the Internet and improve the performance of the public sector. Prodded by comparisons to banks and online retailers, governments at all levels have been enticed by the dramatically lower costs of a transaction online versus one involving mail, a telephone call centre, or in‐person service facility. Yet such comparators have also masked a much more complicated story for public sector service innovation and delivery reform. The recent advent of mobility further complicates this landscape since the term can be interpreted in one of two (partially related) manners: first, as a newer online channel via mobile devices that accentuates the search for efficiency as integration; and second, as a basis for more participative public engagement in the governance of service design and delivery. Drawing upon three inter‐related typologies of public sector governance (traditional public administration, new public management, and public value management), this article examines the evolution of a partially digitized sector service architecture, its mixed performance to date, and the challenges ahead. Specific attention is devoted to the Liberal Government's initial sign posts as well as the increasingly pressing inter‐governmental dimensions to more digitized service delivery. | e-government, public services, public value, management, integration | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/capa.12231 |
| Digital Transformation | Reichenberger, I. | Digital nomads—A quest for holistic freedom in work and leisure | Annals of Leisure Research, 21, 364-380 | 2017 | Digital nomads are portrayed as young professionals working solely in an online environment while leading a location independent and often travel reliant lifestyle where the boundaries between work, leisure and travel appear blurred. This paper aims to conceptualize the digital nomad phenomenon by establishing a definition of digital nomads. Further, it explores their motivations for adapting this lifestyle and how these are addressed in practice, and examines how work, leisure and travel are interpreted. Digital nomads aim to create a holistic lifestyle characterized by comprehensive freedom where both areas of life are regarded as equally enjoyable and do so through professional, spatial and personal freedom. Ideally, digital nomads perceive work not as an imposed obligation but regard it – much as their leisure activities – as intrinsically motivated and fulfilling. Although crucial for a positive perception of this lifestyle, travel comes with personal challenges that are considered a different type of work. | Digital nomads, holistic freedom, work, leisure | doi:10.1080/11745398.2017.1358098 |
| Service Design | Mergel, Ines. | Digital Service Teams: Challenges and Recommendations for Government | Armonk: IBM Center for the Business of Government | 2017 | The British government successfully pioneered the use of a national, semi-independent “surge team” to tackle large-scale technology-driven challenges facing it. The U.S. federal government adapted this approach to improve the success of its own operations in 2014, titling its top-level team as the “U.S. Digital Service.” It then created a small internal software development and service organization, dubbed “18F,” to support both USDS and individual agencies. And individual agencies are creating their own internal digital service teams, as well. Dr. Mergel interviews leaders and users of digital service teams in the US and internationally to learn how they operate, and the challenges they faced in creating a private sector-like “start up” culture within government to foster innovation and top-level tech talent. Her report identifies six challenges, and offers recommendations on actions that both digital service leaders and policy makers can take to ensure the sustainability and scaling of this novel approach in government. | Digital service teams, challenges, recommendations, government | http://www.businessofgovernment.org/sites/default/files/Digital%20Service%20Teams%20-%20Challenges%20and%20Recommendations%20for%20Government.pdf |
| Service Design | Mergel, I. | Digital service teams: Challenges and recommendations for government. | Using technology series. Washington, DC: IBM - The Center for the Business of Governmnt. | 2017 | The British government successfully pioneered the use of a national, semi-independent “surge team” to tackle large-scale technology-driven challenges facing it. The U.S. federal government adapted this approach to improve the success of its own operations in 2014, titling its top-level team as the “U.S. Digital Service.” It then created a small internal software development and service organization, dubbed “18F,” to support both USDS and individual agencies. And individual agencies are creating their own internal digital service teams, as well. Dr. Mergel interviews leaders and users of digital service teams in the US and internationally to learn how they operate, and the challenges they faced in creating a private sector-like “start up” culture within government to foster innovation and top-level tech talent. Her report identifies six challenges, and offers recommendations on actions that both digital service leaders and policy makers can take to ensure the sustainability and scaling of this novel approach in government. | U.S. federal government, digiral services, innovation, challenges, policy, recommendations | http://www.businessofgovernment.org/report/digital-service-teams-challenges-and-recommendations-government |
| Digital Transformation | National Audit Office | Digital transformation in government. | NAO Cabinett Office | 2017 | This report examines the role of Government Digital Service in supporting transformation and the use of technology across government. The last five years have shown how difficult it can be to get transformation right and how important it is to build the necessary capabilities and business planning processes across government. Our work will track how government puts in place the fundamental building blocks for transformation and ensures that work is prioritised effectively in the face of these challenges. In this report, we consider the impact of digital transformation in government and the role of Government Digital Service (GDS). GDS’s experience is an important illustration of how the centre of government can take different approaches to working with the rest of government, striking a balance between supportive and formal approaches. | digital government, government, efficiency and transparency | https://www.nao.org.uk/report/digital-transformation-in-government |
| Public service value co creation | Voorberg W, Bekkers V, Flemig S, Timeus K, Tonurist P, Tummers S. | Does co-creation impact public service delivery? The importance of state and governance traditions | Public Money and Management, 37.5: 365-372 | 2017 | Co-creation in public service delivery requires partnerships between citizens and civil servants. The authors argue that whether or not these partnerships will be successful depends on state and governance traditions (for example a tradition of authority sharing or consultation). These traditions determine the extent to which co-creation can become institutionalized in a country’s governance framework. | Co-creation, game changer, social innovation, state and governance traditions | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09540962.2017.1328798 |
| Digital Transformation | Ma L. and Zheng. Y. | Does e-government performance actually boost citizen use? Evidence from European countries. | Public Management Review | 2017 | For many years, it was believed that higher-performing e-government features would boost citizen use of e-services. However, this straightforward proposition had never been tested. Using a survey of over 28,000 citizens across 32 European countries, we examined the effect of e-government performance on citizen use. Theoretically, a better-designed and maintained government website should be used more, but it was reject by multilevel model estimates. We found that performance was negatively related to citizen use of e-information and e-services, while e-participation use was insignificant. The implications of our findings on future efforts to increase the uptake of e-government are also discussed. | e-government ranking, citizen use, performance-perception gap, multilevel model, Europe | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2017.1412117 |
| Digital Transformation | European Commission. | eGovernment Benchmark 2017 - Taking stock of user-centric design and delivery of digital public services in Europe | 2017 | Egovernment benchmark, user-centric design, public services europe | https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7f1b4ecb-f9a7-11e7-b8f5-01aa75ed71a1/language-en | ||
| Digital Transformation | European Commission. | eGovernment in Denmark | 2017 | eGovernment, Denmark | https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/inline-files/eGovernm ent in Denmark | ||
| Public service value co creation | Sanchez, A | Enseñanzas de co-creación de servicios públicos para las ciudades inteligentes americanas: El caso de Alicante, España | Debates Latinoamericanos, año 15, Nº 31, Octubre de 2017 | 2017 | La ciudad de Alicante (España) ha desarrollado en los años 2016/17 una innovadora iniciativa de mejora e innovación y transparencia de los servicios públicos mediante un proceso de co-creación de nuevos servicios con ciudadanos mediante talleres colaborativos con la metodología de Design Thinking. Los resultados del proceso de co-creación fueron la generación de nuevas soluciones de comunicación y servicios para el ciudadano donde el uso de las TIC es fundamental, que al nacer de las necesidades del ciudadano expuestas durante el proceso y de su diseño conjunto en reuniones posteriores con los participantes han supuesto un éxito en su implantación en la ciudad. La acción ha sido desarrollada por la Concejalía de Innovación del Ayuntamiento de Alicante y la empresa mixta Aguas de Alicante. | Enseñanzas, co-creación de servicios públicos | https://revistas.rlcu.org.ar/index.php/Debates/article/view/338. |
| Living Labs | Bornand, E., & Foucher, J. | Entre déviance et normalisation, dynamique de l’innovation publique et implication du designer: retour réflexif sur un cas d’étude | Sciences du Design | 2017 | Public innovation ranks as a key concern within most political platforms today, but how does it translate in the daily work patterns of public servants? What role can designers play in such a transformation? These issues are addressed through the study of a public innovation project conducted in a French city of under 50,000 inhabitants. Our analysis highlights some of the specificities of public innovation, which have to do with the relative brevity of political terms and the fact that it must be appropriated by everyone, from public managers to regular citizens. Such distinctive characteristics seem to durably mark innovators out as deviants, departing from institutional standards. This raises questions about the positioning and capacity of designers to effect long-lasting change via one-off assignments. | innovation; deviance; public action | https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_SDD_005_0085--between-deviance-and-normalization-the.htm#xd_co_f=ZjU0NDhmNDItYzFiNi00NzFhLWE4M2MtMTM3OTQ2ODg0NjY2~ |
| Social Innovation | Ratten, V. | Entrepreneurship, innovation and smart cities | London and New York: Routledge Frontiers of Business Management | 2017 | There has been increased emphasis on smart cities due to the economic, environmental and technological shifts that have impacted on society. This book focuses on how cities are becoming smarter, more innovative and entrepreneurial due to the increased pressures placed on them from societal changes in the global business environment. The book defines a smart city as an urban or rural development that integrates technology to enhance a city's assets, which may include community services, parkland, education, transportation and energy sources. The book aims to examine the role that innovation has in creating smart cities by focusing on issues such as public transport, use of energy efficiency and sustainability practices. It helps to shed understanding on how cities have become smarter in the way they handle increased migration to urban and rural areas and decrease the strain on public finances. | Entrepreneurship, innovation, smart cities | DOI:10.4324/9781315407463 |
| Digital Transformation | Heller, N. | Estonia, the Digital Republic: Its Government is Virtual, Borderless, Blockchained, and Secure. Has this Tiny Post-Soviet Nation Found the Way of the Future? | The New Yorker, 18 and 25 December | 2017 | Digital Republic, government is virtual, borderless, blockchained, secure | http://governance40.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Estonia-the-Digital-Republic-The-New-Yorker.pdf | |
| Digital Transformation | European Commission. | Europe’s Digital Progress Report (EDPR) 2017 | Country Profile Denmark, 1–9 | 2017 | Europe’s digital, progress report | http://www.agid.gov.it/notizie/2015/03/24/approvati-i-piani-nazionali- | |
| Social Innovation | Jun, K.N., and Bryer, T. | Facilitating public participation in Local Governments in hard times | American Review of Public Administration | 2017 | In the wake of the economic crisis in 2007, many municipal governments faced a variety of financial challenges. Scholars and practitioners call for citizen participation in various parts of government; however, it is unclear how efforts to engage the public can be sustained when municipalities undergo tough financial times. This research explores the impact of internal and external factors—(a) impact of financial crisis, (b) environmental and organizational complexity, and (c) administrative decentralization—on whether citizens are given the opportunity and resources to be involved in decision-making. Findings suggest that, despite their concerns for the diminishing fiscal capacity, local governments provide supportive institutional arrangements that may encourage public participation. Organizational complexity in local government also has a positive impact on facilitating public involvement and providing resource. Finally, the analyses indicate mixed findings for environmental complexity faced by local jurisdictions. | public participation, Great Recession, fiscal capacity, complexity | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0275074016643587?journalCode=arpb |
| Public Sector Innovation | Schindler, H.S., Fisher, P.A. and J.P. Shonkoff. | From Innovation to Impact at Scale: Lessons Learned From a Cluster of Research-Community Partnerships | Child Development 88 (5): 1435-1446 | 2017 | This paper presents a description of how an interdisciplinary network of academic researchers, community-based programs, parents, and state agencies have joined together to design, test, and scale a suite of innovative intervention strategies rooted in new knowledge about the biology of adversity. Through a process of co-creation, collective pilot-testing, and the support of a measurement and evaluation hub, the Washington State Innovation Cluster is using rapid cycle, iterative learning to elucidate differential impacts of interventions designed to build child and caregiver capacities and address the developmental consequences of socioeconomic disadvantage. Key characteristics of the Innovation Cluster model are described and an example is presented of a video-coaching intervention that has been implemented, adapted, and evaluated through this distinctive, collaborative process. | Innovation, impact at scale, cluster | https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/research_and_innovation/strategy_on_research_and_innovation/presentations/horizon_europe_en_investing_to_shape_our_future.pdf |
| Digital Transformation | U.S. Congress | H.R. 39 tested ability to leverage exceptional National Talent act of 2017 | Public law no: 115–1 (01/20/2017). Washington, DC: 115th U.S. Congress | 2017 | H.R. 39, national talent act | ||
| Living Labs | Korsnes, M. | Householders as co-producers: lessons learned from Trondheim’s Living Lab | Working Paper | 2017 | As energy systems shift from central to distributed production and a combination of these, the lines between the traditional ‘supply side’ and ‘demand side’ become increasingly blurred. Passive consumers are expected to become active, providing flexibility to the system, and eventually morphing into ‘prosumers’, producing and consuming energy. The use and practices related to new solutions and technologies are often taken for granted, and there is a remarkable lack of studies on how implicated publics make sense of their role in this transition. In this paper, we seek to draw lessons from the way in which users have been engaged with a zero emission building. The paper presents results from experiments conducted in the Trondheim Living Lab, which explores the relation between radical technological change, domestic life and energy use. The Trondheim Living Lab is a newly built, 100 m2 , detached single family home that is planned to reach a zero emission balance. The qualitative experiments, conducted in the laboratory between October 2015 and April 2016 involves six groups of residents, each living in the house for 25 days. The empirical material consists of interviews, direct observation, diary records, photography and self-filming, as well as detailed quantitative records of energy consumption and indoor climate. The Trondheim Living Lab offers a unique opportunity to better understand the way in which stakeholder engagement and co-production has been attempted through two avenues: the living lab, and prosumption. This paper reviews these two concepts, and provides lessons learned about how co-production and engagement successfully can be achieved. | zero-emission houses, lifestyle, user behaviour, demonstration buildings, comfort, transition, living lab, experiments | https://www.eceee.org/library/conference_proceedings/eceee_Summer_Studies/2017/4-mobility-transport-and-smart-and-sustainable-cities/householders-as-co-producers-lessons-learned-from-trondheim8217s-living-lab/2017/4-226-17_Korsnes.pdf/ |
| Digital Transformation | Gaskell, A. | How Estonia Became the Digital Leader of Europe | Forbes, 23 June | 2017 | Digital leader | https://www.forbes.com/sites/adigaskell/2017/06/23/how-estonia-became-the-digital-leaders-of-europe/?sh=38291312256d | |
| Living Labs | Schuurman, D., & Tõnurist, P. | Innovation in the public sector: Exploring the characteristics and potential of living labs and innovation labs | Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(1): 7-14 | 2017 | Living labs and innovation labs share many common traits and characteristics. Both concepts are linked to the public sector, and both concepts can be regarded as coping mechanisms to deal with contemporary changes in the innovation landscape and within society as a whole. Both build on past initiatives and practices, but are also struggling to find their own clear identity and “raison d’être”. Because both concepts are largely practice-driven, their theoretical underpinnings and foundations are mostly established after the fact: making sense of current practice rather than carefully researching and planning the further development. However, despite their similarities and common ground, most researchers treat living labs and innovation labs as separate literature streams. Here, starting from a review of the current issues and challenges with innovation in the public sector, we look for links between both concepts by analyzing the current definitions, the predecessors, and the “state of the art” in terms of empirical research. Based on these findings, we summarize a set of similarities and differences between both concepts and propose a model towards more collaboration, mutual exchange, and integration of practices between innovation labs, which can be regarded as initiators of innovation, and living labs, which can be regarded as executors of innovation. Thus, we add to the conceptual development of both concepts and propose a roadmap for the further integration of both the theory and practice of living labs and innovation labs. | Living labs, innovation, public sector | https://timreview.ca/article/1045 |
| Living Labs | Tõnurist, P., Kattel, R., & Lember, V. | Innovation labs in the public sector: what they are and what they do? | Public Management Review, 19(10), 1455-1479 | 2017 | This article is a first comprehensive attempt to globally map and analyse innovation labs (i-labs) in the public sector. The article analyzes theoretical reasons why i-labs are created in the public sector and tests these assumptions in practice. During the empirical study, thirty-five such organizations all over the world were identified. The research is based on a two-step approach: first, a comprehensive survey was carried out followed by an extensive in-depth interview with the managing figures of i-labs; eleven i-labs responded. The article finds support for the assumptions of external complexity, technological challenges, emulation, and legitimization as reasons behind the creation of i-labs. | innovation labs, public sector, organization theory, experimentation | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2017.1287939 |
| Social Innovation | Kolloch, M. and F. Reck, F. | Innovation networks in the German energy industry: An empirical analysis of inter-organizational knowledge transfer | International Journal of Energy Sector Management 11 (2): 268-294 | 2017 | This paper aims to focus on how different types of knowledge are exchanged within innovation networks in the German energy industry. External factors such as market pressure through liberalization, de-carbonization and decentralization challenge established actors in the industry. Answers to these challenges cannot be found by single actors but require networks to gather and concentrate innovation activities. This implies a need for knowledge transfer among energy providers. The authors aim at exploring knowledge exchange relations in-depth by treating them as multidimensional flows which can comprise technological, market, managerial or regulatory knowledge. In detail, the authors examine patterns of knowledge exchange on network-, dyad- and firm-level. Furthermore, first, empiric results are provided on how two of these patterns, namely, a firm’s propensity to form multiplex instead of uniplex ties as well as the composition of externally acquired knowledge concerning the four types, influence organizational innovativeness. | Innovation networks, German energy industry, inter-organizational knowledge transfer | https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-02-2016-0003 |
| Public service value co creation | Huybrechts, L., Benesch, H., & Geib, J. | Institutioning: Participatory Design, Co-Design and the public realm. | CoDesign International Journal of CoCreation in Design and the Arts, 13(3), 148-159 | 2017 | In this introductory article to the special issue ‘Co-Design and the public realm’, we discuss a common interest in how meso- and macro-political institutional contexts frame and are informed by Participatory Design (PD) and Co-Design processes. We argue that a unilateral focus within PD and Co-Design on the micro-political scale of fieldwork obscures interactivity with institutional framing processes, undermining their potential as sites of critique and political change. Our argument is drawn from a study of literature on the role of institutions in relation to PD and the public realm and our experience as participants in an EU-funded research project. The case study descriptions unpack how various institutional frames inform PD processes and how, conversely, PD processes inform various institutional frames: metacultural frames, institutional action frames and policy frames. To highlight the move to engaging with and creating new institutions, we introduce the notion of institutioning. | Co-Design, Participatory Design, institutioning, public realm, politics | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15710882.2017.1355006?journalCode=ncdn20 |
| Service Design | Rizzo, Francesca, Alessandro Deserti and Onur Cobanli. | Introducing Design Thinking in Social Innovation and in the Public Sector: A Design Based Learning Framework | European Public and Social Innovation Review (EPSIR), Vol 2 (1) | 2017 | Design Thinking (DT) is becoming a mantra in the different areas of innovation: including SI and Public sector (Manzini&Rizzo, 2011; Deserti&Rizzo, 2015). But despite its large success in literature, DT is still applied in peripheral areas of Public sector where it is in place as methodology to conduct research and innovation pilots. The article focus on the interaction between DT, public sector innovation and SI as both: an emergent trajectory of innovation in Public sector (that under the umbrella of the “co” paradigm puts together the need to develop complex co-design processes with the need to face public societal challenges) and as a framework for designing processes of learning within public organisation that could eventually lead to the introjection of new competences on how to lead innovation in public sector and ultimately to organisation change. | Design thinking, social innovation, public sector | https://doi.org/10.31637/epsir.17-1.9 |
| Living Labs | Dekker, R., J.B. Franco-Contreras & A.J. Meijer. | Introducing the living lab methodology to public administration: A systematic literature review | Paper presented at Annual NIG Conference. Maastricht, The Netherlands, November 10 | 2017 | Living lab, methodology, public administration, systematic literature | ||
| Public service value co creation | Suopajarvi, T. | Knowledge-making on "ageing in a smart city' as socio-material power dynamics of participatory action research | Action Research | 2017 | This article investigates participatory action research workshops from the perspective of feminist new materialism by asking, how we came to know ageing in the smart city of Oulu in northern Finland through collaborative workshops which aimed to include seniors into public service design. The most meaningful socio-material components in this knowledge-making are argued to be the shifts in social power relations, particular spatial and material practices, and the participant assemblage. These components intra-act transferring our understanding on ageing: ageing becomes a creative state where the seniors are included in the problem-solving instead of being citizens to be looked after, and thus being merely a socio-economic problem. The power dynamics are essential in participatory action research, therefore, the accountability of all agents should be carefully analysed to understand the impacts of epistemology both in design and social change. | Participatory action research, feminist new materialism, ethnography, cultural anthropology, ageing, smart city | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1476750316655385 |
| Service Design | Côté, V., Bélanger, L., & Gagnon, C. | Le design au service de l’expérience patient | Sciences du Design 2017/2 (n° 6) | 2017 | Québec's health care system faces many challenges, particularly with regard to the aging of the population, the decline in medical resources and the social will to die with dignity. It therefore seems desirable to develop new services for a more humane care experience where the physical and emotional environment is considered. However, the processes to improve this experience are not well known and some believe that design approaches would allow more humane care through collaborative approaches. The concern to build for and with the individuals affected by this type of social problem refers to a certain ethics of solicitude (ethics of care) where to be fair is to "take care" of others. The article therefore proposes a framework of reflection around the notion of "care", but especially around the notion of participation in order to explore the role that design plays in the development of services in a healthcare setting. | design, patient experience, healthcare system, collaboration | https://www.cairn.info/revue-sciences-du-design-2017-2-page-54.htm |
| Service Design | Bason, C. | Leading public design: Discovering human-centred governance | Bristol: Policy Press. | 2017 | This powerful new book provides a clear framework for understanding and learning an emerging management practice, leading public design. Drawing on more than a decade of work on public sector innovation, Christian Bason uses his extensive practical experience and research conducted among public managers in the UK, the US, Australia, Finland and Denmark to explore how public organisations can be redesigned from the outside in, shaping policies and services that are truly experienced as useful and meaningful to citizens, and which leverage all of society’s resources to co-produce better outcomes. Through detailed case studies, the book presents six management practices which leaders in government can use to involve citizens, staff and other stakeholders in innovation processes. It shows how managers can challenge their own assumptions, leverage empathy with citizens, handle divergence, navigate unknown territory, experiment and rehearse future solutions through prototyping, and create more public value. Ultimately, Leading public design provides a pathway to a new and different way of governing public institutions: human-centred governance. As a more relational, networked, interactive and reflective approach to running organisations, this emerging governance model promises a more human yet effective public sector. | design, public management, framework, public organisations, public sector | https://policy.bristoluniversitypress.co.uk/leading-public-design |
| Digital Transformation | Weller, J.-M., & Pallez, F. | Les formes d’innovation publique par le design: un essai de cartographie | Sciences du Design(1), 32-51 | 2017 | Over the past decade, public services have introduced innovative approaches of a new kind, formally breaking with the managerial reforms hitherto deployed. The concrete forms that these initiatives can take seem varied, but they use similar techniques, under the same banner of “service design.” But to what extent do they share such an assertion? Based on which issues? As part of an ANR research project entirely focused on these new forms of public innovation (FPI), the authors of this article outline the main features of this unprecedented landscape. Using a database of two hundred cases, the challenge here is to provide readers with a description of the phenomenon of the emergence of these innovations “by design” carried out over the last ten years in very different public institutions. Four types of FPI are identified. | public services, administration, innovation, service design, users | https://www.cairn.info/revue-sciences-du-design-2017-1-page-32.htm?contenu=article |
| Living Labs | Roux E. & Marron Q. | Les Livings Labs, de nouveaux dispositifs d’action publique pour penser les métropoles et les territoires | Canadian Journal of Regional Science / Revue canadienne des sciences régionales 40(1). 33-41 | 2017 | Since the beginning of the 2000s, there has been almost continuous growth in the creation of Living Labs in France and Europe; and they are regularly convened to discuss innovation processes in metropolises. This paper makes the hypothesis that Livings Labs are indicative of current territorial dynamics and that they may propose new ways of thinking about public action for the development of territories. We will show that these devices contribute to the metropolitan increase, and propose a new way of thinking about public action. Moreover, they still appear relatively little invested by the public authorities | Living labs, cities, regions, France | https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01563768/document |
| Social Innovation | Panigrahi, J.K., Tripathy S. and B. Das. | Linkages between innovation, service & network within supply chain: A critical review | International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(9): 32-44 | 2017 | There is an emerging acknowledgment that value creation takes place in any organization that produces something, it becomes an input to a process within a business network. SCM researchers analyzed how value is created and productivity is enhanced in the organization. Innovation, Networks, Services are key topics interlinked to explore processes associated to service innovation within supply networks from a multidisciplinary perspective. Certain underpinnings for each topic offer a rationale for interlinking. Since Schumpeter's works (1939, 1943), it has been said that innovation offers an opportunity for prosperity. Scholars demonstrated that networks play a critical role in innovation and knowledge transfer. Also the significant growth of services during the current century across globe is interpreted as a call to enhance. This research paper is a critical review of innovation processes within a supply network, which is the subset of business networks interacting within the services sector. Specifically, this will contribute to eliciting how Innovation, Service and Networks within a supply chain are key to promoting dynamic service innovation and benefits within the supply chain. | Innovation, service, network, supply chain | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320133600_LINKAGES_BETWEEN_INNOVATION_SERVICE_AND_NETWORK_WITHIN_SUPPLY_CHAIN_A_CRITICAL_REVIEW |
| Living Labs | Kanstrup, A. . | Living in the lab: an analysis of the work in eight living laboratories set up in care homes for technology innovation | CoDesign, 13 (1), 49–64 | 2017 | Examinations of living labs are scarce even though the approach is increasingly used as an opportunity to bring design activities into real-life use context and consequently facilitate cooperations between designers and users in future technology innovation. Furthermore, examinations of living labs that focus on the people living in the labs do not exist. This paper presents a study of eight living labs set up in care homes for innovation in health technologies and focuses on the work carried out by care workers, service staff, residents and management, i.e. people living and working in the labs. The analysis reveals a comprehensive system of work carried out by people living and working in the labs and identifies that linking the lab-work-system to the ongoing existing work-system is a major challenge. The study demonstrates that the work of people living and working in the labs is critical to the success of living labs and recommends greater focus on work balance, user gains and collaborative innovation in living lab theories and methods. | Living lab, participatory design, work, health technology, innovation, care home | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15710882.2016.1146304 |
| Living Labs | von Geibler, J, Erdmann, L, Liedtke, C, Rohn, H, Stabe, M, Berner, S., Jordan ND, Leismann, K. & Schnalzer, K. | Living Labs für nachhaltige Entwicklung - Potenziale einer Forschungsinfrastruktur zur Nutzerintegration in der Entwicklung von Produkten und Dienstleistungen. | Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt | 2017 | The study examines the potential of the German research landscape for user-integrated product and service innovation. It shows that Living Labs can play an important role in sustainable development as human-technology interaction increases. Living Labs aim at early integration of user requirements and application context into research and innovation processes. For example, they can offer solutions to promote the introduction of resource-efficient system solutions or to avoid negative systemic effects on resource and energy consumption. The potential study identifies the areas of application of Living Labs and explores aspects relevant to the development of the research and innovation system. In addition, options for action to promote transdisciplinary collaborative projects and structure-building measures are presented. The study is based on the results of the project "Sustainability Innovations in the Living Lab" funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and is carried out at the Wuppertal Institute in cooperation with the Fraunhofer Institute for Industry Engineering (IAO), the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems Engineering. and Innovation Research (ISI) and the Factor 10 Institute. | Living labs, service innovation, human technologies, Germany | https://epub.wupperinst.org/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/4950/file/WS47.pdf |
| Living Labs | Klein J-L. & Pecqueur B. | Living Labs, innovation sociale et territoire | Canadian Journal of Regional Science / Revue canadienne des sciences régionales | 2017 | This issue of the Canadian Journal of Regional Science addresses the Living Lab strategy, seen as an emerging form of organizational innovation that question traditional practices and modalities of action in territorial development. LLs can be defined as open innovation laboratories characterized by the primacy of the user in the definition of actions. According to their promoters, LLs allow users to imagine, develop and create innovative services or tools that respond to their needs or aspirations. Through co-construction, collective learning, the constitution of multiple-actor networks and various forms of partnership action, LLs explore ways to find trans-sectoral solutions. A bottom-up approach that takes as its starting point the demands of the users and the aspirations of the citizens is more favourable for innovation than one that is driven primarily by predetermined solutions. This principle inspires modes of organization of actors and collaborative processes that favour creativity. | social innovation, living labs | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319086311_Living_Labs_innovation_sociale_et_territoire |
| Living Labs | Nesti, G. | Living Labs: A new tool for co-production? | Pp. 267-81 in A. Bisello, D. Vettorat, R. Stephens & P. Elisei (eds.). Smart and sustainable planning for cities and regions. Cham, Switzerland: Springer | 2017 | Living Labs are places for real-life test and experimentation where users and experts co-create innovative products and services through an ICT-based collaboration. Founded in the context of private firms, LLs evolved into a policy tool implemented to facilitate service innovation also in the public sector. Furthermore, due to their strong focus on user participation, LLs are now increasingly central in the smart-city strategy of various municipalities such as Barcelona, Helsinki, Tallinn and Birmingham. Citizen creativity, in fact, is an integral part of smart cities and the ‘laboratory dimension’ perfectly fits with this new approach to urban development. Namely, the transformation of the city into a living lab is aimed at supporting the process of policy innovation at the municipal level through local empowerment and the promotion of partnership among enterprises, public administration and citizens. In this respect, LLs can be viewed as a new form of co-production that is a process through which citizens participate in the design and creation of products or services that are less expensive and better tailored to citizens’ needs. Drawing on data related to 59 LLs listed in the database of the European Network of LLs, the paper is aimed at describing the main characteristics of LLs and at examining their strengths and weaknesses as co-production tools. | Living labs, Co-production, Open innovation, Citizen participation, Smart cities | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-44899-2_16 |
| Living Labs | Gascó, M. | Living labs: Implementing open innovation in the public sector | Government Information Quarterly, 34(1), 90-98 | 2017 | Public sector innovation is an important issue in the agenda of policymakers and academics but there is a need for a change of perspective, one that promotes a more open model of innovating, which takes advantage of the possibilities offered by collaboration between citizens, entrepreneurs and civil society as well as of new emerging technologies. Living labs are environments that can support public open innovation processes. This article makes a practical contribution to understand the role of living labs as intermediaries of public open innovation. The analysis focuses on the dynamics of these innovation intermediaries, their outcomes, and their main challenges. In particular, it adopts a qualitative approach (fourteen semi-structured interviews and one focus group were conducted) in order to analyze two living labs: Citilab in the city of Cornella and the network of fab athenaeums (public fab labs) in the city of Barcelona, both in Spain. After a thorough analysis of the attributes of these living labs, the article concludes that 1) living labs provide the opportunity for public agencies to meet with private sector organizations and thus function as innovation intermediaries, 2) implementing an open innovation perspective is considered more important than obtaining specific innovation results, and 3) scalability and sustainability are the main problems living labs encounter as open innovation intermediaries. | Living labs, public sector, open innovation, innovation intermediaries | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Living-labs%3A-Implementing-open-innovation-in-the-Gasc%C3%B3/0b37f63a7fc6e4da2e8caf08f8e41a7715e627b1 |
| Digital Transformation | Hofheinz, Paul, and David Osimo. | Making Europe A Data Economy: A New Framework for Free Movement of Data in the Digital Age | Brussels : Lisbon Council | 2017 | Data economy, free movement of data, digital age | http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2018/1807/oj | |
| Social Innovation | Voltan A. and De Fuentes C. | Managing multiple logics in partnerships for scaling social innovation | European Journal of Innovation Management 19 (4): 446-467 | 2017 | The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the field of social innovation by examining institutional logics at the level of inter- and intra-organizational partnerships for scaling impact. The authors use a set of case studies from the Stanford Social Innovation Review to analyze success in scaling social innovations applying the logic compatibility-centrality matrix proposed by Besharov and Smith (2014), which aims to reveal the potential for conflict in organizations based on the diversity of logics present and the degree to which they are compatible with each other. The findings shed insight on how individuals and organizations are able to manage logic multiplicity in the context of partnerships for scaling social innovation. The authors build on recent work that recognizes logic multiplicity in social enterprises resulting from their hybrid nature, and the authors add to the existing debate by introducing to the discussion contributions from cognitive theory that help explain why organizational cultures evolve and scale out the way they do. | institutional logics, partnership, social innovation, scaling social innovation | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/EJIM-01-2016-0010/full/html |
| Digital Transformation | McFarland, M. | Mikey Dickerson fixed healthcare.gov. that was just the beginning | 2017 | Mikey Dickerson, healthcare.gov | http://money.cnn.com/2017/01/17/technology/us-digital-service-mikey- dickerson/. | ||
| Social Innovation | Aarikka-Stenroos, L. and P. Ritala P. | Network management in the era of ecosystems: systematic review and management framework | Industrial marketing management 67: 23-36 | 2017 | Business-to-business (B2B) and business network scholars have begun adopting an “ecosystem” approach to describe the increasing interdependence and co-evolution of contemporary business and innovation activities. Although the concept is useful in communicating these issues, the challenge is the lack of overall understanding of the added value of the approach, its particular theoretical logic, and its links to network management. This systematic review analyzes the usage of the ecosystem concept in B2B journals and its implications for network management. Common themes are distilled, the specific features of the ecosystem approach are examined, and four categories of the ecosystem approach are identified: (a) competition and evolution; (b) emergence and disruption; (c) stable business exchange; and (d) value co-creation. We also examine shifts in management opportunities and challenges related to these developments. Finally, we suggest a revised network management framework, where we address the implications of utilizing an ecosystem layer for the analysis, as well as using the ecosystem as a perspective in the management of business and innovation networks. Overall, this study contributes to the literature by providing a coherence-seeking, systematic outlook on the increasingly useful, but still nascent and ambiguously utilized ecosystem approach. | Network management, era of ecosystems | https://isiarticles.com/bundles/Article/pre/pdf/109576.pdf |
| Social Innovation | Zach, F.J. and T.L., Hill. | Network, knowledge and relationship impacts on innovation in tourism destinations | Tourism Management 62: 196-207 | 2017 | We combine network structure and firm-level relationship measures to explore the association between innovative behavior, firm position within the network of a destination, and the knowledge and relational trust characteristics of a firm's innovation-oriented relationships. We find current collaboration, shared knowledge and trust are associated with innovative behavior with partner firms, but that betweenness centrality indicates which partners are the most prominent innovators in a population. That is, relationship-level characteristics facilitate innovation partnerships, but network structure characteristics identify the most successful innovative partners. To theory, our findings contribute to efforts in the tourism, innovation and network literature to evaluate the differential effects of knowledge stocks and flows on innovation. For practice, our results suggest that promoters of innovation within a destination should leverage brokerage positions to improve the in-flow of ideas while encouraging the firms that share knowledge and trust to collaborate to apply those ideas. | Network, knowledge, relationship impacts, innovation in tourism destinations | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.04.001 |
| Social Innovation | Booyens, I. and C.M., Rogerson. | Networking and learning for tourism innovation: evidence from the Western Cape | Tourism Geographies 19 (3), pp. 340-361 | 2017 | This paper examines the nature of networking and learning by tourism firms in relation to accessing knowledge for innovation. In particular, the nature of tourism learning and networking, geography of networking linkages, and systemic characteristics of relationships between tourism firms, government agencies, higher education institutions, and other organisations in the Western Cape tourism system are examined. The analysis draws on 182 tourism firm, tourism system, and contextual interviews. This investigation demonstrates that even though tourism firms mostly use internal resources for innovation, external, non-local knowledge is significant for enhancing novel innovation. It is disclosed that whilst local network linkages are dense, loose, and of importance for business and marketing purposes, extra-regional network relationships are imperative for learning in relation to innovation. As further observed, network linkages between local and regional actors for supporting tourism innovation in the Western Cape are generally weak which points to the underdevelopment of local and regional innovation networks or systems. The paper provides planning recommendations for enhancing the competitiveness of tourism firms towards fostering development and growth in the regional tourism economy. Specifically, support for stimulating learning networks as well as strengthening systemic relationships in the Western Cape tourism system are recommended. It is underscored that strategic relationships with non-local partners need to be nurtured towards fostering tourism innovation and enhancing regional competitiveness. | Networking, learning, tourism innovation | https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2016.1183142 |
| Digital Transformation | G. Krücken, C. Mazza, R. E. Meyer, & P. Walgenbach (Eds.). | New themes in institutional analysis: Topics and issues from European research | New themes in institutional analysis: Topics and issues from European research | 2017 | Institutional theory has become one of the dominant organizational approaches in recent decades. Its roots can be traced to Europe, and an important intellectual objective of this book is to examine North American theory strands and reconnect them with European research traditions. In addition, this book focuses on how organizations and individuals handle heterogeneous and challenging social conditions which are subsequently reflected in various forms of change | Institutional analysis, european research | https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Olivier-Furrer/publication/230751725_A_customer_relationship_typology_of_product_services_strategies/links/09e41503df992c9f35000000/A-customer-relationship-typology-of-product-services-strategies.pdf |
| Digital Transformation | Wimmer, M. A., E. Tambouris, R. Krimmer, J. R. Gil-Garcia, and A. T. Chatfield. | Once Only Principle: Benefits, Barriers and Next Steps | 18th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, Staten Island, NY, USA, 7–9 June | 2017 | The Once-Once Principle (OOP) suggests that citizens and businesses should have the right to supply information only once to a public administration. It would then be the responsibility of public administration offices to take all necessary actions in order to internally share this data by respecting the relevant data protection rules. The overall aim is to reduce administrative burden. The implementation of the OOP is high on the political agenda of many countries including the Member States of the European Union. The aim of this panel is to enable an open discussion between the panelists and the audience in order to exchange good practices and also identify and prioritize benefits and barriers as well as possible next steps towards widely imple-menting the once only principle in public service provisioning. | Principle, benefits, barriers, steps | DOI:10.1145/3085228.3085296 |
| Digital Transformation | Luna-Reyes L. F. | Opportunities and challenges for digital governance in a world of digital participation. | Information Polity | 2017 | Digital technologies are changing information flows and transforming some of our current social structures. From some perspectives, increased interactions among people on social media platforms are already transforming the role of the free press in modern democracies, with the potential to influence our governance systems. Moreover, government and non-government organizations are promoting digital participation through the development of technology platforms, such as e-Consultation and e-Petitioning systems, to promote social interactions as well as political conversations with the aim to improve the public policy development process. These trends continue to change our democratic governance system by opening opportunities for citizens to directly influence policy issues and democratic participation. However, lack of transparency in how the conversation is initiated and structured in these same platforms provides new opportunities for private interests to influence public conversations. | information policy, governance, e-participation, e-consultation, e-petitioning, co-creation, policy informatics | https://content.iospress.com/articles/information-polity/ip408 |
| Social Innovation | Socialstyrelsen. | Partnerskaber og samarbejder mellem det offentlige og civilsamfundet. Støtte til mennesker med psykiske vanskeligheder | Odense: Socialstyrelsen | 2017 | Frivilligt socialt samarbejde, samskabelse, samproduktion og partnerskaber er alle betegnelser for forskellige typer af samarbejder imellem offentlige og frivillige indsatser. Men hvad indeholder begreberne egentlig? I denne artikel sættes fokus på forskellige former for samarbejde mellem det offentlige og civilsamfundet, og herunder deres styrker og opmærksomhedspunkter. I Danmark har vi i de seneste år set en stigende interesse for at udvikle nye måder at etablere samarbejder mellem borgere, de professionelle og civilsamfund i produktion og levering af velfærdsydelser. I denne udvikling opstår mange betegnelser for disse samarbejder: Samskabelse, samproduktion, partnerskaber, private-offentlige samarbejder, borgerbudgettering, netværksarbejde og ungepaneler – for at nævne nogle hyppigt nævnte. I denne artikel sættes fokus på, hvilket kontinuum af samarbejdsformer de forskellige betegnelser dækker over, og vi diskuterer, hvad der kan være af fordele og udfordringer ved de forskellige typer af samarbejder mellem det offentlige og civilsamfundet. I artiklen viser vi også, hvordan samarbejdsbølgen langt fra er ny, men er en tendens, der har præget velfærdsydelsernes udvikling igennem mange årtier – dog i forskellige udgaver. Aktuelt, hvor nye betegnelser og samarbejder vinder udbredelse, peger vi på, hvordan der praktiseres en pragmatisk tilgang, som er kendetegnet ved en svag metodefasthed, og vi giver en international perspektivering på de nye samarbejdsformer. | Partnerskaber, samarbejder, offentlige, civilsamfundet, psykiske vanskeligheder | https://viden.sl.dk/media/8951/partnerskab-og-samarbejder-mellem-det-offentlige-og-civilsamfundet-stoette-til-mennesker-med-psykiske-vanskeligheder.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | D. Beach. | Process-Tracing Methods in Social Science (Vol. 1) | 2017 | Process tracing is a research method for tracing causal mechanisms using detailed, within-case empirical analysis of how a causal process plays out in an actual case. Process tracing can be used both for case studies that aim to gain a greater understanding of the causal dynamics that produced the outcome of a particular historical case and to shed light on generalizable causal mechanisms linking causes and outcomes within a population of causally similar cases. This article breaks down process tracing as a method into its three core components: theorization about causal mechanisms linking causes and outcomes; the analysis of the observable empirical manifestations of the operation of theorized mechanisms; and the complementary use of comparative methods to enable generalizations of findings from single case studies to other causally similar cases. Three distinct variants of process tracing are developed, illustrated by examples from the literature. | Tracing methods, social science | https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.176 | |
| Social Innovation | Bustinza, O.F., Gomes, E., Vendrell-Herrero, F and T. Baines. | Product-service innovation and performance: the role of collaborative partnerships and R&D intensity | R & D Management | 2017 | Treating the intersection of the strategic partnerships, R&D intensity and servitisation literatures, this study explores empirically whether external collaborative service development and provision and industrial R&D intensity help to unpack the complex relation between product–service innovation (servitisation) and performance. We argue that manufacturing firms implementing services benefit from strategic partnerships with Knowledge-Intensive Business Service (KIBS) firms. KIBS partnering provides opportunities for downsizing, externalising risks and sharing knowledge. Additionally, manufacturers in R&D-intensive industries are more likely to benefit from implementing service provision than firms in other sectors because of industry dynamics and reduced customer uncertainty. The study surveys executives in 370 large manufacturers worldwide. Results reinforce the importance of concentric strategic partnerships to successful product–service innovation in high R&D industries. | Product-service innovation, performance | https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12269 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Kimbell, L., & Bailey, J. | Prototyping and the new spirit of policy-making. | CoDesign International Journal of CoCreation in Design and the Arts, 13(3), 214- 226 | 2017 | This conceptual paper discusses the use of Co-Design approaches in the public realm by examining the emergence of a design practice, prototyping, in public policy-making. We argue that changes in approaches to management and organisation over recent decades have led towards greater flexibility, provisionality and anticipation in responding to public issues. These developments have co-emerged with growing interest in prototyping. Synthesising literatures in design, management and computing, and informed by our participant observation of teams inside government, we propose the defining characteristics of prototyping in policy-making and review the implications of using this approach. We suggest that such activities engender a ‘new spirit’ of policy-making. However, this development is accompanied by the further encroachment of market logics into government, with the danger of absorbing critiques of capitalism and resulting in reinforced power structures. | Policy design, prototyping, policy-making, systems design, service design | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15710882.2017.1355003?journalCode=ncdn20 |
| Public service value co creation | Pollitt, C, & Bouckaert, G | Public management reform : a comparative analysis | Oxford: Oxford University Press | 2017 | Since the third edition of this authoritative volume, most of Western Europe and North America have entered an era of austerity which has pervasive effects on programmes of public management reform. Even in Australasia extensive measures of fiscal restraint have been implemented. In this fourth edition the basic structure of the book has been retained but there has been a line-by-line rewriting, including the addition of extensive analyses and information about the impacts of austerity. Many new sources are cited and there is a new exploration of the interactions between austerity and the major paradigms of reform - NPM, the Neo-Weberian State and New Public Governance. The existing strengths of the previous editions have been retained while vital new material on developments since the Global Economic Crisis has been added. This remains the most authoritative, comprehensive, widely-cited academic text on public management reform in Europe, North America and Australasia. | reform, New Public Management, New Public Governance, austerity | https://www.academia.edu/11548460/Public_Management_Reform_A_Comparative_Analysis_-_New_Public_Management_Governance_and_the_Neo-Weberian_State |
| Public service value co creation | Osborne, S. P. | Public management research over the decades: What are we writing about? | Public Management Review | 2017 | public management | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14719037.2016.1252142 | |
| Public service value co creation | Vickers I, Lyon F, Sepulveda L, McMullin C. | Public service innovation and multiple institutional logics: The case of hybrid social enterprise providers of health and wellbeing | Research Policy, 46 (2017), p. 1755-1768 | 2017 | Public sector organisations are confronted with growing health and social care needs in combination with severeresource constraints, prompting interest in innovative responses to such challenges. Public service innovation ispoorly understood, particularly where innovators must navigate between the norms, practices and logics ofpublic, private and civil society sectors. We contribute to the understanding of how innovating hybrid organi-sations are able to creatively combine co-existing logics. Case study evidence from newly established socialenterprise providers of health and wellbeing services in England is utilised to examine how innovations areshaped by (i) an incumbent state or public sector logic, and two ‘challenger’logics relating to (ii) the market andincreasing competition; and (iii) civil society, emphasising social value and democratic engagement with em-ployees and service users. The analysis shows how a more fluid and creative interplay of logics can be observedin relation to specific strategies and practices. Within organisations, these strategies relate to the empowermentof staffto be creative, financial management, and knowledge sharing and protection. The interplay of logicsshaping social innovation is also found in relationships with key stakeholders, notably public sector funders,service users and service delivery partners. Implications are drawn for innovation in public services and hybridorganisations more broadly. | Public service, Institutional logics, Hybrid organisations, Social enterprise, Social innovation | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319649041_Public_service_innovation_and_multiple_institutional_logics_The_case_of_hybrid_social_enterprise_providers_of_health_and_wellbeing |
| Social Innovation | Crosby, B.C. Hart, P. and J. Torfing. | Public value creation through collaborative innovation | Public Management Review 21 (1): 655-669 | 2017 | This article explores how public managers can use insights about public sector innovation and public value governance to make more than incremental progress in remedying society’s most pressing needs. After outlining the features of public innovation, it considers some traditional barriers to achieving it. It then considers the usefulness of the public value framework for managers seeking to design innovative solutions for complex problems, and examines the type of leadership that is likely to foster collaborative innovation and public value. It finishes by offering levers for achieving innovation by adopting design logics and practices associated with inclusive, experimentalist governance. | Public value creation, collaborative innovation | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2016.1192165 |
| Social Innovation | Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. | Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. | Sage publications. | 2017 | In the revised Fourth Edition, John W. Creswell and new co-author Cheryl N. Poth explore the philosophical underpinnings, history, and key elements of five qualitative inquiry approaches: narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study. Preserving Creswell's signature writing style, the authors compare the approaches and relate research designs to each of the traditions of inquiry in a highly accessible manner. Featuring new content, articles, pedagogy, references, and expanded coverage of ethics throughout, the Fourth Edition is an ideal introduction to the theories, strategies, and practices of qualitative inquiry. | qualitative inquiry approaches, research design, research methodology | https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/qualitative-inquiry-and-research-design/book246896 |
| Digital Transformation | Ness, O. N., Edwards, V. I., & Karlsson, B. K. | Reell brukermedvirkning eller bare ord?–En forskningsbasert evaluering av bruk av tjenestedesign i brukermedvirkning ved Klinikk psykisk helse og avhengighet ved Oslo universitetssykehus | Senter for Psykisk Helse og Rus - Forskningsrapport | 2017 | This report is a research-based evaluation of whether the "service design" method provides real user participation in the development of mental health services. The target audience for the evaluation is users and representatives of the local user councils who have been involved in the project "Changed shielding. The Extra Foundation has provided funds to evaluate how users rate their participation in the service design process, and in particular whether the service design method is perceived to provide real user participation. In addition, it has been evaluated whether their experiences are central to the proposed changes. | service design, user participation, health services | https://openarchive.usn.no/usn-xmlui/handle/11250/2436469 |
| Living Labs | Ståhlbröst and Holst | Reflecting on Actions in Living Lab Research | Technology Innovation Management Review, 7 (2), 27-34 | 2017 | Living labs deploy contemporary open and user-centred engagement processes in real-world contexts where all relevant stakeholders are involved and engaged with the endeavour to create and experiment with different innovations. The approach is evidently successful and builds on the perspective that people have a democratic right to have influence over changes that might affect them, such as those brought about by an innovation. In this article, we will reflect on and discuss a case in which end users took part in the development of a method that stimulates learning and adoption of digital innovations in their own homes while testing and interacting with it. The results show that, when end users were stimulated to use the implemented innovation through different explicit assignments, they both increased their understanding of the situation as well as changed their behaviour. Living lab processes are complex and dynamic, and we find that it is essential that a living lab have the capability to adjust its roles and actions. We argue that being reflective is beneficial for innovation process managers in living labs because it allows them to adjust processes in response to dynamic circumstances. | Living labs, user centered, innovation, digital innovation | https://timreview.ca/article/1055 |
| Living Labs | Ekuma, K.J. | Relational Public Management: Complexity and Public Sector Governance in a Developing Context | Proceedings of the European Conference on Management, Leadership & Governance. Bucharest, Romania, January 1 | 2017 | This essay advances critical theoretical insights into the idea of ‘relational public management’ and its implications for public administration and management in developing countries (DCs). In doing so, the paper sets out new agendas for public service governance in DCs that recognizes the changing nature and emerging complexities of both the public service and of society. The paper explores critically the limitations of traditional public administration and the New Public Management (NPM) perspective and argues that public sector management in DCs are embedded in complex dynamics between power relations, complexity and social norms, and should therefore, focus on building relationships as a means to deepening trust and enhancing cooperation among critical actors. The case for a shift in focus to ‘relationality’ reflects changes in the wider global political economy, including emerging complex and multi-faceted policy problems that require heterodox and context-sensitive responses from governments and greater collaboration among key stakeholders. The idea of relational public management proposed here, draws on new ideas in management theory, HRD theorizing, leadership studies, policy analysis and discourse theory. It argues for a shift from a preoccupation with conventional organisational form and functions, to place greater emphasis on social networks and relationships, as a way of improving management efficiency in the public services of DCs. Overall, the purpose of this essay is more to stimulate critical debates around innovative strategies for managing the modern public service in DCs in order successfully tackle emerging complex and wicked policy problems, instead of providing a prescriptive model or so called ‘best practice’ perspective on public sector management. | Relational public management, public sector governance, developing context | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Torugsa A, Arundel A. | Rethinking the effect of risk aversion on the benefits of service innovations in public administration agencies | Research Policy 46 | 2017 | This study applies a holistic approach grounded in configurational theory to a sample of 2505 innovative public administration agencies in Europe to explore the effect of organizational risk aversion on the benefits from service innovations. The analyses, using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), identify several combinations of strategies (varying by the agency size and the novelty of innovation) that managers in risk-averse agencies can use to work effectively around the risks of innovating. The findings show that the managers of both high and low risk-averse agencies can achieve high benefits from their innovation efforts, but their strategizing behaviors differ. An integrated strategy that combines collaboration, complementary process and communication innovations, and an active management strategy to support innovation is the most effective method for ‘low-risk-averse’ small agencies and ‘high-risk-averse’ larger agencies to obtain high benefits from either novel or incremental service innovations. Our results point to the need to rethink the conventional assumption that a culture of risk aversion in public sector agencies is a cause of management ineffectiveness and a stumbling block to innovation success. | service innovation, public administration, risk, management, configurational theory, qualitative comparative analysis, strategies | https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/respol/v46y2017i5p900-910.html |
| Living Labs | Äyvaäri, A. & Jyrämä | Rethinking value proposition tools for living labs | Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 27 (5), 1024-1039 | 2017 | This paper considers how well the living lab approach and recent theoretical developments around the concept of value are incorporated into three managerial tools for creating value propositions. | Living labs, value, theory | http://www.naplesforumonservice.it/uploads/files/Ayvari%20Anne.pdf |
| Service Design | Besson R. | Rôle et limites des tiers-lieux dans la fabrique des villes contemporaines. Territoire en mouvement | Revue de géographie et aménagement. n°34 | 2017 | The notion of third place is mostly developed in an empirical way. It covers multiple realities such as projects of coworking spaces, living labs and fab labs. Some third places are specially interested in the city and in the new conditions of urban fabrication. Relying on open innovation methods and on the digital potential, these Thirds Places defend the idea of an urbanism which is not only the experts domain, but would also be coproduced with inhabitants. They defend a right to infrastructure in the cities (whether material or immaterial). To question the role and scope of Third Places in the fabrication of contemporary cities, we will focus on the analysis of French and Spanish Third Places specialized on urbanism. This analysis enhances a better understanding of the role of Third Places in urban production, and will highlight the difficulties of the construction of an urban policy of third places. | urbanism, Marseille, third place, cognitive urban systems, living lab, fab lab, Barcelone, Madrid | https://journals.openedition.org/tem/4184 |
| Social Innovation | Torfing, J., Krogh, A. H. and Ejrnæs, A. | Samarbejdsdrevet innovation i kriminalpræventive indsatser: Slutrapport om sammenhængene mellem samarbejde, innovation og kriminalpræventiv effekt og måling heraf | Roskilde: Roskilde Universitet | 2017 | Samarbejdsdrevet innovation, kriminalpræventive indsatser, samarbejde, innovation, kriminalpræventiv effekt | https://www.kk.dk/sites/default/files/uploaded-files/slutrapport._samarbejdsdrevet_innovation_i_kriminalpraeventive_indsatser.pdf | |
| Social Innovation | Andersen, L. L. and Espersen, H. H. | Samskabelse, samproduktion og partnerskaber - teoretiske perspektiver | Socialstyrelsen (ed.), Partnerskaber og samarbejder mellem det offentlige og civilsamfundet, Odense: Socialstyrelsen, pp. 107-137 | 2017 | Frivilligt socialt samarbejde, samskabelse, samproduktion og partnerskaber er alle betegnelser for forskellige typer af samarbejder imellem offentlige og frivillige indsatser. Men hvad indeholder begreberne egentlig? I denne artikel sættes fokus på forskellige former for samarbejde mellem det offentlige og civilsamfundet, og herunder deres styrker og opmærksomhedspunkter. I Danmark har vi i de seneste år set en stigende interesse for at udvikle nye måder at etablere samarbejder mellem borgere, de professionelle og civilsamfund i produktion og levering af velfærdsydelser. I denne udvikling opstår mange betegnelser for disse samarbejder: Samskabelse, samproduktion, partnerskaber, private-offentlige samarbejder, borgerbudgettering, netværksarbejde og ungepaneler – for at nævne nogle hyppigt nævnte. I denne artikel sættes fokus på, hvilket kontinuum af samarbejdsformer de forskellige betegnelser dækker over, og vi diskuterer, hvad der kan være af fordele og udfordringer ved de forskellige typer af samarbejder mellem det offentlige og civilsamfundet. I artiklen viser vi også, hvordan samarbejdsbølgen langt fra er ny, men er en tendens, der har præget velfærdsydelsernes udvikling igennem mange årtier – dog i forskellige udgaver. Aktuelt, hvor nye betegnelser og samarbejder vinder udbredelse, peger vi på, hvordan der praktiseres en pragmatisk tilgang, som er kendetegnet ved en svag metodefasthed, og vi giver en international perspektivering på de nye samarbejdsformer. | Samskabelse, samproduktion, partnerskaber | https://vpt.dk/sites/default/files/2017-05/Teoretiske_perspektiver_samskabelse_samproduktion_og_partnerskaber_andersen_og_espersen_2017.pdf |
| Social Innovation | OECD. | Skills for a High Performing Civil Service | Paris, France: OECD Publishing | 2017 | Civil servants make an important contribution to national growth and prosperity. Today, however, digitalisation and more demanding, pluralistic and networked societies are challenging the public sector to work in new ways. This report looks at the capacity and capabilities of civil servants of OECD countries. It explores the skills required to make better policies and regulations, to work effectively with citizens and service users, to commission cost-effective service delivery, and to collaborate with stakeholders in networked settings. The report also suggests approaches for addressing skills gaps through recruitment, development and workforce management. | High performing civil, service | https://www.oecd.org/gov/skills-for-a-high-performing-civil-service-9789264280724-en.htm |
| Living Labs | Gatta, V. Marcucci, E. & Le Pira, M. | Smart urban freight planning process: integrating desk, living lab and modelling approaches in decision-making | Eur. Transp. Res., 9 (32) | 2017 | This paper proposes an innovative approach to decision-making processes for urban freight planning that could easily be transferred across cities while capable of jointly taking into account: (1) all the conceivable and updated urban freight transport (UFT) measures that should apply to the specific city culture, structure and evolution, (2) all the relevant stakeholders and successfully involve them from the beginning, (3) behavioural, technical, operational, organisational and financial issues. | decision- making, urban freight planning, living labs | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12544-017-0245-9 |
| Social Innovation | Ziegler R. | Social innovation as a collaborative concept | Innovation : The European Journal of Social Science Research 30 (4): 388-405 | 2017 | The rise of social innovation expresses a discontent with innovation as we know it, and its ability to deliver just and sustainable outcomes. Yet, social innovation is also notoriously vague as a concept, thereby putting into doubt whether the concept offers any real improvements or alternatives. This paper issues an invitation to think about social innovation as a collaborative concept. The conceptual framework shows collaboration, rather than contestation, to offer a space for the working together of different perspectives and actors. The collaborative concept frame welcomes and seeks to explain a diversity of uses. Singling out key features of social innovation as a collaborative concept, it seeks to contribute to an emerging practice that makes different contributions part of a progressive conversation about social innovation, the evaluative ideas associated with it and the evidence from policies and projects. Identifying transformative, taxonomical and transitional–sceptical uses of social innovation, the paper highlights the importance of analysing the evaluative aspects of the multisectoral reconfigurations associated with social innovation so as to keep track of its role for justice and sustainability. | Social innovation, collaborative concept | DOI:10.1080/13511610.2017.1348935 |
| Digital Transformation | Tamkivi, S. | Speech to the Parliament of Estonia | Parliament of Estonia | 2017 | Speech, Parliament of Estonia | http:// stenogrammid.riigikogu.ee/et/201705091000—PKP-20849. Accessed 9 May 2017 | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Torfing J, Ansell C. | Strengthening political leadership and policy innovation through the expansion of collaborative forms of governance | Public Management Review 19 | 2017 | This article explores how political leadership and policy innovation can be enhanced through collaborative governance. The main findings are that while wicked and unruly problems create an urgent need for policy innovation, politicians are badly positioned to initiate, drive and lead this innovation. They are either locked into a dependency on policy advice from senior civil servants or locked out of more inclusive policy networks. In either case, they are insulated from fresh ideas and ultimately reduced to ‘policy-takers’ with limited engagement in policy innovation. Collaborative policy innovation offers a solution to these limitations. | Collaborative governance, policy innovation, political leadership, public policy. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14719037.2016.1200662 |
| Digital Transformation | U.S. Congress. | Tested Ability to Leverage Exceptional National Talent Act of 2017 (Talent Act), H.R. 39, 115th U.S. Congress | Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office | 2017 | Exceptional National Talent | https://uscode.house.gov/statutes/pl/115/1.pdf | |
| Living Labs | Steen, K. & Van Bueren, E. | The Defining Characteristics of Urban Living Labs | Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(7), 21-32 | 2017 | The organization of supported and sustainable urban interventions is challenging, with multiple actors involved, fragmented decision-making powers, and multiple values at stake. Globally, urban living labs have become a fashionable phenomenon to tackle this challenge, fostering the development and implementation of innovation, experimentation, and knowledge in urban, real-life settings while emphasizing the important role of participation and co-creation. However, although urban living labs could in this way help cities to speed up the sustainable transition, urban living lab experts agree that, in order to truly succeed in these ambitious tasks, the way urban living labs are being shaped and steered needs further research. Yet, they also confirm the existing variation and opaqueness in the definition of the concept. This article contributes to conceptual clarity by developing an operationalized definition of urban living labs, which has been used to assess 90 sustainable urban innovation projects in the city of Amsterdam. The assessment shows that the majority of the projects that are labelled as living labs do not include one or more of the defining elements of a living lab. In particular, the defining co-creation and development activities were found to be absent in many of the projects. This article makes it possible to categorize alleged living lab projects and distill the “true” living labs from the many improperly labelled or unlabelled living labs, allowing more specific analyses and, ultimately, better targeted methodological recommendations for urban living labs. | urban living labs, innovation, participation, co-creation, cities | https://timreview.ca/article/1088 |
| Living Labs | Bakhshi, H., J.M. Downing, M.A. Osborne & P. Schneider. | The future of skills- employment in 2030 | London, UK: Pearson and NESTA | 2017 | Skills, employment | https://futureskills.pearson.com/research/assets/pdfs/technical-report.pdf | |
| Social Innovation | Braga, A. Marques, C. Serrasqueiro, Z., Braga V. and A. Correia. | The KIBS Contribution for Innovation and Competitiveness within Business Networks | In Peris- Ortiz, M. and J.J. Ferreira eds. Cooperative and networking strategies in small business, 63-80. London and New York: Springer | 2017 | This chapter seeks to analyse, based on a quantitative approach, the relationship between knowledge, cooperation and co-creation of innovation through knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) and other organisations (i.e. clients, higher education institutions [HEIs] and other firms/institutions). The main findings suggest, given the context of KIBS firms, that co-creation of innovation is greatly influenced by cooperation with HEIs (i.e. co-creation of technological innovation) and knowledge codification (i.e. co-creation of non-technological innovation). The results have conceptual implications—further deepening the understanding of co-creation processes in innovation research—and practical implications—facilitating decision-making processes in innovation based on cooperation, networks and the strategic management of knowledge. | KIBS, contribution, innovation, competitiveness, business networks | DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-44509-0_5 |
| Service Design | Teixeira, J. G., Patricio, L., Huang, K.-H., Fisk, R. P., Nobrega, L., & Constantine, L. | The MINDS Method: Integrating Management and Interaction Design Perspectives for Service Design | Journal of Service Research, 20(3), 240-258 | 2017 | As technology innovation rapidly changes service experiences, service designers need to leverage technology and orchestrate complex service systems to create innovative services while enabling seamless customer experiences. Service design builds upon contributions from multiple fields, including management, information technology, and interaction design. Still, more integration to leverage the role of technology for service innovation is needed. This article integrates these two service design perspectives, management and interaction design, into an interdisciplinary method—the Management and INteraction Design for Service (MINDS). Using a design science research approach, MINDS synthesizes management perspective models, which focus on creating new value propositions and orchestrating multiple service interfaces, with interaction design perspective models, which focus on technology usage and its surrounding context. This article presents applications of the MINDS method in two different service industries (media and health care) to demonstrate how MINDS enables creating innovative technology-enabled services and advances interdisciplinary service research. | technology-enabled services, service design, interaction design, customer experience, design science research | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1094670516680033?journalCode=jsra |
| Public service value co creation | Piotrowski, S.J. | The 'Open Government Reform Movement: the case of the Open Government Partnership and US transparency policies | American Review of Public Administration | 2017 | Open government initiatives, which include not only transparency but also participation and collaboration policies, have become a major administrative reform. As such, these initiatives are gaining cohesiveness in literature. President Obama supported open government through a range of policies including the Open Government Partnership (OGP), a multinational initiative. The OGP requires member organizations to develop open government national action plans, which are used as the basis for my analysis. To frame this paper, I use and expand upon David Heald’s directions and varieties of transparency framework. A content analysis of the 62 commitments in the US Second Open Government National Action Plan was conducted. The analysis provides two findings of note: First, the traditional view of transparency was indeed the most prevalent in the policies proposed. In that respect, not much has changed, even with the OGP’s emphasis on a range of approaches. Second, openness among and between agencies played a larger than expected role. While the OGP pushed an array of administrative reforms, the initiative had limited impact on the type of policies that were proposed and enacted. In sum, the OGP is an administrative reform that was launched with great fanfare, but limited influence in the US context. More research needs to be conducted to determine if the “open government reform” movement as a whole suffers from such problems in implementation. | open government reform, transparency, Open Government Partnership, federal agencies | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0275074016676575 |
| Social Innovation | Angelidou, M. | The Role of Smart City Characteristics in the Plans of Fifteen Cities | Journal of Urban Technology 24 (4): 3-28 | 2017 | The Role of Smart City Characteristics in the Plans of Fifteen Cities | Smart city cities, characteristics | https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2017.1348880 |
| Living Labs | Deming, D.J. | The value of soft skills in the labour market. NBER Reporter | Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), 4: 7-11 | 2017 | Value, labour market | https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/178757/1/2017-no4-2.pdf | |
| Service Design | Misvær, K., Olsen, E. S., & Hartmann, M. | Ti ting tre tjenestedesignere tenker om endringer i byråkratiet | Stat & styring | 2017 | Over the last ten years, we have been working on developing better and more user-friendly public services for 14 different state-owned enterprises. It has been very inspiring and educational trips. BUT it has also been demanding. | public services, public enterprises, user centered services | https://www.idunn.no/stat/2017/02/ti_ting_tre_tjenestedesignere_tenker_om_endringer_i_byraakra?languageId=2 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Andersson A.E., Andersson D.E. | Time, Space and Capital | Edward Elgar | 2017 | In this challenging book, the authors demonstrate that economists tend to misunderstand capital. Frank Knight was an exception, as he argued that because all resources are more or less durable and have uncertain future uses they can consequently be classed as capital. Thus, capital rather than labor is the real source of creativity, innovation, and accumulation. But capital is also a phenomenon in time and in space. Offering a new and path-breaking theory, they show how durable capital with large spatial domains - infrastructural capital such as institutions, public knowledge, and networks - can help explain the long-term development of cities and nations. © Åke E. Andersson and David Emanuel Andersson 2017. All rights reserved. | Time, space, capital | DOI:10.4337/9781783470884 |
| Public service value co creation | Hodgkinson Ian, R, Hannibal, C, Keating Byron, W, Chester Buxton, R, & Bateman, N | Toward a public service management: past, present, and future directions | Journal of Service Management | 2017 | In providing a fine-grained analysis of public service management, the purpose of this paper is to make an important contribution to furthering research in service management, a body of literature that has tended to regard public services as homogenous or to neglect the context altogether. | Public servic, management | http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/10797/3/Toward%20a%20public%20service%20management%20past%2C%20present%2C%20and%20future%20directions.pdf |
| Living Labs | Leminen, S., Rajahonka, M. & Westerlund, M. | Towards third-generation living lab networks in cities | Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(11), 21-35 | 2017 | Many cities engage in diverse experimentation, innovation, and development activities with a broad variety of environments and stakeholders to the benefit of citizens, companies, municipalities, and other organizations. Hence, this article discusses such engagement in terms of next-generation living lab networks in the city context. In so doing, the study contributes to the discussion on living labs by introducing a framework of collaborative innovation networks in cities and suggesting a typology of third-generation living labs. Our framework is characterized by diverse platforms and participation approaches, resulting in four distinctive modes of collaborative innovation networks where the city is: i) a provider, ii) a neighbourhood participator, iii) a catalyst, or iv) a rapid experimenter. The typology is based on an analysis of 118 interviews with participants in six Finnish cities and reveals various ways to organize innovation activities in the city context. In particular, cities can benefit from innovation networks by simultaneously exploiting multiple platforms such as living labs for innovation. We conclude by discussing implications to theory and practice, and suggesting directions for future research. | Living labs, innovation, networks, context, cities | https://timreview.ca/article/1118 |
| Service Design | Junginger, S. | Transforming public services by design: re-orienting policies, organizations, and services around people | New York: Routledge | 2017 | For policy makers and policy implementers, design challenges abound. Every design challenge presents an opportunity for change and transformation. To get from policy intent to policy outcome, however, is not a straightforward journey. It involves people and services as much as it involves policies and organizations. Of all organizations, perhaps government agencies are perceived to be the least likely to change. They are embedded in enormous bureaucratic structures that have grown over decades, if not centuries. In effect, many people have given up hope that such an institution can ever change its ways of doing business. And yet, from a human-centered design perspective, they present a fabulous challenge. Designed by people for people, they have a mandate to be citizen-centered, but they often fall short of this goal. If human-centered design can make a difference in this organizational context, it is likely to have an equal or greater impact on an organization that shows more flexibility; for example, one that is smaller in size and less entangled in legal or political frameworks. Transforming Public Services by Design offers a human-centered design perspective on policies, organizations and services. Three design projects by large-scale government agencies illustrate the implications for organizations and the people involved in designing public services: the Tax Forms Simplification Project by the Internal Revenue Service (1978-1983), the Domestic Mail Manual Transformation Project by the United States Postal Service (2001-2005) and the Integrated Tax Design Project by the Australian Tax Office. These case studies offer a unique demonstration of the role of human-centered design in policy context. This book aims to support designers and managers of all backgrounds who want to know more about reorienting policies, organizations and services around people. | Arts, Economics, Finance, Business & Industry, Engineering & Technology, Politics & International Relations | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315550183 |
| Social Innovation | Askheim, O.P., Christensen, K., Fluge, S., Guldvik, I. | User participation in the Norwegian welfare context: an analysis of policy discourses | Journal of Social Policy | 2017 | This article argues that the social construction of user participation policies includes both differences and similarities regarding three user groups: older people, disabled people and people with mental health problems. The article is based on a historical discourse analysis of national documents in Norway. It points at a democracy/social rights discourse, based on the idea of social citizenship, as a common and historically stable discourse for all three user groups and relates this to the specific characteristics of Norwegian welfare policies. A contrasting consumer discourse, stressing users’ consumer role and related to the impact of New Public Management reforms, is only evident in the case of older people and from the 1990s. A coproduction/co-partnering discourse, stressing user/professional-partnership, is evident in the current policies directed at older people and those with mental health problems. Both the consumer and co-production discourse remain marginal in the case of disabled people. | participation, policy, democracy/consumer discourse | https://www.uib.no/sites/w3.uib.no/files/attachments/artikkel.pdf |
| Digital Transformation | Gluckman, Peter. | Using Evidence to Inform Social Policy: The Role of Citizen-Based Analytics | Office of the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor, 19 June 2017 | 2017 | Evaluation of the outcome of evidence-based practice decisions in individual patients or patient groups is step five in the evidence-based practice approach. Outcome measures are any measures that reflect patient status. Status or outcome measures can be used to detect change over time (eg, treatment effects), to discriminate among clinical groups, or to predict future outcomes (eg, return to work). A variety of reliable and valid physical impairment and disability measures are available to assess treatment outcomes in hand surgery and therapy. Evidence from research studies that includes normative data, standard error of measurement, or comparative scores for important clinical subgroups can be used to set treatment goals, monitor recovery, and compare individual patient outcomes to those reported in the literature. Clinicians tend to rely on impairment measures, such as radiographic measures, grip strength, and range of motion, although self-report measures are known to be equally reliable and more related to global effects, such as return-to-work. The process of selecting and implementing outcome measures is crucial. This process works best when team members are involved and willing to trial new measures. In this way, the team can develop customized outcome assessment procedures that meet their needs for assessing individual patients and providing data for program evaluation. | Social policy, citizen | https://www.pmcsa.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/17-06-19-Citizen-based-analytics.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Nabatchi T., Sancino A. et Sicilia M. | Varieties of par‑ ticipation in public services: the who, when, and what of co‑production | Public Administration Review, 77(5), 766‑776 | 2017 | Despite an international resurgence of interest in coproduction, confusion about the concept remains. This article attempts to make sense of the disparate literature and clarify the concept of coproduction in public administration. Based on some definitional distinctions and considerations about who is involved in coproduction, when in the service cycle it occurs, and what is generated in the process, the article offers and develops a typology of coproduction that includes three levels (individual, group, collective) and four phases (commissioning, design, delivery, assessment). The levels, phases, and typology as a whole are illustrated with several examples. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for research and practice. | public services, participation, co-production, public administration | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315912107_Varieties_of_Participation_in_Public_Services_The_Who_When_and_What_of_Coproduction |
| Living Labs | Hansen, L. A., Almqvist, F., Ørjasæter, N.-O., & Kistorp, K. M. | Velferdsteknologi i sentrum (VIS) - evaluering av velferdsteknologi fra et tjenestedesignperspektiv | Tidsskrift for omsorgsforskning, 3(02), 144-152 | 2017 | The article describes experiences from the VIS project initiated by four Oslo boroughs in 2014. Furthermore, the qualitative evaluation of the services around the welfare technologies Pilly, Mobile Security Alarm and Health Check is presented. In the VIS, the qualitative study pointed to how technology can lead to self-mastery in everyday life. The study showed that technology is only one part of a service and that other factors can be decisive for how the technology works. Furthermore, the service will not only be introduced, but will require adjustments to ensure that the technology continues to be relevant to users. Welfare technology also had effects beyond the intended purpose, for example, the technology gave a new understanding of the user's own health, which for many affected self-mastery and everyday life. The challenges related to method development for evaluations of welfare technology are discussed in the article. The VIS project demonstrated a potentially significant role for welfare technology in users' lives, which will also require changes in the use of health care resources. For future services, users may also be new to the system, and the value of preventative measures must be included in the evaluation. New methodological approaches for studying program-level welfare technology are required. | VIS project, welfare technologies, services | https://www.idunn.no/tidsskrift_for_omsorgsforskning/2017/02/velferdsteknologi_i_sentrum_vis_-_evaluering_av_velferdst?languageId=2 |
| Digital Transformation | European Commission. | Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) | Country Report Denmark, 1–11 | 2018 | Digital economy, society index | http:// ec.europa.eu/information society/newsroom/image/document/2018-20/ dk-desi 2018-country-profile eng B43FFE87-A06F-13B2-F83FA1414B C85328 52220.pdf | |
| Social Innovation | Lytras, M.D. and A. Visvizi. | Who uses smart city services and what to make of it: Toward interdisciplinary smart cities research | Sustainability 10 (6) | 2018 | As research on smart cities garners increased attention and its status consolidates as one of the fanciest areas of research today, this paper makes a case for a cautious rethink of the very rationale and relevance of the debate. To this end, this paper looks at the smart cities debate from the perspectives of, on the one hand, citizens’ awareness of applications and solutions that are considered ‘smart’ and, on the other hand, their ability to use these applications and solutions. Drawing from a detailed analysis of the outcomes of a pilot international study, this paper showcases that even the most educated users of smart city services, i.e., those arguably most aware of and equipped with skills to use these services effectively, express very serious concerns regarding the utility, safety, accessibility and efficiency of those services. This suggests that more pragmatism needs to be included in smart cities research if its findings are to remain useful and relevant for all stakeholders involved. The discussion in this paper contributes to the smart cities debate in three ways. First, it adds empirical support to the thesis of ‘normative bias’ of smart cities research. Second, it suggests ways of bypassing it, thereby opening a debate on the preconditions of sustainable interdisciplinary smart cities research. Third, it points to new avenues of research. | City services, interdisciplinary smart cities research | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bccb/acb822f17575db00612d9c00c8f0aa185b3d.pdf |
| Living Labs | Lantos, Z. | A közösségi egészségélmény-modell Értékteremtés egyénközpontú egészségcélú tranzakciós hálóban. (Community Health Experience Model Creating Value in a Personalized Health Transaction Network.) | Vezetéstudomány/Budapest Management Review, 49(1) | 2018 | In every aspect of life, networked society offers new opportunities for value creation for individuals and organizations closely connected to the Internet. The actors and stakeholders in the health ecosystem are likely to be the winners of this networking, thanks to our ever-growing knowledge of creating health value through teamwork and collaboration. In his work, the author focused on the specifics of transactions in the health-creating network. He first analyzed transactions for health-creating networks, and then described the operational structure proposed for effective individual-centered health value creation networks, the Community Health Benefit Model. In the second phase of the work, he tested the system design under real life conditions. This paper presents the results achieved in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. As a result of the network-based service structure, 33% of patients with type 2 diabetes had improved their sugar balance during the three-month follow-up of the study. The two heavily tested health experience indicators, the self-assessed health education on a 10-grade scale, increased from 8.12 to 8.31, while the self-assessed self-management ability from 7.87 to 8.15. According to the estimates of the health economics model based on the results of the experiment, after five years of nationwide introduction of the type 2 diabetes treatment structure, approximately twenty billion forints can be redeployed from inpatient care to basic care. Based on the results, the Community Health Benefit Model provides a promising approach to designing more efficient and effective health services and collaborative networks. | Value-based health, individual-centeredness, cocreation, health | http://unipub.lib.uni-corvinus.hu/3289/ |
| Public Sector Innovation | Gallouj F. and Djellal F. (eds) | A Research Agenda for Service Innovation | Edward Elgar Publishers. | 2018 | This book aims to take account of the major advances made in ‘Service Innovation Studies’ (SIS) and above all to provide an agenda setting out the research priorities in the field. This agenda is established by considering the issue of innovation in services in relation to a number of major contemporary challenges, including environmental issues, social inclusion, economic development, service ecosystems, smart service systems, religion, ageing, public organizations, gender, and ethical and societal issues. Bringing together internationals experts in the field of SIS, the book illustrates the strength and fertility of this research trajectory. It will be of great interest for both services and innovation scholars in economics, management science and public administration. | service innovation, studies, research agenda, challenges | https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/a-research-agenda-for-service-innovation |
| Digital Transformation | Osimo, David. | A Six-Point Programme for EGovernment Renewal | Lisbon Council Policy Brief | 2018 | Six-point Programme, egovernment renewal | https://lisboncouncil.net/publications/a-six-point-programme-for-digital-government/ | |
| Digital Transformation | Mergel, Ines, Gong, Yiwei & Bertot, John. | Agile government: Systematic literature review and future research | Government Information Quarterly, 35(2), 291-298 | 2018 | Governments need to adapt to changes in their internal and external environments and create systems that allow them to scan trends, identify developments, predict their potential impact on the organization, and quickly learn how to implement changes to their standard operating procedures. As a response, government organizations are adopting agile approaches as part of their process redesigns, project management, and software development approaches. Although agility and adaptiveness are long in use in the private sector, they have been increasingly adopted in the public sector literature and practices. In order to understand the existing theoretical and practical foundations of the field, we have conducted a systematic literature review and identified four streams of research areas: (1) software development approaches, (2) project management approaches, (3) application areas, and (4) potential outcomes. In this article, we synthesize this literature, provide an outlook on future research questions, and introduce several articles as part of the current special issue focused on agile government. | Agile government, systematic literature | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2018.04.003 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Edvardsson B., Tronvoll B. and Witell L. | An ecosystem perspective on service innovation | In 'A Research Agenda for Service Innovation'; Edward Elgar Publishers | 2018 | This chapter suggests moving forward research on service innovation by articulating an ecosystem perspective and a service-dominant logic within a context of value creation, in order to provide an integrated and systemic framework of the structuration of service innovation. The framework emphasizes changes in agency that facilitate reconfiguration, such as actors, resources and value propositions, or in structure, such as institutional arrangements. A change of the state of service innovation process takes place as changes originate in either agency or structure. The chapter provides an illustration of this theoretical model, using the case of the service ecosystem built around Etalay, a high-end Italian food store chain that includes restaurants, food and beverage stations, bakeries, a bookstore and conference facilities. The authors call for the use of this theoretical construct in other contexts such as healthcare, the Internet of Things and social media, as well as the bottom of the pyramid. | service innovation, research, service dominant logic, value creation | https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781786433442/9781786433442.00009.xml |
| Social Innovation | Ospina SM., Esteve M. and Lee S. | Assessing qualitative studies in public administration research. | Public Administration Review | 2018 | Systematic reviews of research methods in the public administration field have assessed the progress of research practice and offered relevant recommendations to further develop research quality. But most recent reviews examine quantitative studies, and the few assessments of qualitative scholarship tend to focus on specific dimensions. This article calls attention to the overall practice of qualitative research in the field of public administration. The authors analyzed 129 qualitative studies published during a five‐year period (2010–14) in the six top public administration journals, combining bibliometric and qualitative analyses. Three findings are drawn from the analysis. First, qualitative work represents a very small percentage of the journal articles published in the field. Second, qualitative research practice uses a small range of methodologies, mainly case studies. Finally, there is inconsistency in reporting methodological decisions. The article discusses the implications of these findings and offers recommendations to ensure methodological rigor while considering the integrity of the logic of inquiry and reporting standards of qualitative research practice. | research, qualitative studies, public administration, methodologies, pratice, recommendations | https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12837 |
| Social Innovation | Espersen, H. H. and Olsen, L. | At skabe deltagelse for borgere med handicap gennem frivillig faglighed – Evaluering af to partnerskaber mellem kommuner, frivilligcentre og andre aktører | København: VIVE | 2018 | Deltagelse for borgere, handicap, kommuner, frivilligcentre, andre aktører | https://www.vive.dk/media/pure/10827/2305356 | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Leonardo, J.B., Spicer, R.S., Katradis, M., Allison, J., and R. Thomas. | Building the Child Safety Collaborative Innovation and Improvement Network: How does it work and what is it achieving? | Injury Prevention 24(1) | 2018 | This study investigated whether the Child Safety Collaborative Innovation and Improvement Network (CS CoIIN) framework could be applied in the field of injury and violence prevention to reduce fatalities, hospitalizations and emergency department visits among 0–19 year olds. | Child safety collaborative innovation and improvement network | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
| Living Labs | Osborne, S.P. and Nasi, G. | Co-creating value in public services delivery – building a conceptual framework within a Public Service Logic framework | Paper presented to the International Research Society for Public Management conference. University of Edinburgh, April. | 2018 | This is a conceptual paper. It explores the nature of the ‘co-creation of value’ within public services delivery. It argues that it is often poorly conceptualised and without clear theoretical underpinnings. This has led it to become a diffuse topic, poorly researched and with difficulties in applying either as a design concept or as an evaluation metric within public services research and practice. This paper seeks to redress this significant gap by developing a dynamic framework of the co-creation of value in public services delivery. The paper is in three parts. The first part reviews existing approaches to value (including ’public value’) within public services research. It evaluates their strengths but also their significant short-comings. It highlights in particular the relationship between ‘value and ‘values’, as well as individual and public value, and evaluates the existing research that has explored these dynamics. The second part then builds an alternative conceptualisation of ‘value’ in public services delivery that is rooted in the Public Service Logic framework. It disaggregates value into a cluster of related but distinct concepts and relates them to the process elements of its co-creation within public service delivery and that derive from the nature of public services as ‘services’ (that is, co-experience, co-construction, co-production and co-innovation). The final part of the paper then considers the import of this revised conceptualisation, for our understanding both of value co-creation in particular and of the process of public service delivery in general. In conclusion, the implications of this for theory, research, and policy and practice are considered. | value co-creation, co-design, co-production, public services | http://programme.exordo.com/irspm2018/delegates/presentation/25/ |
| Digital Transformation | Sørensen E. et Torfing J. | Co‑initiation of collabora‑ tive innovation in urban spaces | Urban Affairs Review, 54(2), 388‑418 | 2018 | Efforts are intensifying to spur innovation in the public sector, and multiactor collaboration seems to offer a viable strategy for doing so. However, though government actors are relatively keen to involve citizens and civil society actors in the design and implementation of innovative solutions, co-initiation of public innovation is rare. As a result, local governments often fail to tap into the experiences, ideas, and resources of civic actors when identifying and defining problems and challenges that call for innovative solutions. To explore the conditions, process, and impact of co-initiated public innovations in urban spaces, this article analyzes three Danish cases of co-initiation. The empirical cases are described and compared to identify the conditions of co-initiation, describe the different phases in the collaborative process, and assess the various impacts. The article also reflects on the role of institutional design and leadership in facilitating co-initiation of collaborative innovation. | Co-initiation, collaborative innovation, urban spaces | https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1078087416651936 |
| Service Design | Følstad, A., & Kvale, K. | Customer journeys: a systematic literature review | Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 28(2), 196-227 | 2018 | Purpose Customer journeys have become an increasingly important topic in service management and design. The purpose of this paper is to review customer journey terminology and approaches within the research literature prior to 2013, mainly from the fields of design, management, and marketing. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted as a systematic literature review. Searches in Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, ACM Digital Library, and ScienceDirect identified 45 papers for the analysis. The papers were analyzed with respect to customer journey terminology and approaches, the relation to customer experience, the referenced background, and the use of visualizations. Findings Across the reviewed literature, customer journeys are described not only as a means to take the viewpoint of the customer, but also to reach insight into their experiences. A rich and at times incoherent customer journey terminology is analyzed and discussed, as are two emerging customer journey approaches: customer journey mapping (analysis of a service process “as is”) and customer journey proposition (generative activities leading toward a possible service “to be”). Research limitations/implications The review is limited to analyzing and making claims on research papers that explicitly apply the term customer journey. In most of the reviewed papers, customer journeys are not the main object of interest but are discussed as one of several topics. Practical implications A nuanced discussion of customer journey terminology and approaches is provided, supporting the practical application of a customer journey perspective. Originality/value The review contributes a needed common basis for future customer journey research and practice. | literature review, service design; service management; customer journey | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323017267_Customer_journeys_a_systematic_literature_review |
| Digital Transformation | Ministry of Finance. | Danish Cyber and Information Secu- rity Strategy | 2018 | The digital security of society must be stronger. A new strategy will enhance technological resilience are secure better protection of critical government IT systems, it will improve citizens’, businesses’ and authorities’ knowledge and skills, and it will strengthen national coordination and cooperation on information security. The government is launching 25 initiatives in the strategy. Six targeted strategies have also been launched to improve cyber and information security in critical sectors, i.e. the telecommunications, financial, energy, healthcare, transport, and maritime sectors. The strategy will enhance Denmark's digital security and ensure much more coordinated efforts across authorities. | Dinformation, security,strategy | https://uk.fm.dk/publications/2018/danish- cyber-and-information-security-strategy | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Gault, F. | Defining and measuring innovation in all sectors of the economy | Research Policy 47 | 2018 | This paper combines general definitions of innovation applicable in all economic sectors with a systems approach, to develop a conceptual framework for the statistical measurement of innovation. The resulting indicators can be used for monitoring and evaluation of innovation policies that have been implemented, as well as for international comparisons. The extension of harmonised innovation measurement to all economic sectors has implications for innovation research and for policy learning. | Innovation, Innovation definitions, Innovation systems, Measurement of innovation, Innovation policy, Policy learning | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733318300076 |
| Public service value co creation | Andersen LL, Espersen HH, Kobro LU, Kristensen K, Skar C, Iversen H | Demokratisk innovasjon - Teorier og modeller for samskapende social innovasjon i norske kommuner | Høgskolen i Sørøst-Norge. Senter for sosialt entreprenørskap og samskapende sosial innovasjon. Porsgrunn, 2018 | 2018 | Summary: "Models for co-creation and innovation" is a R&D project under the auspices of KS, which during 2017 will develop and implement models and tools for co-creation. The project is carried out by the University College of Southeast Norway at the Center for Social Entrepreneurship and Co-operative Social Innovation - SESAM in collaboration with SoCentral in Norway and KORA and RU in Denmark. In the project, they will develop and implement models and tools for co-ordination between different sectors. In this project, this means municipalities, social entrepreneurs, the voluntary sector and other relevant actors locally. The models will assess organizational, legal, financial, political and cultural issues. Five Norwegian and one Danish collaboration between municipalities and social entrepreneurs are included as cases in the project. These participate actively in the development, implementation and testing of models and tools along the way. A research report is also included. | co-creation, innovation, social innovation | https://rucforsk.ruc.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/63514913/Demokratisk_innovasjon_samskabelse_KS_Norge_2018.pdf |
| Digital Transformation | European Union. | Denmark - Overview | 2018 | Denmark , overview | https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries/member-countries/ | ||
| Digital Transformation | Statistics Denmark. | Denmark in Figures 2018 | 2018 | Denmark, figures | https://www.dst.dk/Site/Dst/Udgivelser/GetPubFile.aspx?id=2892 3&sid=denmark2018 | ||
| Service Design | Hatchuel, A., Le Masson, P., Reich, Y., & Subrahmanian, E. | Design theory: a foundation of a new paradigm for design science and engineering | Research in Engineering Design, 29(1), 5- 21 | 2018 | In recent years, the works on design theory (and particularly the works of the design theory SIG of the design society) have contributed to reconstruct the science of design, comparable in its structure, foundations and impact to decision theory, optimization or game theory in their time. These works have reconstructed historical roots and the evolution of design theory, conceptualized the field at a high level of generality and uncovered theoretical foundations, in particular the logic of generativity, the “design-oriented” structures of knowledge, and the logic of design spaces. These results give the academic field of engineering design an ecology of scientific objects and models, which allows for expanding the scope of engineering education and design courses. They have contributed to a paradigm shift in the organization of R&D departments, supporting the development of new methods and processes in innovation departments, and to establishing new models for development projects. Emerging from the field of engineering design, design theory development has now a growing impact in many disciplines and academic communities. The research community may play a significant role in addressing contemporary challenges if it brings the insights and applicability of design theory to open new ways of thinking in the developing and developed world. | Generativity, Design theory, Decision theory, Knowledge structure, Social spaces | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00163-017-0275-2 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Trapczynski, P., Puslecki, L. and M. Staszkow. | Determinants of innovation cooperation performance: what do we know and what should we know? | Sustainability, 10, 4517 | 2018 | The involvement of firms in innovation cooperation with different partners has become a widespread phenomenon in the contemporary business landscape. Our paper provides a review of extant alliance, innovation, open innovation and inter-firm collaboration literature and organizes it based on a conceptual framework featuring three levels of analysis: (a) the dyadic level, (b) the network level, and (c) the location level. The article identifies roadmaps in each of these areas and also highlights existing gaps in the present understanding of innovation cooperation. Thereby, it outlines a research agenda by identifying key research questions and issues in the areas where further research is needed and encouraged | Determinants, innovation cooperation performance | https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124517 |
| Digital Transformation | NKR: Jahresbericht Normenkontrollrat | Deutschland: weniger Bürokratie, mehr Digitalisie- rung, Erfolge ausbauen – Rückstand aufholen | 2018 | Bürokratie, digitalisie, erfolge | https://www.normenkontrollrat.bund.de/ nkr-de/service/publikationen/jahresberichte | ||
| Digital Transformation | Normenkontrollrat | Deutschland: weniger Bürokratie, mehr Digitalisierung, bessere Gesetze Einfach machen! Jahresbericht 2018 des National Normenkontrollrates | 2018 | Bürokratie, digitalisierung, gesetze | https://www.normenkontrollrat.bund.de/resource/blob/267760/1536236/1bed933ea006098d6807 ab48bd3c8574/2018-10-10-download-nkr-jahresbericht-2018-data.pdf?download=1 | ||
| Living Labs | Tsey, K., S. Lui, M. Heyeres, J. Pryce, L. Yan, & S. Bauld. | Developing Soft Skills: Exploring the Feasibility of an Australian Well-Being Program for Health Managers and Leaders in Timor-Leste | Journal Indexing and Metrics, 8(4): 1-13 | 2018 | The article aims to describe the Family Wellbeing Program (FWB), a program that sets out to facilitate the enhancement of soft skills and to explore the relevance and acceptability of the FWB in the context of health managers and leaders in Timor-Leste. This article presents the fundamental principles of the FWB approach to facilitating soft skills in the context of trauma-informed training for managers and leaders. It describes how a participatory social learning approach advances deep, transformative, and long-lasting impacts. An exploratory mixed-methods design was adopted. Qualitative data were gathered from workshop participants through an evaluation form with open-ended questions allowing participants to provide comments on the program and how it could be enhanced. In addition, attendees participated in an online survey, which sought to capture data relating to demographics, soft skills for managers/leaders, personal well-being, and program satisfaction. Overall, the results show that the FWB program is both relevant and acceptable. The findings indicate that participants’ understanding of concepts of management and well-being, particularly as it is applied to the workplace, was improved. This outcome is important because it highlights how the FWB program can contribute to the development of more accomplished managers and leaders in the future. The results of this exploratory study will be useful in informing future management and leadership training for the Timorese health workforce. | Developing soft, australian program, health managers leaders timor-leste | https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244018811404 |
| Digital Transformation | Gil-Garcia J. R., Dawes S. S. and Pardo T. A. | Digital government and public management research: Finding the crossroads. | Public Management Review | 2018 | Information and information technologies have become ubiquitous in the public sector and it is difficult to think of a public problem or government service that does not involve them in some substantial way. Public management (PM) research now incorporates the effects of the availability and quality of data as well as the technologies used in the public sector. From a PM perspective, digital government (DG) could be considered an essential aspect of innovation, co-production, transparency, and the generation of public value. However, studies that attempt to understand the role that DG research plays in PM theory and practice are scarce. As a research field, DG emerged from multiple disciplines, including public administration, information science, management information systems, computer science, communication, and political science. There have been numerous efforts in the last decade to delineate this emergent academic community by assessing the growing body of research represented by hundreds of new peer-reviewed publications every year. This paper reviews these prior studies about the DG community, along with a systematic review of recent articles in top public administration journals from the United States and Europe, to begin to identify and compare key characteristics of these academic communities, including their core researchers, theories, topics, and methods. We argue that their similarities and differences present opportunities for more dialogue between DG and PM scholars that could produce synergies to enhance the production and dissemination of knowledge, yielding greater influence on practice. | digital government, public management, public administration, government information technology, research, information technologies | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14719037.2017.1327181 |
| Digital Transformation | Paschou, T., Adrodegari, F., Perona, M. and N. Sacini. | Digital servitization in manufacturing as a new stream of research: a review and a further research agenda | In Gallouj F. and F. Djellal eds. A research agenda for service innovation, 148-165. Cheltenham: Edward Elga | 2018 | The transition of manufacturing firms from products to services, generally referred as servitization, has been addressed by a growing amount of scientific literature in recent years. This transformation path has been analysed and described from diverse research streams, providing a variety of potentials for competition such as economical, organizational, customer satisfaction and so on (Oliva and Kallenberg, 2003; Ostrom et al., 2010). Today fast-evolving digital technologies are presenting new opportunities for developing customized value propositions, with higher quality services and deeper customer relationships (Rust and Huang, 2014). The adoption of digital technologies seems therefore to represent a crucial element for servitization, radically modifying the way companies deliver existing services and enabling new services and business models (Adrodegari and Saccani, 2017). However, although recent studies have highlighted the critical role of technologies in servitization, literature has failed to sufficiently consider this transformation as two sides of the same coin (Grubic and Jennions, 2017). As a result, insights about how companies can adopt and implement new technologies to successfully servitize are still very limited. To address this shortcoming, this chapter provides a systematic literature review that identifies, collects and systematizes the available scientific contributions on digital servitization in order to identify directions for future research and highlight practical implications for manufacturers. | Digital servitization, manufacturing, research | DOI:10.4337/9781786433459.00012 |
| Digital Transformation | Greenway, Andrew, Ben Terrett, Mike Bracken and Tom Loosemore. | Digital Transformation at Scale: Why the Strategy Is Delivery | London: London Publishing Partnership | 2018 | Digital transformation, strategy | https://documenthosting.s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/DigitalTransformationatScale.pdf | |
| Social Innovation | Høegh-Guldberg, O., Eide, D., Trengereid, V. and K.M, Hjemdahl. | Dynamics of innovation network journeys: phases and crossroads in seven regional innovation networks | Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 18 (3): 234-260 | 2018 | There is a growing body of research on network driven innovation. Based on seven case studies of regional innovation networks in tourism, this paper aims to develop a better understanding of the dynamics of their development. While innovation research emphasizes the complexity of the innovation process and its cyclic and iterative nature, network research describes the development of innovation networks mainly based on linear models. Inspired by Van de Ven, Polley, Garud, and Venkataraman’s [1999. The innovation journey. New York, NY: Oxford University Press] metaphor of a “journey”, this article develops the concept of the “innovation network journey” to describe both the designed and emergent development of networks working with innovation. The development processes are categorized into phases that may be repeated throughout the network lifespan, and crossroads that lead to the changed pace or path of the network journey. The paper contributes to the existing literature by new knowledge about how crossroads can be a part of the network journey and four main critical factors leading to crossroads, namely financing, management, organizing and shared activities. | Dynamics, innovation network | https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2018.1497261 |
| Digital Transformation | Kallas, K. | Eesti Digiriigi Allakäik | 2018 | Digiriigi allakäik | https://kajakallas.ee/postitus/eesti-digiriigi- allakaik/ | ||
| Living Labs | Andreas, S. | Effects of the decline in social capital on college graduates’ soft skills | Industry and Higher Education, 32(1): 47-56 | 2018 | Effects of the decline in social capital on college graduates’ soft skills | Effects, decline, social capital, graduates’ soft skills | https://doi.org/10.1177/0950422217749277 |
| Digital Transformation | European Commission. | eGovernment in Denmark | 2018 | eGovernment, Denmark | https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/inline-files/eGovern ment in Denmark 2018 0.pdf | ||
| Living Labs | Sundby, I. J. | En separat øvelse eller et premiss for forbedring? | Stat & styring | 2018 | Do companies conduct user surveys just because they are asked to do so in the grant letter, or because they believe that users' needs and views can improve their business? | service business, user centered, surveys | https://www.idunn.no/stat/2018/03/en_separat_oevelse_eller_et_premiss_for_forbedring?languageId=2 |
| Digital Transformation | Kattel, R., & Mergel, I. | Estonia's digital transformation: Mission mystique and the hiding hand | UCL Institute for innovation public purpose working paper series | 2018 | Estonia’s transition to free-market capitalism and liberal democracy is marked by two distinct achievements: first, its economic success in terms of GDP, exports and FDI growth – all three have been best of class among the former Soviet economies; and second, it has been perhaps even more successful in digitally transforming its public sector, an achievement that is recognised globally as exemplary. It would be easy to assume that in such a small country these achievements spring from a common biotope of political ideas and actors. Instead, the digital transformation has relatively little to do with the free-market principles (Adam Smith’s famed ‘invisible hand’) that were behind its radical economic reforms. We argue that in adopting digital technology in the public sector, Estonia followed an entirely different principle of policymaking, best described as Hirschman’s principle of the ‘hiding hand’. This amounts to policymakers pushing visionary changes without anticipating all the challenges and risks involved upfront, an approach that sometimes results in unexpected learning, creativity and – in this case – success. The naiveté and enthusiasm of the hiding hand that propelled the initial ‘crazy ideas’ of the early 1990s became ingrained in Estonia’s digital policymaking culture, and created and relied on multiple highly cooperative, overlapping networks across public-private boundaries. The success, expressed mostly in universal public digital infrastructure and mandatory eidentification, created a ‘mission mystique’ that originated in, and is sustained by, public-private networks underlying several public organisations through multiple coalition governments over two decades. Perhaps paradoxically, Estonia’s success in e-government relied on these networks and their governance, as well as design principles, not being institutionalised and formalised. Herein lies the most significant challenge Estonia faces now: whether the foundations of past success – mission mystique – can deliver the next evolution in digital government and help create a more inclusive society. | public sector, reform, digitalization, e-governance, policymaking | https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/public-purpose/publications/2018/sep/estonias-digital-transformation-mission-mystique-and-hiding-hand |
| Public service value co creation | NESTA, European Innovation Scoreboard 2018 | Exploratory report B: Toward the incorporation of big data in the European Innovation Scoreboard | NESTA, European Innovation Scoreboard 2018 | 2018 | This exploratory paper presents the results of an analysis of the opportunities and challenges for incorporating Big data into the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS). These results are presented in three sections: 1) Rerview of the state-of-the-art, 2) Strategies to integrate Big data into R&I policy, and 3) Five pilots with real policy questions and data to test the framework and assess opportunities and challenges. | EIS, big data, policy, challenges, opportunities | https://kstathou.github.io/files/eis-exploratory-big-data-indicators-2018.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | Djellal F., Gallouj F. | Fifteen advances in service Innovation Studies | Scupola A., Fuglsang L. (eds), Integrated Crossroads of Service, Innovation and Experience Research- Emerging and Established Trends, Edward Elgar Publisher (forthcoming) | 2018 | This chapter is broadly organized into five sections. In the first, we outline the 15 main advances achieved in the SIS field over the past two decades, which fall into two distinct but linked groups: on the one hand, advances in theoretical conceptions, and, on the other, advances in innovation modes and institutional arrangements. In the next three sections, we examine the 15 main challenges that could structure our research agendas over the next decade, distinguishing between societal challenges (Section 1.2), organizational and structural challenges (Section 1.3) and methodological and didactic challenges (Section 1.4). Lastly, Section 1.5 is devoted to the conclusion, along with a short presentation of the contents of this book. | service innovation studies, challenges, advances, conceptions | https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781786433442/9781786433442.00005.xml |
| Public Sector Innovation | Djellal F., Gallouj F. | Fifteen challenges for service innovation studies | Gallouj F. Djellal F. (eds), A Research Agenda for Service Innovation, Edward Elgar Publishers | 2018 | Carrying out our own survey of these surveys, our objective in this chapter is to compile a list of what we consider the 15 major advances made in the service innovation studies field since its advent almost a quarter-century ago. It should be noted that Ben Martin (2015) has carried out a similar review of the top 20 advances in Innovation Studies in general since it first emerged almost 50 years ago. Paradoxically, while one of the most dramatic structural changes over the past half-century has been the rise of the tertiary sector to the detriment of the industrial and agricultural sectors, not one of the 20 major advances explicitly mentions services. Martin’s review reflects the classic tendency of either underestimating innovation in services, or failing to consider it as distinct from industrial innovation (in accordance with the so-called assimilation perspective). It does not take into account advances made in this field since the 1990s. | services, innovation, studies, survey | https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01672567/document |
| Public service value co creation | Voorberg, W, Jilke, S, Tummers, L & Bekkers | Financial rewards do not stimulate coproduction: Evidence from two experiments | Public Administration Review 78.6: 864-873 | 2018 | Western governments are increasingly trying to stimulate citizens to coproduce public services by, among other strategies, offering them financial incentives. However, there are competing views on whether financial incentives stimulate coproduction. While some argue that financial incentives increase citizens' willingness to coproduce, others suggest that incentives decrease their willingness (i.e., crowding out). To test these competing expectations, the authors designed a set of experiments that offered subjects a financial incentive to assist municipalities in helping refugees integrate. The experiment was first conducted among university students within a laboratory setting. Then, the initial findings were replicated and extended among a general adult sample. Results suggest that small financial rewards have no effect: they neither increase nor decrease people's willingness to coproduce. When the offered amount is increased substantially, willingness to coproduce increases only marginally. Hence, financial incentives are not a very cost-efficient instrument to stimulate coproduction. | Coproduction, experiments | DOI:10.1111/puar.12896 |
| Social Innovation | Compagnucci, L. and F. Spigarelli. | Fostering Cross-Sector Collaboration to Promote Innovation in the Water Sector | Sustainability 10(11) : 4154 | 2018 | Ongoing global climate change, growing population and the intensification of economic activities, increase pressure on water resources, a situation many see as a water governance crisis. Water-related issues are becoming a limiting factor for sustainable economic growth and require a collaborative and interdisciplinary approach, to foster innovative solutions. This paper provides an evidence-based contribution to understanding Triple Helix Model (THM) relations and the path to innovation policy in the water sector. The analysis focuses on the interaction between university–industry–government, with specific reference to the Murcia region in Southeast Spain. This region combines a chronic shortage of water and a leading role for agriculture. Starting from the experience of a researcher, working for the General Water Council of the Murcia Region, this paper is based on both desk research and in-depth personal interviews with representatives of THM actors. In addition, a questionnaire was forwarded to all those companies in charge of providing water services in the Murcia region. The study has found that stakeholders are not fully cooperative in seeking innovation. The main challenges are the renewal of water-related facilities and the improvement of remote control systems, denitrification and desalination technologies and achieving better energy efficiency. To this aim, THM approach is suggested as a source of local innovation policies, identifying a series of tools to foster a collaborative approach. | Fostering, cross-sector collaboration, innovation, water Sector | http://hdl.handle.net/11393/248320 |
| Living Labs | Geenhuizen, M. van. | framework for the evaluation of living labs as boundary spanners in innovation | Environment and Planning, 36(7):1280-98 | 2018 | Living labs, as a methodology to enhance user-centric innovation, have large potentials in bringing inventions to the marketplace, but their performance can benefit more from evaluation. This article develops a novel framework for evaluation of living labs, including (1) a system approach providing an analytical view on living labs’ performance and results; (2) a focus on actor-complexity and boundary-spanning needs; (3) a set of questions concerning, e.g. absorption of user-feedback, satisfaction among actors, and openness and connecting with larger networks; (4) a list of key performance factors; and (5) a focus on participatory evaluation. The design of this evaluation framework rests on a comprehensive literature search and case studies representing different actor complexity, namely home-solutions in healthcare, reconstruction of large (multi)functional buildings, and multiple combinations of activity (university campuses). Key performance factors are found to be: an early involvement of adequately skilled users in multiple learning processes, including absorption of feedback, and a broader but balanced set of actors connecting with upscaling and acceptance in the market. Also, boundaries need to be better bridged by learning how to handle conflicts and deal with intermediation, while respecting shared goals and interests. Specifically, university living labs call for maintaining a solid relation with cities and their actors. Overall, an explicitly designed evaluation framework is a key part of the working plan of living labs. The results also indicate a need for stronger attention for boundary-spanning in evaluation, because living labs are increasingly applied in comprehensive multi-activity settings. | Evaluation, living labs, innovation | https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654417753623 |
| Public service value co creation | Eriksson Erik, M, & Nordgren, L | From one-sized to over-individualized? Service logic’s value creation | Journal of Health Organization and Management | 2018 | Purpose There is a current trend in healthcare management away from produced and standardized one-size-fits-all processes toward co-created and individualized services. The purpose of this paper is to increase understanding of the value concept in healthcare organization and management by recognizing different levels of value (private, group and public) and the interconnectedness among these levels. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses social constructionism as a lens to problematize the individualization of service logic’s value concept. Theories from consumer culture theory/transformative service research and public management add group and public levels of value to the private level. Findings An intersubjective (rather than subjective) approach to value creation entails the construction and sharing of value perceptions among groups of people. Such an approach also implies that group members may face similar barriers in their value creation efforts. Practical implications Healthcare management should be aware of the inherent individualism of service logic and, consequently, the need to balance private value with group and public levels of value. Social implications Identifying and addressing disadvantaged groups and the reasons for their disadvantaged positions is important in order to enhance the individual’s value creation prerequisites as well as to address public and societal values, such as equal/equitable health(care). Originality/value It is important to complement service logic’s value creation with group and public levels in order to understand the complexity and interconnectedness of value and the creation thereof. | Service logic’s, value creation | DOI:10.1108/JHOM-02-2018-0059 |
| Public service value co creation | Osborne S. | From public service-dominant logic to public service logic: are public service organizations capable of co-production and value co-creation? | Public Management Review, 20 (2), p. 225-231 | 2018 | The original genesis of the term PSDL had two roots. On the one hand, it stressed the service-dominant, as opposed to product-dominant, nature of public services and their delivery (hence the connecting hyphen between ‘service’ and ‘dominant’). This emphasized both their intangible and process-based nature, and the role of the user as the co-producer of a service and the co-creator of its value, The necessity for this explicit articulation of ‘public-services-as-services’ has lessened over the past five years, as the critique and framework presented by PSDL has become more central to public management theory and practice. Second, it acknowledged an explicit link to the work of Lusch & Vargo (2006, 2014) in their development of service dominant logic (SDL) in the service management literature – and particularly to their discussion of value co-creation in service delivery. However, as PSDL has evolved within the public management literature (e.g. Radnor et al. 2014; Hardyman, Daunt, and Kitchner; Alford, 2016) its links to SDL have become less clear-cut for two reasons, discussed here. | service dominant logic, public services, value co-creation, co-production, public management | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14719037.2017.1350461 |
| Digital Transformation | Osimo, David. | How Local Government Reform is Key to Europe’s Digital Success: A Six-Point Programme for e-Government Renewal | Brussels: The Lisbon Council | 2018 | Local government reform, e-government renewal | http://www.astrid-online.it/static/upload/lisb/lisbon_council_revitalising_egovernment.pdf | |
| Social Innovation | Agger, A., Tortzen, A. and Rosenberg, C. | Hvilken værdi skaber vi med samskabelse - og hvordan kan den måles og dokumenteres? | Roskilde: University College Absalon | 2018 | Værdi, samskabelse | https://www.ucviden.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/107116384/Hvilken_vaerdi_skaber_vi_med_samskabelse.pdf | |
| Living Labs | Cordella A. and Paletti A. | ICTs and value creation in public sector: Manufacturing, logic vs service logic. | Information Polity | 2018 | This paper contributes to the e-government literature discussing the role of information and communication technologies (ICTs) as an enabler of different modes of production of public services. E-government developments are often associated with organizational transformations aimed to increase the efficiency and the effectiveness of the internal production of public services or to facilitate the exchange of information and the coordination among different public organizations. However, ICTs can also enable the co-production of public services allowing citizens or non-public organizations, such as NGOs, social enterprises or private companies to co-produce public services with public sector organizations. ICTs can generate new relationships and dynamics that involve actors and resources outside public organizations, modifying the ways by which the value embedded in the services is produced. This paper critically describes and compares four different ICT mediated modes of production in the light of the two different logics of value creation. For each mode of public service production we identify the associated benefits, risks and possible solutions that can be deployed to mitigate the risks. | Value creation, ICTs, bureaucracy, co-production, crowdsourcing, opensoucing | https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-170061 |
| Social Innovation | Ii, S.S., Fitzgerald, L., Morys-Carter, M.M.,Davie, N.L., and R. Barker. | Knowledge translation in tri-sectoral collaborations: An exploration of perceptions of academia, industry and healthcare collaborations in innovation adoption | Health Policy 122(2): 175-183 | 2018 | With the aging population and increase in chronic disease conditions, innovation to transform treatment pathways and service delivery will be necessary. The innovation adoption process however, can take 15 years before widespread adoption occurs in most healthcare systems. Current UK government policies to increase the facilitation of innovation adoption are under way. The aim of this study is to explore perceptions of tri-sectoral collaborations in the healthcare sector. The data in the study are drawn from a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2015 of professionals in academia, industry and the healthcare sectors in England, focusing on Diabetes care. Academia and healthcare respondents had the least work experience outside of their sectors compared to the industry respondents. Healthcare and academia respondents rated the industry sector less trustworthy, unethical, having different goals and less understanding of the other sectors. Industry respondents had a more positive perspective towards potential collaborators. The results from the study demonstrate greater potential challenges to tri-sectoral collaborations and the government's knowledge translation policy, due to pre-conceived notions and lack of understanding of other sectors. The purely structural approach of establishing government mandated translational networks may be insufficient without active attempts to improve collaborative relationships. Mechanisms to facilitate trust building and collaboration are proposed. | Knowledge, tri-sectoral collaborations | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2017.11.010 |
| Service Design | Sundby, I. J. | Knowledge-making on "ageing in a smart city' as socio-material power | Action Research, 15(4), 386-401 | 2018 | This article investigates participatory action research workshops from the perspective of feminist new materialism by asking, how we came to know ageing in the smart city of Oulu in northern Finland through collaborative workshops which aimed to include seniors into public service design. The most meaningful socio-material components in this knowledge-making are argued to be the shifts in social power relations, particular spatial and material practices, and the participant assemblage. These components intra-act transferring our understanding on ageing: ageing becomes a creative state where the seniors are included in the problem-solving instead of being citizens to be looked after, and thus being merely a socio-economic problem. The power dynamics are essential in participatory action research, therefore, the accountability of all agents should be carefully analysed to understand the impacts of epistemology both in design and social change. | Ageing in a smart city, socio-material power | doi:10.1177/1476750316655385 |
| Social Innovation | Ágnes, K. K. | Könyvtár és közösség, avagy a közösségvezérelt könyvtár elmélete és gyakorlati megvalósításának lehetőségei | Tudományos és Műszaki Tájékoztatás | 2018 | A szerző tanulmányában a XXI. század közkönyvtárainak és az általuk ellátott, szolgált közösségeknek a viszonyával, együttműködésével foglalkozik. Bemutatja a közösségvezérelt könyvtár modelljét, valamint a közösségvezérelt téralakítás és szolgáltatásfejlesztés lehetőségeit. / The study discusses the relationship and co-operation between public libraries of the 21st century and the communities for which they provide services. It introduces the model of the community-led library and the opportunities for the community-driven development of space and services. | cooperation, community libraries | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322759931_Konyvtar_es_kozosseg_avagy_a_kozossegvezerelt_konyvtar_elmelete_es_gyakorlati_megvalositasanak_lehetosegei_Library_and_community_Community-led_public_libraries_-_theory_and_practice |
| Service Design | Lantos, Z. | közösségi egészségélmény-modell Értékteremtés egyénközpontú egészségcélú tranzakciós hálóban | Budapest Management Review, 49(1), 19-29 | 2018 | A hálózatos társadalom az élet minden területén új lehetőségeket kínál az értékteremtésre az internet által is szorosan összekötött egyének és szervezetek számára. Az egészség-ökoszisztéma szereplői és érintettjei valószínű nyertesei ennek a hálózatosodásnak az egyre gyarapodó tudásunknak köszönhetően, amely az egészségérték csapatmunkában és együttműködéssel történő megteremtéséhez kötődik. A szerző munkájában az egészségértéket megteremtő hálózat tranzakcióinak sajátosságaira összpontosított. Először elemezte az egészséget megteremtő hálózatokra jellemző tranzakciókat, majd leírta a hatékony egyénközpontú egészségérték-teremtő hálózatokra javasolt működési struktúrát, a közösségi egészségélmény-modellt. Az elvégzett munka második szakaszában a rendszerdesignt tesztelte valós életbeli körülmények között. Jelen dolgozatában a 2-es típusú cukorbetegség kezelése során elért eredményeket mutatja be. A hálózatos együttműködéseken alapuló szolgáltatásstruktúra eredményeként a 2-es típusú diabétesszel kezelt páciensek 33%-ának javult a cukorháztartása a vizsgálat három hónapos követési ideje alatt. A két kiemelten vizsgált egészségélmény-mutató, az önértékeléssel mért egészségműveltség tízfokozatú skálán 8,12-ről 8,31-re nőtt, míg az önértékeléssel mért állapotspecifikus önmenedzsment-képesség 7,87-ről 8,15-ra. A kísérlet eredményei alapján felállított egészség-gazdaságtani modell becslései szerint a 2-es típusú cukorbetegségre vonatkozó kezelési struktúra országos bevezetését követő öt év elteltével mintegy évi húszmilliárd forint ráfordítást lehet átcsoportosítani a fekvőbeteg-ellátásról az alapszintű ellátásokra. Az eredmények alapján a közösségi egészségélmény-modell ígéretes megközelítést nyújt a hatékonyabb és hatásosabb egészségszolgáltatások és együttműködő hálózatok megtervezéséhez | Közösségi egészségélmény-modell, tranzakciós, hálóban | https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2018.01.03 |
| Service Design | Strokosch, K. | Literature review on public service reform models | Co-VAL Deliverable 1.1 | 2018 | This report reviews the literature on the participation of citizens in the delivery and reform of public services under the five most influential frameworks of public service reform: New Public Administration; New Public Management; Public Value; New Public Service; and New Public Governance. Based upon an evaluation of the strengths and limitations of the frameworks, this report argues for an alternative way forward in harnessing the transformative potential of Public Service Logic. | Literature review, public service, reform | http://www.co-val.eu/public-deliverables/: |
| Living Labs | Cardullo, P., Kitchin, R. & Di Feliciantonio, C. | Living Labs and vacancy in the neoliberal city | Cities, 73, 44-50 | 2018 | This paper evaluates smart city (SC) initiatives in the context of re-using vacant property, focusing on the role of living labs (LL). LL utilise Lo-Fi technologies to foster local digital innovation and support community-focused civic hacking, running various kinds of workshops and engaging with local citizens to co-create digital interventions and apps aimed at ‘solving’ local issues. Five approaches to LL are outlined and discussed in relation to vacancy and gentrification: pop-up initiatives, university-led activities, community organised venues/activities, citizen sensing and crowdsourcing, and tech-led regeneration initiatives. Notwithstanding the potential for generating temporary and independent spaces for transferring digital competences and increasing citizens' participation in the SC, we argue LL foster largely a form of participation framed within a model of civic stewardship for ‘smart citizens’. While presented as horizontal, open, and participative, LL and civic hacking are rooted often in pragmatic and paternalistic discourses and practices related to the production of a creative economy and a technocratic version of SC. As such, by encouraging a particular kind of re-use of vacant space, LLs are used actively to bolster the Smart City discourse, as part of the more general neoliberalization of urban political economy. We discuss these approaches and issues generally, drawing on previous fieldwork and with respect to a case study of Dublin, Ireland. | Living labs, smart city, local issues | http://www.kitchin.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/cities-living-labs-urban-vacancy-2018.pdf |
| Living Labs | Yasuoka, Mika, Fumiya Akasaka, Atsunobu Kimura and Masayuki Ihara. | Living Labs as a Methodology for Service Design: An Analysis Based on Cases and Discussions from a Systems Approach Point of View | International Design Conference Paper : Design 2018 | 2018 | Recently ""Living Labs (LLs)"" have attracted attentions as a method which aims at actively involving citizens for longer term to co-create service. Despite its increased interests, there is no unified definition of what LLs are. In order to develop a service successfully by utilizing this approach, it is of critical importance to understand the methodology in depth, and then localize them to fit to conditions in practice. In this paper, we investigated preceding LL cases in Japan and Scandinavia, depict the methodological features of LL, and review them from the systems approach perspective. | Living labs, methodology, service design | https://doi.org/10.21278/idc.2018.0350 |
| Social Innovation | Sorensen, E. and J. Torfing. | Metagoverning Collaborative Innovation in Governance Networks | American Review of Public Administration 47 (7): 826-839 | 2018 | Western liberal governments increasingly seek to improve the performance of the public sector by spurring innovation. New Public Management reforms from the 1980s onward viewed strategic entrepreneurial leadership and public–private competition as key drivers of public innovation. By contrast, the current wave of New Public Governance reforms perceives collaboration between relevant and affected actors from the public and private sector as the primary vehicle of public innovation, and tends to see governance networks as potential arenas for collaborative innovation. The new focus on collaborative innovation in networks poses a fundamental challenge for public managers, elected politicians, and others aiming to metagovern governance networks. Hence, we claim that a specific metagovernance strategy is needed when the purpose of governance networks is to stimulate efficiency, effectiveness, and democratic legitimacy through innovation rather than incremental improvements. The article aims to sketch out the contours of such a strategy by comparing it with more traditional metagovernance strategies. The argument is illustrated by an empirical analysis of an example of collaborative innovation in Danish elderly care. | governance, networks, public innovation, metagovernance, public administration | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0275074016643181?journalCode=arpb |
| Digital Transformation | Mergel I. | Open innovation in the public sector: drivers and barriers for the adoption of Challenge.gov | Public Management Review 20 | 2018 | Online Open Innovation (OI) platforms like Challenge.gov are used to post public sector problem statements, collect and evaluate ideas submitted by citizens with the goal to increase government innovation. Using quantitative data extracted from contests posted to Challenge.gov and qualitative interviews with thirty-six public managers in fourteen federal departments contribute to the discovery and analysis of intra-, inter, and extra-organizational factors that drive or hinder the implementation of OI in the public sector. The analysis shows that system-inherent barriers hinder public sector organizations to adopt this procedural and technological innovation. However, when the mandate of the innovation policy aligns with the mission of the organization, it opens opportunities for change in innovation acquisition and standard operating procedures. | open innovation, public sector, citizen participation, callenge.gov | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316439267_Open_innovation_in_the_public_sector_drivers_and_barriers_for_the_adoption_of_Challengegov |
| Digital Transformation | Mergel, I. | Open innovation in the public sector: drivers and barriers for the adoption of Challenge.gov | Public Management Review 20 (5): 726-745 | 2018 | Online Open Innovation (OI) platforms like Challenge.gov are used to post public sector problem statements, collect and evaluate ideas submitted by citizens with the goal to increase government innovation. Using quantitative data extracted from contests posted to Challenge.gov and qualitative interviews with thirty-six public managers in fourteen federal departments contribute to the discovery and analysis of intra-, inter, and extra-organizational factors that drive or hinder the implementation of OI in the public sector. The analysis shows that system-inherent barriers hinder public sector organizations to adopt this procedural and technological innovation. However, when the mandate of the innovation policy aligns with the mission of the organization, it opens opportunities for change in innovation acquisition and standard operating procedures. | Open innovation, public sector, drivers, barriers | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2017.1320044 |
| Social Innovation | Hurmelinna-Laukkanen, P. and S. Sätti. | Orchestrators types, roles and capabilities - a framework for innovation networks | Industrial Marketing Management 74: 65-78 | 2018 | In this study, attention is turned to those actors who orchestrate innovation networks; their types, roles and capabilities. We assert that the type of orchestrator and what they (can) do are related aspects. Our starting point is that while orchestration in general comprises a variety of important activities, ranging from ensuring knowledge mobility to coordination, not all of these are accomplished by the same means or are equally emphasized at all times. A conceptual review of existing literature and the related qualitative comparative analysis suggest that orchestrators take different roles by focusing on specific sets of activities at certain times and conducting them in different ways. This implies mastering specific capabilities. Furthermore, sometimes circumstances push orchestrators to adopt roles that are unnatural to them. In those cases, capabilities of a different nature become relevant. Following from this line of thinking, our findings indicate three types of capabilities. First, operational role-implementation capabilities determine the ease and success of executing role-specific activities. Second, we further suggest that role-switching capabilities allow the orchestrator to move between the roles that it can naturally adopt. A third type of capability, role-augmentation, is needed to adopt roles beyond natural limitations related to orchestrator type. The resulting conceptual framework aims to combine the scattered existing literature and provide conceptual tools for future research. | Orchestrators types, roles, capabilities, Innovation networks | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2017.09.020 |
| Public Sector Innovation | OECD/Eurostat. | Oslo Manual Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data | OECD, Paris | 2018 | This third edition of the Manual expands the innovation measurement framework in three important ways. First, it places greater emphasis on the role of linkages with other firms and institutions in the innovation process. Second, it recognises the importance of innovation in less R&D-intensive industries, such as services and low-technology manufacturing. This edition modifies certain aspects of the framework (such as definitions and relevant activities) to better accommodate the services sector. Third, the definition of innovation is expanded to include two additional types of innovations, organisational innovation and marketing innovation. Also new to the Manual is an annex on innovation surveys in nonOECD countries and reflects the fact that a growing number of them now conduct innovation surveys. | Innovation Data | http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/2367614.pdf |
| Social Innovation | OECD/Eurostat | Oslo Manual Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data | OECD/Eurostat | 2018 | This third edition of the Manual expands the innovation measurement framework in three important ways. First, it places greater emphasis on the role of linkages with other firms and institutions in the innovation process. Second, it recognises the importance of innovation in less R&D-intensive industries, such as services and low-technology manufacturing. This edition modifies certain aspects of the framework (such as definitions and relevant activities) to better accommodate the services sector. Third, the definition of innovation is expanded to include two additional types of innovations, organisational innovation and marketing innovation. Also new to the Manual is an annex on innovation surveys in nonOECD countries and reflects the fact that a growing number of them now conduct innovation surveys. | innovation data, innovation measurement, services, low-technology sectors, surveys | http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/2367614.pdf |
| Public Sector Innovation | OECD/Eurostat | Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting, Reporting and Using Data on Innovation | OECD, Paris | 2018 | What is innovation and how should it be measured? Understanding the scale of innovation activities, the characteristics of innovative firms and the internal and systemic factors that can influence innovation is a prerequisite for the pursuit and analysis of policies aimed at fostering innovation. First published in 1992, the Oslo Manual is the international reference guide for collecting and using data on innovation. In this fourth edition, the manual has been updated to take into account a broader range of innovation-related phenomena as well as the experience gained from recent rounds of innovation surveys in OECD countries and partner economies and organisations. | Data, innovation | https://www.oecd.org/science/oslo-manual-2018-9789264304604-en.htm |
| Service Design | Baek, S., & Kim, S. | Participatory Public Service Design by Gov.3.0 Design Group | Sustainability | 2018 | Citizen satisfaction levels with public service have become a key indicator in evaluating a nation’s policy capability; as such, it has become important to realize citizen-centered public service that enhances the satisfaction of citizens. Governments need to adopt new and creative methods to respond to changes and redefine the conditions of their policy processes. This study reviews the effectiveness of utilizing open innovation by design thinking for policy processes, and aims to detail the conditions for a policy process geared towards citizen-centered public service. The study reviews open innovation as a means of overcoming the insular tendencies of organizations, and also reviews the advantages of design thinking in identifying the diversified needs of citizens and coordinating their interests. Based on those, we conducted a case study and applied open innovation by design thinking for policy processes. The results revealed that key conditions include cooperation among designers, the diversification of communication channels between internal and external organizations, the joining of citizen experiences, repeated verification of citizen needs, and visualization of the whole progression. Such conditions are principal factors that contribute to citizen orientation and participation, and are expected to play a conducive role in the realization of citizen-centered public service in the future. | participatory policy; citizen-centered; citizen participation; citizen orientation | https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010245 |
| Social Innovation | Cho, M. Bonn, MA., Han, SJ and S. Kang. | Partnership strength and diversity with suppliers Effects upon independent restaurant product innovation and performance | International Journal of Contemporary hospitality management 30 (3): 1526-1544 | 2018 | Purpose This study was designed to better understand the effects of independent restaurant partnerships upon product innovation associated with performance by investigating differences in business situations between startup and established independent restaurant sectors. Design/methodology/approach Partnership strength and diversity were assessed to identify their influence upon restaurant product innovation and performance using a structural equation model to test the study’s hypotheses. A multi-group analysis was employed to examine the moderating roles of business life cycle upon the relationships between partnership strength and diversity, and product innovation. Findings Results found that product innovation implementation requires strong and diverse partnerships with suppliers to improve independent restaurant performance. Diverse partnerships have a more positive effect upon product innovation than do strong partnerships. The positive effect partnership strength with suppliers had upon product innovation was significantly greater for startup restaurants, while its positive effect of diversity was greater for established restaurants. Practical implications Findings can be employed to establish effective strategic partnerships with independent restaurant suppliers and to manage them more effectively in consideration of their business characteristics being startup or established operations. Originality/value This study was an initial attempt to empirically prove significant roles of partnership strength and diversity applied to the context of independent restaurant product innovation. Findings regarding different effects of partnership strength and diversity contributed to the existing body of knowledge about strategic partnerships with suppliers. | Partnership strength,diversity, innovation, performance | DOI:10.1108/IJCHM-01-2017-0016 |
| Digital Transformation | Drechsler, W. . | Pathfinder: e-Estonia as the β-version | Journal of e-Democracy and Open Government (JeDEM) 10(2), forthcoming | 2018 | Estonia is often presented as the leading Digital Governance country globally, but this is not backed up by any of the standard rankings. This essay attempts to answer why this is so, by demonstrating that while the official communications strategy of the Estonian Government emphasizes the country's role as a pathfinder, global media demand, and some of the local protagonists also push, the perfection narrative. This is partially related to the specific historical and geopolitical situation of Estonia, and the subsequent local attitude towards the (Nation) State, which renders (since it is rather unique) the Estonian overall model of only limited use for e-policy transfer. | Pathfinder: e-Estonia, β-version | DOI:10.29379/jedem.v10i2.513 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Svensson PO, Hartmann RK. | Policies to promote user innovation: Makerspaces and clinician innovation in Swedish hospitals | Research Policy 47 | 2018 | As it becomes apparent that users are an important source in innovation in society and in organizations, scholars are realizing that user-directed innovation policy might contribute to improving social welfare. How such policy might be designed, however, is uncertain, as are the costs and benefits of such policies. It is also not clear whether there is a problem for user-directed policy to solve, or what that problem is. As a first empirical step to answering these questions, we report the results of providing hospital clinicians with access to ‘makerspaces’, i.e. staffed facilities with prototyping tools and the expertise in using them. Findings suggest that almost all innovations developed in the makerspaces are user innovations; that the potential returns from the innovations developed in the makerspaces’ first year of operation are more than tenfold the required investment; and that most of the innovations would not have been developed without access to makerspaces. Due to lack of diffusion, only a limited share of potential returns is realized. This suggests not only that there are problems of non-development and under-development that policy can solve and that doing so supports social welfare. It also suggests makerspaces as an effective form of user-supporting innovation policy. | Innovation, Innovation policy, User innovation, Healthcare, Clinicians, Makerspaces | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733317301919 |
| Service Design | Linders D., Liao C.Z.P. and Wang C.M. | Proactive e-governance: Flipping the service delivery model from pull to push in Taiwan. | Government Information Quarterly | 2018 | Governments are well on their way to realizing many of the efficiency gains and administrative improvements promised by traditional e-government. Leveraging this mature infrastructure, Taiwan and other leading implementers have begun to explore ways to harness IT innovations beyond efficiency to also alter how government delivers services and solves public problems. Accordingly, Taiwan's fourth e-government strategy includes a notable commitment to “proactive” service and information delivery. The aim is to flip the service delivery model by shifting from the “pull” approach of traditional e-government—whereby the citizen must seek out government services—towards a “push” model, whereby government proactively and seamlessly delivers just-in-time services to citizens shaped around their individual needs, preferences, circumstance, and location. The article explores Taiwan's implementation of this new approach through three case studies. From this, the authors extract common trends and characteristics to articulate a consolidated framework for Proactive e-Governance based on citizen-centricity, data-driven personalization, and the empowerment of frontline civil servants. The article concludes with a discussion on the importance of shared global learning as leading e-governments simultaneously seek to uncover new models for governance in the 21st century. | proactive e-governance, service delivery, e-government, smart government, Taiwan | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.08.004 |
| Social Innovation | Desmarchelier, B., Djellal, F., & Gallouj, F. | Public Service Innovation Networks (PSINs): Collaborating for innovation and Value Creation | Co-val Report Research | 2018 | This article is devoted to a new network form that is developing within the New Public Governance paradigm, namely “Public Service Innovation Networks” (PSINs). PSINs are multi-agent collaborative arrangements that develop within public service(s), spontaneously or at the instigation of local, national or European public policies. They mobilize a variable number of public and private agents, especially citizens, to co-produce innovations and ultimately contribute to value co-creation. Based on a review of the literature and on empirical work carried out under two European funded projects, this article aims to deepen the definition and description of PSINs, especially in comparison with other known network forms, and to examine in particular how PSINs are formed and function to co-create, more or less efficiently, value in public service(s) through innovation. | Public service innovation, innovation, value creation | DOI:10.15122/isbn.978-2-406-11028-6.p.0133 |
| Public service value co creation | Nabatchi, T | Public Values Frames in Administration and Governance | Perspectives on Public Management and Governance | 2018 | This article builds on theory and research to develop and explore four frames for understanding public values in administration and governance. The article first clarifies and distinguishes among several terms, including value, values, public value, and public values, and discusses the notions of creating public value, preventing public values failure, and public values plurality. Next, it presents four frames of public values for administration and governance: political, legal, organizational, and market. Each frame includes a profile of several distinct content values, as well as a prevailing mode of rationality and a set of dominant methods, which together ensure its continuity and consistency. In addition, the article discusses several itinerant public values that are foundational to the study and practice of public administration, but subject to different interpretations based on the frame from which they are viewed. Finally, the article concludes with suggestions for future research and a discussion of practical implications, particularly in terms of creating public value and preventing public values failure. | Public values, administration, governance | https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvx009 |
| Living Labs | Deutscher Bundestag | Reallabore, Living Labs und Citizen Science - Projekte in Europa | Wissenschaftlicher Dienst Deutscher Bundestag | 2018 | Living lab is a novel cooperation between science and civil society, which enables mutual learning in an experimental environment. Beyond its classical natural and engineering significance, the concept of the laboratory is extended to a social context. It is expected that then the scientific findings of politics and business will be taken up and further developed. "Citizen Science" means the active participation of the population in scientific research in the form of intellectual cooperation, local knowledge or the provision of resources and resources. Participation is voluntary by individuals, groups or networks. Conventional methods of research would often be too expensive or too time-consuming. The different terminology is not always clearly distinguishable. Depending on the state and content and organizational objectives, differences and overlaps in methodology and implementation are possible. | Living labs, citizens, cooperation, participation | https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/563290/9d6da7676c82fe6777e6df85c7a7d573/wd-8-020-18-pdf-data.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Grönroos, C | Reforming public services: does service logic have anything to offer? | Public management review, 21(5), 775-788 | 2018 | This article discusses what service management and the logic of service (SL) can offer to public service management. There are no real inbuilt differences between public and private service organizations and no reasons why public service organizations (PSOs) would be less efficient and less service-focussed and oriented towards service users than private service organizations. Good service management rather than privatization is required to make a PSO more efficient and effectively outward-oriented. Service-focussed value creation management and how service logic can be applied by PSOs to enable them to transform to outward-focussed service organizations are discussed. A change framework is presented. | Public services, service logic | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1529879 |
| Service Design | Røhnebæk, M., & Strokosch, K. | Report on cross country comparison on service design | Co-VAL Deliverable 4.1 | 2018 | Many countries aim to improve public services by use of information and communication technology (ICT) in public service supply chains. However, the literature does not address how inter-organizational ICT is used in redesigning these particular supply chains. The purpose of this paper is to explore this important and under-investigated area. | Country comparison, service design | http://www.co-val.eu/public-deliverables/: |
| Social Innovation | Silva A. L. and F.M. Guerrini. | Self-organized innovation networks from the perspective of complex systems: A comprehensive conceptual review | Journal of Organizational Change Management 31(5): 962-983 | 2018 | In order to deepen the understanding of self-organization, the purpose of the paper is to raise and analyze the state of the art in the area of innovation networks, particularly the characteristics of self-organizing, relying on the theory of complex systems to overcome any shortcomings | Self-organized innovation networks | https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-10-2016-0210 |
| Social Innovation | Cardullo, P., Kitchin, R. | Smart urbanism and smart citizenship: The neoliberal logic of ‘citizen-focused’ smart cities in Europe | Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 36: 403-422 | 2018 | This paper examines the neoliberal ideals that underpin participation and citizenship in the smart city and their replication mechanisms at the European level, particularly focusing on the work of the European Innovation Partnership for Smart Cities and Communities. The research consisted of three levels of data generation and analysis: a discourse analysis of policy documents and project descriptions of the 61 Commitments in the European Innovation Partnership for Smart Cities and Communities ‘citizen-focus’ cluster; interviews with a dozen stakeholders working on citizen engagement in a small sample of European Innovation Partnership for Smart Cities and Communities flagship projects; and twenty interviews with city officers and corporate exhibitors at the 2017 Smart City Expo and World Congress. We contend that smart cities as currently conceived enact a blueprint of neoliberal urbanism and promote a form of neoliberal citizenship. Supra-national institutions like the European Innovation Partnership for Smart Cities and Communities act at a multi-scalar level, connecting diverse forms of neoliberal urbanism whilst promoting policy agendas and projects that perform neoliberal citizenship in the spaces of the everyday. Despite attempts to recast the smart city as ‘citizen-focused’, smart urbanism remains rooted in pragmatic, instrumental and paternalistic discourses and practices rather than those of social rights, political citizenship, and the common good. In our view, if smart cities are to become truly ‘citizen-focused’, an alternative conception of smart citizenship needs to be deployed, one that enables an effective shift of power and is rooted in the right to the city, entitlements, community, participation, commons, and ideals beyond the market | Smart urbanism, smart citizenship, neoliberal logic | https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0263774X18806508 |
| Service Design | Wetter-Edman, K., Vink, J., & Blomkvist, J. | Staging aesthetic disruption through design methods for service innovation | Design studies, 55, 5-26 | 2018 | Within the discourse connecting design and innovation, there has been a growing emphasis on the importance of cognitive processes in relation to design methods. However, the over-emphasis on cognition fails to clearly identify the triggers of change necessary for service innovation. In response, this article draws on classic American pragmatism and service-dominant logic to highlight the underappreciated role of actors' bodily experiences when using design methods for service innovation. The authors of this paper posit that design methods stage aesthetic disruption, a sensory experience that challenges actors' existing assumptions. In doing so, the use of design methods can lead to destabilizing the habitual action of participating actors, helping them to break free of existing institutions and contribute to service innovation. | aesthetics, design methods, innovation, service design, design cognition | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142694X17300911 |
| Digital Transformation | Ministry of Industry, Business and Financial Affairs. | Strategy for Denmark’s Digital Growth | 2018 | Strategy, Denmark’s, digital growth | https://em.dk/english/publica tions/2018/strategy-for-denmarks-digital-growth | ||
| Public service value co creation | Trischler, J., & Charles, M. | The Application of a Service Ecosystems Lens to Public Policy Analysis and Design: Exploring the Frontiers | Journal of Public Policy & Marketing | 2018 | The relevance of marketing for public policy has been questioned because its focus on dyadic exchanges does not consider the dynamism and complexity of public problems. Public service-dominant logic, as a new lens for public policy and management, does not address this limitation, because its focus remains on delivering services to the end user. Integrating recent developments in service-dominant logic and related research, this article proposes applying a service ecosystems lens to public policy. Five propositions guide the application of this lens to public policy analysis and design. Public policy is conceptualized as a means to enable service by coordinating multiple actors’ value cocreation activities to address public problems. Inherent in this conceptualization is the multilevel nature of policy analysis, which includes the users’ value creation process (micro level), the context (meso level), and the broader value constellation (macro level). Policy design, in turn, includes the identification and support of emergent solutions driven by different actors. Policy makers therefore need to consider problem–conditions–solution combinations across the value constellation and the effect of public interventions on these constellations. The article concludes by presenting policy makers with marketing and design practices that can assist in the analysis of service ecosystems and engage relevant stakeholders in change initiatives. | service-dominant logic, public policy, service ecosystems, public service-dominant logic | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0743915618818566 |
| Social Innovation | Sorensen, E. and Torfing, J. | The democratizing impact of governance networks: from pluralisation, via democratic anchorage, to interactive political leadership | Public Administration | 2018 | Initially, governance networks were intended as tools for making public governance more effective. Yet, scholars have argued that governance networks also have the potential to democratize public governance. This article provides an overview of theoretical arguments pertaining to the democratizing impact of governance networks. It claims that the initial celebration of the pluralization of public governance and the subsequent call for a democratic anchorage of governance networks should give way to a new concern for how governance networks can strengthen and democratize political leadership. Tying political leadership to networked processes of collaborative governance fosters ‘interactive political leadership’. The article presents theoretical arguments in support of interactive political leadership, and provides an illustrative case study of a recent attempt to strengthen political leadership through the systematic involvement of elected politicians in local governance networks. The article concludes by reflecting on how interactive political leadership could transform our thinking about democracy. | governance networks, democracy, interactive political leadership | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/padm.12398 |
| Public Sector Innovation | De Vries H, Tummers L, Bekkers V. | The diffusion and adoption of public sector innovations: A metasynthesis of the literature | Perspectives on Public Management and Governance, Volume 1, Issue 3, September 2018 | 2018 | This article synthesizes the extensive literature on the diffusion and adoption of public sector innovations. Although various subfields within public administration have studied diffusion and adoption, these have tended to develop relatively independently. Hence, the lessons learnt in one area might not be evident elsewhere. We have therefore conducted a meta-synthesis of the literature and connected research in three subfields: public management, public policy, and e-government. We show that there is indeed little overlap between the fields with each relying on their own models and paradigms. Furthermore, they often fail to define the concepts of diffusion and adoption. In terms of antecedents, public management and public policy scholars mainly focus on the macro-institutional environment, whereas e-government scholars show a greater interest in the individual level. Based on our meta-synthesis, we develop an integrated list of important antecedents of public sector innovation diffusion and adoption. We also propose three lines for future research: (1) combine macro-, meso-, and micro-level approaches to develop a more nuanced and context-dependent understanding of diffusion and adoption; (2) clearly distinguish between innovation generation, innovation diffusion, and innovation adoption; and (3) draw more extensively on open innovation and collaborative innovation concepts given the crucial role of end-users in innovation diffusion and adoption. | public sector, innovation, diffusion, adoption, public management, e-government | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322992217_The_diffusion_and_adoption_of_public_sector_innovations_A_meta-synthesis_of_the_literature |
| Living Labs | Ballon, P., M. Van Hoed & D. Schuurman. | The effectiveness of involving users in digital innovation: Measuring the impact of living labs | Telematics and Informatics, 35(5): 1201-14 | 2018 | Digital innovation, impact, living labs | https://www.ideaconsult.be/images/1-s2.0-S0736585317306822-main.pdf | |
| Living Labs | Ballon, P., Van Hoed, M. & Schuurman, D. | The effectiveness of involving users in digital innovation: Measuring the impact of living labs | Telematics and Informatics, 35(5), 1201-1214 | 2018 | This paper first makes the point that the pragmatic, practice-oriented nature and overall heterogeneity of living lab initiatives until now have stood in the way of any thorough impact evaluation. Secondly, it discusses the applicability of impact assessment and evaluation principles and approaches to living labs. Finally, the results of the first systematic impact evaluation of a series of living lab projects are presented and analysed. | Living labs, digital innovation, evaluation | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.02.003 |
| Living Labs | Loades, S.T. | The impact of value co-creation: A service employee perspective | Masters by Research thesis. Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia | 2018 | Value co-creation with customers has emerged as a relevant topic at both academic and managerial level. Considering the positive outcomes derived from value co-creation, firms should learn how to properly manage this process which requires active customer involvement and this paper demonstrates that the level of customer participation (CP) depends to a large extent on their perception of how the hotel favours the process of value co-creation (CcV). Our model also proves the customer perception of the hotel's process of value co-creation has a positive impact on the hotel's brand equity (BE) whereas customer participation positively affects the customer's perceived value (PV). Additionally, both brand equity and perceived value are positively linked with customer satisfaction (CS). The findings indicate the moderating effect of customers' prior experience with the hotel chain in reference to some of the relationships considered (CcV→BE→CS and PV→CS). | Value co-creation, service employee perspective | https://eprints.qut.edu.au/119153/1/Sophie_Loades_Thesis.pdf |
| Living Labs | Vilariño, F., D. Karatzas & A.Valcarce. | The Library Living Lab: A Collaborative Innovation Model for Public Libraries | Technology Innovation Management Review, 8(12): 17-25 | 2018 | New models of governance advance towards participatory schemes in which citizens not only play an active role in decision-making processes but also the processes by which new products and services are defined and introduced. In parallel, technological innovations, and the new horizons of creativity that they allow, open a huge range of options to innovation in all areas of society, particularly in the cultural field. Under these two premises – participation and innovation – the Library Living Lab initiative was born at the Public Library of Miquel Batllori Volpelleres in Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona. The Library Living Lab is a space that gathers all stakeholders around the public library with the aim of exploring new methods and tools that allow us to enjoy culture both individually and collectively. This article describes how technology can be an enabling factor in a citizen-initiated grassroots project. The project implements a complete model of inter-institutional collaboration with all relevant actors around the living lab working group. The specific challenges of developing an open, flexible, and inter-connected space are identified, and the interaction dynamics based on a challenge–action–return methodology definition are described through practical examples. Our conclusions tackle the challenges of a horizon for the implementation of innovation initiatives – such as living labs – in public spaces. | Library living lab, innovation model, public libraries | https://timreview.ca/article/1202 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Kofler, I., Marcher, A., Volgger, M. and H. Pechlaner. | The special characteristics of tourism innovation networks: The case of the Regional Innovation System in South Tyrol | Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 37: 68-75 | 2018 | The present study investigates the relevance of inter-organizational and cross-sectoral relations for innovation activities in tourism, analyzing whether networked innovation in tourism differs from other sectors. The aim is to highlight the special characteristics of tourism in the context of a Regional Innovation System (RIS) by means of a Social Network Analysis (SNA) carried out on small and medium sized enterprises in the Autonomous Province of Bolzano-Bozen (South Tyrol) in Italy. The analysis indicates that enterprises in the hospitality and tourism industry are strongly embedded in their regional context, showing a distinct tendency to prefer collaboration across sectors for innovation. The conclusions of this study highlight that the characteristics identified with regard to tourism innovation networks, territorially embedded but highly influenced by other sectors, may provide a possible explanation for some of the traits of tourism innovation identified (e.g. a high degree of imitation in destinations) | Characteristics, tourism innovation networks | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.09.004 |
| Public service value co creation | Trischler, J, Pervan, SJ, Kelly SJ | The value of codesign: The effect of customer involvement in service design teams | Journal of Service Research | 2018 | Codesign allows a design team to combine two sets of knowledge that are key to service design: Customer insights into latent user needs and in-house professionals’ conversion of promising new ideas into viable concepts. While some studies highlight the potential of codesign, others are more skeptical pointing to a lack of clarity over how the involvement of customers affects the design process and outcomes. This article addresses this knowledge gap by reporting on a real-world comparison of design concepts generated by codesign teams with those generated by an in-house professional team and a team solely made up of users in the course of a library service ideation contest. The comparison indicates that codesign teams generate concepts that score significantly higher in user benefit and novelty but lower in feasibility. However, these outcomes are only possible in cohesive teams that develop design concepts collaboratively. In contrast, in teams where individuals dominate, conflict, less collaboration, and diminished innovation outcomes are more likely. The findings add to a better understanding of the value of codesign and shed light on the complex relationship between design team composition, intrateam factors, and innovation outcomes. Service designers obtain recommendations for selecting customers, assembling teams, and managing intrateam dynamics to enhance codesign success. | Value, codesign, customer, service design | https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1094670517714060 |
| Digital Transformation | Weiss, M., Sinai, N., & Norris, M. | Title | Harvard business school cas | 2018 | Title | ||
| Social Innovation | Brandão, F., Costa, C. and D. Buhalis. | Tourism innovation networks: A regional approach | European Journal of Tourism Research 18: 33-56 | 2018 | In the last decades, the innovation process experienced a significant evolution. From the early atomist models, the economy is moving towards systemic approaches based on interactive processes, strongly attached to the territories. Innovation networks are proliferating as the most suited framework for destinations to achieve a high innovation performance. However, there has been little research on the structure and dynamics of tourism innovation networks and how they can foster regional innovation. This paper applies Social Network Analysis to measure and identify the dynamics of cooperation within institutional tourism innovation networks and the role they play on tourism innovation. The study was applied to two Portuguese regions, Douro and Aveiro, where the top managers of institutions responsible for developing or supporting tourism innovation were surveyed. Results demonstrate that different social structures and patterns of cooperation create distinct impacts on regional innovation. It is concluded that tourism destinations characterised by diversified networks, i.e. networks comprising actors from different geographical locations and with distinct typologies, are in a better position to achieve a higher innovation performance. The paper 2 advances strategic recommendations for tourism organisations to increase destinations’ competitiveness, by further developing the necessary conditions for innovation to occur. | Tourism innovation networks | https://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=t7tTDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA33&dq=Tourism+innovation+networks:+A+regional+approach&ots=PYDDqidxN_&sig=vfq6DHlXoQBWqT-dkzFhbGHzUYY#v=onepage&q=Tourism%20innovation%20networks%3A%20A%20regional%20approach&f=false |
| Public Sector Innovation | NESTA, European Innovation Scoreboard | Toward the incorporation of big data in the European Innovation Scoreboard | European Commission, Luxembourg | 2018 | Big data, European innovation | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | |
| Digital Transformation | Lewis, G. B., Pathak, R., & Galloway, C. S. | Trends in public–private pay parity in state and local governments | Review of Public Personnel Administration, 38, 303-331 | 2018 | Have state and local governments (SLGs) achieved pay parity with the private sector? The answer depends on how one defines parity. Using a standard labor economics model on U.S. Census data from 1990 to 2014, we find different patterns if we focus on pay, on pay plus benefits, or on total compensation within an occupation. All approaches indicate that pay is higher in local than in state governments and that Blacks, Hispanics, and employees without college diplomas earn higher pay in SLGs than in the private sector. In contrast, Whites, Asians, and college graduates are less likely to enjoy higher pay working in SLGs than in the private sector. Unsurprisingly, states with more liberal and Democratic legislatures pay public employees better, relative to workers in the private sector. | Public–private, state, local governments | https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734371X16671370 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Skalen P, Karlsson J, Engen M, Magnussen PR. | Understanding public service innovation as resource integration and creation of value propositions | Australian Journal of Public Administration, 77.4: 700-714 | 2018 | This paper departs from research on Public Service Logic (PSL) to advance a framework of public service innovation (PSI) by incorporating the notions of resource integration and value proposition. The framework consists of three resource integration processes, referred to as value creation, value co‐creation and value facilitation, through which users and employees detect problems and suggest solutions that contribute to service innovation by creating new, or by developing existing, value propositions. To test and illustrate the framework, a study of six service innovation groups in primary care was drawn on. Four aggregates of service innovation ideas were identified in the study: access, patient experience, physical environment and organization of work. In line with the framework, the findings suggest that users and employees contribute to PSI by drawing on their knowledge and experience of conducting resource integration, and by detecting problems and suggesting solutions to these problems. | public service logic, resource integration, value, solutions, framework | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-8500.12308 |
| Service Design | Gallouj F., Rubalcaba L., Toivonen M. and Windrum P. | Understanding social innovation in services industries | Industry and Innovation | 2018 | This paper puts forward a framework for understanding the relationship between service industries and social innovation. These are two, previously disconnected research areas. The paper explores ways in which innovation in services is increasingly becoming one of social innovation (in terms of social goals, social means, social roles and multi-agent provision) and how social innovation can be understood from a service innovation perspective. A taxonomy is proposed based on the mix between innovation nature and the locus of co-production. The paper additionally puts forward a theoretical framework for understanding social innovation in services, where the co-creation of innovation is the result of an interaction of competences and preferences of multiple providers, users/citizens, and policy-makers. This provides the basis for a discussion of key avenues for future research in theory, measurement, organisation, appropriation, performance measurement and public policy. This provides a context for the papers presented in this special issue. | services, innovation, social innovation, multi-agent framework | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13662716.2017.1419124 |
| Public service value co creation | I. Mergel, D. Gago, C. Liefooghe, F. Mureddu and S. Lepczynski, A. Scupola. | Understanding value co-creation in public services for transforming European public administrations | European Commission. Policy and process tracing of international digital transformation practices, WP3/D3.2, Co-VAL [770356] | 2018 | Value co-creation, public services, public administrations | https://lisboncouncil.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Triantafillou-Presentation.pdf | |
| Social Innovation | Espersen, H. H., Andersen, L. L., Olsen, L. and Tortzen, A. | Understøttelse og udvikling af det frivillige sociale arbejde – En analyse af udviklingstendenser og behov for kontinuitet og forandring i nationale virkemidler | København: VIVE | 2018 | Denne undersøgelse er gennemført for Socialstyrelsen og Børne-og Socialministeriet og har til formål at undersøge, hvordan offentligt støttede, tværgående nationale aktører kan bidrage til at udvikle og understøtte det frivillige sociale område. Aktuelt er der tale om Center for Frivilligt Socialt Arbejde, Fonden for Socialt Ansvar, Frivilligcentre og Selvhjælp Danmark, Frivilligrådet og Socialstyrelsen, der med forskellige virkemidler og metoder understøtter og udvikler det frivillige sociale arbejde. Undersøgelsen er en del af ”Frivilligpakken” i Satspuljeaftalen for Social-og Indenrigsom-rådet 2016-2019 og er gennemført af VIVE og RUC i perioden fra november 2016 til januar 2018. Undersøgelsen er gennemført på baggrund af et fokuseret litteraturstudie og desk research samt en kvalitativ interviewundersøgelse blandt i alt 75 informanter. Rapporten indeholder en analyse af forholdet mellem udviklingstendenser og udfordringer på det frivillige sociale område og aktuelle virkemidler hos de tværgående nationale og offentligt støttede aktører, som bidrager til at understøtte og udvikle det frivillige sociale område. Fokus ligger blandt andet på at undersøge, hvor der i et fremtidigt perspektiv er brug for henholdsvis kontinuitet og forandring i disse virkemidler. | Understøttelse, udvikling af det frivillige sociale arbejde, nationale virkemidler | https://www.vive.dk/media/pure/10833/2305406 |
| Service Design | Patrício, L., Gustafsson, A., & Fisk, R. | Upframing Service Design and Innovation for Research Impact | Journal of Service Research, 21(1), 3-16 | 2018 | Service design and innovation are receiving greater attention from the service research community because they play crucial roles in creating new forms of value cocreation with customers, organizations, and societal actors in general. Service innovation involves a new process or service offering that creates value for one or more actors in a service network. Service design brings new service ideas to life through a human-centered and holistic design thinking approach. However, service design and innovation build on dispersed multidisciplinary contributions that are still poorly understood. The special issue that follows offers important contributions through the examination of service design and innovation literature, the links between service design and innovation, the role of customers in service design and innovation, and service design and innovation for well-being. Building on these contributions, this article develops a future research agenda in three areas: (1) reinforcing and expanding the foundations of service design and innovation by integrating multiple perspectives and methods; (2) advancing service design and innovation by improving the connection between the two areas, deepening actor involvement, and leveraging the role of technology; and (3) upframing service design and innovation to strengthen research impact by innovating complex value networks and service ecosystems and by building a cornerstone for transformative service research. | service design, service innovation, transformative research, design research | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1094670517746780 |
| Digital Transformation | Tammpuu, P. and A. Masso. | Welcome to the Virtual State: Estonian e- Residency and the Digitalised State as a Commodity | European Journal of Cultural Studies 21(5), 543–60 | 2018 | In this article, we examine the reconstruction and commodification of the national space through digital technologies by using the case of Estonian e-residency. E-residency or ‘virtual residency’ is an initiative of the Estonian government which gives foreigners global access to Estonian e-services via state-issued digital identity. We explore the ways in which the ideas of the ‘virtual state’ and ‘virtual residency’ have been employed for purposes of nation branding and national reputation management, and how the different logics of nation branding and nation building combined in the concept of e-residency have been negotiated in the national context. The study draws on a qualitative textual analysis of the official website of e-residency directed at foreign audiences and the national media coverage of the project addressing domestic publics. The analysis indicates that while the imagery constructed around the notions of the ‘virtual state’ and ‘virtual residency’ makes it possible to turn the national space into a commodity, presented outwards as a globally extensible and open transnational space, domestically it makes it possible to appeal to ‘intact national space’ and to legitimise e-residency as a ‘socio-culturally safe’, digitally mediated internationalisation of the society. This article forms part of the Theorizing Media in Nation Branding Special Issue. | Virtual State, e- residency, digitalised State, commodity | https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1367549417751148 |
| Public service value co creation | Schlappa, H. & Y. Imani. | Who is in the lead? New perspectives on leading co- production | Pp. 99-108 in T. Brandsen, T. Steen & B. Verschuere (eds.). Co-production and co-creation-engaging citizens in Public Services. Oxford, UK and New York, NY: Routledge | 2018 | Leadership of the co-production process is about meaning making, persuasion and negotiation between regular and citizen co-producers in a context of unequal power relationships. Leading co-production is therefore a shared responsibility where citizens and paid staff aim to combine the skills, resources and authority of one another to accomplish a particular task. Leadership theory offers an insightful perspective on the actual mechanisms through which co-production is enacted. A critical relational perspective encourages us to perceive leadership as distributed and collective, rather than residing with individuals, shaping and being shaped by context and having shared sense of purpose and respect for desired outcomes. The chapter argues that two concepts dominate the theory in use by public administration scholars, namely transactional and transformational concepts of leading. It suggests that leadership in co-production is best explored from a critical relational perspective on leadership, which draws on distributed leadership theory. | New perspectives, co- production | https://www.smu.edu.sg/sites/default/files/smu/news_room/smu_in_the_news/2011/sources/EBR_201101_1.pdf |
| Digital Transformation | van Oojen, Charlotte, Barbara Ubaldi and Benjamin Welby. | A Data-Driven Public Sector: Enabling the Strategic Use of Data for Productive, Inclusive and Trustworthy Governance | Paris: OECD | 2019 | Data-driven,public sector, strategic use of data, productive governance | https://doi.org/10.1787/19934351 | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Arundel A, Bloch C, Ferguson B. | Advancing innovation in the public sector: aligning innovation measurement with policy goals | Research Policy 48:789-798 | 2019 | There is sufficient evidence, drawn from surveys of innovation in the public sector and cognitive testing interviews with public sector managers, to develop a framework for measuring public sector innovation. Although many questions that are covered in the Oslo Manual guidelines for measuring innovation in the private sector can be applied with some modifications to the public sector, public sector innovation surveys need to meet policy needs that require collecting additional types of data. Policy to support public sector innovation requires data on how public sector organizations innovate and how a strategic management approach to innovation can influence the types of innovations that are developed. Both issues require innovations surveys to delve deeply into the innovation processes and strategies that are used by public sector managers. Implementation of the measurement framework proposed in this paper would open up opportunities for a new, policy-relevant research program on public sector innovation. | Innovation, public secto | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.12.001 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Arundel A., Bloch C. and Ferguson B. | Advancing innovation in the public sector: Aligning innovation measurement with policy goals | Research Policy | 2019 | There is sufficient evidence, drawn from surveys of innovation in the public sector and cognitive testing interviews with public sector managers, to develop a framework for measuring public sector innovation. Although many questions that are covered in the Oslo Manual guidelines for measuring innovation in the private sector can be applied with some modifications to the public sector, public sector innovation surveys need to meet policy needs that require collecting additional types of data. Policy to support public sector innovation requires data on how public sector organizations innovate and how a strategic management approach to innovation can influence the types of innovations that are developed. Both issues require innovations surveys to delve deeply into the innovation processes and strategies that are used by public sector managers. Implementation of the measurement framework proposed in this paper would open up opportunities for a new, policy-relevant research program on public sector innovation. | public sector innovation, innovation measurement, public sector innovation policy, governance | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733318302956 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Arundel, A., Bloch, C. and B. Ferguson. | Advancing innovation in the public sector: Aligning innovation measurement with policy goals | Research Policy 48(3): 789-798 | 2019 | There is sufficient evidence, drawn from surveys of innovation in the public sector and cognitive testing interviews with public sector managers, to develop a framework for measuring public sector innovation. Although many questions that are covered in the Oslo Manual guidelines for measuring innovation in the private sector can be applied with some modifications to the public sector, public sector innovation surveys need to meet policy needs that require collecting additional types of data. Policy to support public sector innovation requires data on how public sector organizations innovate and how a strategic management approach to innovation can influence the types of innovations that are developed. Both issues require innovations surveys to delve deeply into the innovation processes and strategies that are used by public sector managers. Implementation of the measurement framework proposed in this paper would open up opportunities for a new, policy-relevant research program on public sector innovation. | Innovation, public sector | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.12.001 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Gieske, H., Duijn, M. and A. van Buuren. | Ambidextrous practices in public service organizations: innovation and optimization tensions in Dutch water authorities | Public Management Review, DOI: 10.1080/14719037.2019.1588354 | 2019 | For public service organizations (PSOs) it is essential to be able to simultaneously optimize and innovate policies, processes and services. This article explores how PSOs shape these dual practices by examining optimization and innovation practices in eight Dutch regional water authorities (RWAs) using focus groups. It uncovers mutually reinforcing differences in culture, strategy and management leading to different ambidextrous configurations. In low ambidextrous RWAs a legalistic task-orientation goes along with a transactional management style and focus on optimization only. In high ambidextrous RWAs a societal value-orientation, integrative strategies, and a more transformational management style lead to more embedded innovation practices. | Public service organizations, innovation,optimization tensions | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1588354 |
| Service Design | Romme, S., & Meijer, A. | Applying design science in public policy and administration research. | Policy & Politics. | 2019 | There is increasing debate about the role that public policy research can play in identifying solutions to complex policy challenges. Most studies focus on describing and explaining how governance systems operate. However, some scholars argue that because current institutions are often not up to the task, researchers need to rethink this ‘bystander’ approach and engage in experimentation and interventions that can help to change and improve governance systems. This paper contributes to this discourse by developing a design science framework that integrates retrospective research (scientific validation) and prospective research (creative design). It illustrates the merits and challenges of doing this through two case studies in the Netherlands and concludes that a design science framework provides a way of integrating traditional validation-oriented research with intervention-oriented design approaches. We argue that working at the interface between them will create new opportunities for these complementary modes of public policy research to achieve impact. | design science, public policy, public administration, collaborative governance, public involvement, what works, engaged scholarship, evidence-based policy | https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Georges_Romme2/publication/333449219_Applying_design_science_in_public_policy_and_administration_research/links/5cee6d3745851505441cc13b/Applying-design-science-in-public-policy-and-administration-research.pdf |
| Public service value co creation | Loeffler E. et Bovaird T. | Co‑commissioning of public services and outcomes in the UK: bringing coproduction into the strategic commissioning cycle | Public Money & Manage‑ ment, 39(4), 241‑252 | 2019 | Commissioning as a planning, resource mobilization and prioritization activity needs to harness user and community co-production of public services and outcomes. Based on a public value model, we map how commissioners can go beyond traditional consultation and participation processes to achieve co-commissioning with citizens. Moreover, we discuss how public sector organizations can use their strategic commissioning process to support and embed citizen voice and action in their problem prevention, treatment and rehabilitation strategies to achieve the quality of life outcomes desired by both citizens and public service commissioners. | Public services, outcomes, coproduction | https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2019.1592905 |
| Digital Transformation | Mureddu, Francesco, and David Osimo. | Co-Creation of Public Services: Why and How | Lisbon Council Policy Brief | 2019 | "Co-creation” and “design thinking” are trendy themes – the topic of innumerable conferences and a growing number of academic papers. But how do we turn co-creation into a reality for Europe’s 508 million citizens? In Co-Creation of Public Services: Why and How, a new policy brief, co-authors Francesco Mureddu and David Osimo propose a ten-step roadmap for delivering genuinely user-centric digital government, arguing that it is time to put co-creation at the core of government functioning. The policy brief builds on research findings and cutting-edge analysis developed at the “Understanding Value Co-Creation in Public Services for Transforming European Public Administrations” project, or Co-VAL, a 12-partner research consortium, co-funded by the European Union, and in which the Lisbon Council is a member. The policy brief was launched at the High-Level Summit on ‘Co-Creation’ and ‘Design Thinking’ in Brussels. | Co-creation, public services | https://lisboncouncil.net/publications/co-creation-of-public-services-why-and-how/ |
| Digital Transformation | Mureddu, Francesco, and David Osimo. | Co-Creation of Public Services: Why and How | Brussels: The Lisbon Council | 2019 | "Co-creation” and “design thinking” are trendy themes – the topic of innumerable conferences and a growing number of academic papers. But how do we turn co-creation into a reality for Europe’s 508 million citizens? In Co-Creation of Public Services: Why and How, a new policy brief, co-authors Francesco Mureddu and David Osimo propose a ten-step roadmap for delivering genuinely user-centric digital government, arguing that it is time to put co-creation at the core of government functioning. The policy brief builds on research findings and cutting-edge analysis developed at the “Understanding Value Co-Creation in Public Services for Transforming European Public Administrations” project, or Co-VAL, a 12-partner research consortium, co-funded by the European Union, and in which the Lisbon Council is a member. The policy brief was launched at the High-Level Summit on ‘Co-Creation’ and ‘Design Thinking’ in Brussels. | Co-creation, public services | https://lisboncouncil.net/publications/co-creation-of-public-services-why-and-how/ |
| Social Innovation | Torfing, J. | Collaborative innovation in the public sector: the argument | Public Management Review 21 (1): 1-11 | 2019 | There has been a growing interest in the question of how to spur innovation in the public sector, and recent research points to multi-actor collaboration as a superior innovation driver. This article explains why and how multi-actor collaboration may spur public innovation. It also discusses why we should expect different public and private actors to engage in demanding processes of collaborative interaction in order to produce risk-filled public innovations. Finally, it reflects on how it is possible to overcome the barriers to collaborative innovation through a combination of institutional design and the exercise of leadership and management. | Collaborative innovation, public sector, argument | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1430248 |
| Digital Transformation | Pujol Priego, Laia, David Osimo, and Jonathan Douglas Wareham. | Data Sharing Practice in Big Data Ecosystems | ESADE Business School Research Paper, 2019.273 | 2019 | Big data has gained popularity in recent years both in industry and academia given actual and potential impact on contemporary business organizations. The combination of datasets, both internal and external to an organization, and the reuse of data for different purposes have been pointed to as the greatest value of big data (Davenport, 2013; Barton & Court, 2012). However, little is known (Thomas & Leiponen, 2016) about how firms, and particularly traditional industries, actually share data and which mechanisms they use to do so. While Open Innovation literature has already comprehensively captured the use of the various organizational modes through which external sources of knowledge are combined with internal developed knowledge (Chesbrough, 2003a, 2003b), they have not yet been applied to the understanding of data sharing practices in big data ecosystems and how industry characteristics affect the modes that companies use to share data in traditional industries. From a purposeful sampling of 102 real-life cases covering corporate early adopters of Big Data in eleven traditional sectors, this paper develops a conceptual framework of organizational modes implemented by traditional business in the big data ecosystem to extract business value from big data. | Big Data, ecosystems | DOI:10.2139/ssrn.3355696 |
| Digital Transformation | Mergel I., Edelmann N. et Haug N. (en cours de publication). | Defining digital transformation: results from expert inter‑ views | Government Information Quarterly, xx(x), xxx‑xxx | 2019 | Digital transformation approaches outside the public sector are changing citizens' expectations of governments' ability to deliver high-value, real-time digital services. In response to the changing expectations and triggered by supranational agreements, governments are changing their mode of operation to improve public service delivery, be more efficient and effective in their designs, and achieve objectives such as increased transparency, interoperability, or citizen satisfaction. However, beyond the availability of consultancy reports, there is little systematic insight into the way that public administrators themselves are currently defining digital transformation in their own day-to-day practices, how they are approaching digital transformation projects, and what their expected outcomes are. We provide an empirically-based definition of digital transformation derived from expert interviews and develop a conceptual framework with reasons for, processes to, and expected outcomes of digital transformation in the public sector. | Digital transformation, results | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.06.002 |
| Digital Transformation | Mergel, I., Edelmann, N., & Haug, N. | Defining digital transformation: Results from expert interviews | Government Information Quarterly | 2019 | Digital transformation approaches outside the public sector are changing citizens' expectations of governments' ability to deliver high-value, real-time digital services. In response to the changing expectations and triggered by supranational agreements, governments are changing their mode of operation to improve public service delivery, be more efficient and effective in their designs, and achieve objectives such as increased transparency, interoperability, or citizen satisfaction. However, beyond the availability of consultancy reports, there is little systematic insight into the way that public administrators themselves are currently defining digital transformation in their own day-to-day practices, how they are approaching digital transformation projects, and what their expected outcomes are. We provide an empirically-based definition of digital transformation derived from expert interviews and develop a conceptual framework with reasons for, processes to, and expected outcomes of digital transformation in the public sector. | Digital transformation, results | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.06.002 |
| Digital Transformation | Mergel I. | Digital service teams in government | Government Information Quarterly | 2019 | National governments are setting up digital service teams (DST) – IT units outside the centralized CIO's office – to respond to complex governmental and societal challenges in a responsive and agile manner. DSTs emerge as a third space between centralized and decentralized IT departments that are triggered by large-scale IT failures and the need to abandon black swan IT projects - tasks that traditional CIO offices were not able to handle so far. DSTs design principles have been replicated from the initial idea of the UK's Government Digital Service team and implemented in other countries, such as the U.S., Canada, Italy, or Finland. For this article, a qualitative interpretative approach was chosen to understand external and internal context factors that contribute to the emergence of these digital service teams. The article brings initial clarity of the composition and tasks of DSTs and extends the existing theory of context by providing insights about this third space between centralized and decentralized IT departments to organize IT Governance in public sector organizations. | Digital service teams, government | https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.giq.2019.07.001 |
| Digital Transformation | Mergel, Ines. | Digitale Verwaltung umsetzen | Innovative Verwaltung, (1-2), 32-33 | 2019 | Bisher orientieren sich Digitalisierungsbemühungen in der öffentlichen Verwaltung vor allem an den Fachverantwortlichkeiten und Fachprozessen, die in oftmals isoliert operierenden Ressorts organisiert sind. Ein erster Schritt in Richtung Orientierung der Dienstleistungen an den Bedürfnissen der Bürger wurde mit dem OZG angestoßen. Fachverantwortliche müssen sich nun an den Lebenslagen der Bürger orientieren. Auf der Basis von Experteninterviews wurden fünf Schritte abgeleitet, die dabei helfen, digitale Transformationsprojekte umzusetzen (siehe Abbildung). | Digitale verwaltung | https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/bitstream/handle/123456789/44199/Mergel_2-3aaj6wzb0lvi8.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |
| Digital Transformation | IT-Planungsrat. | Digitalisierungsprogramm des IT-Planungsrats: Blaupausen für die Verwal- tungsdigitalisierung | 2019 | Digitalisierungsprogramm, verwal- tungsdigitalisierung | https://www.it-planungsrat.de/DE/Projekte/Koordinierungsprojekte/Digitalisierungsprogramm/ | ||
| Living Labs | Morris D., E. Vanino & C. Corradini. | Effect of regional skill gaps and skill shortages on firm productivity | Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space | 2019 | This paper contributes to the literature on regional productivity, complementing previous education and skill-level perspectives with a novel approach analysing the impact of regional skill gaps and skill shortages. This allows us to reflect the idiosyncratic needs of the regional economic structure better, considering both the demand and supply side of the skills equation in localised labour markets. Controlling for unobserved time-invariant firm-level heterogeneity and other region–industry effects across a longitudinal data set for the period 2008–2014, our analysis reveals a negative direct effect of skill shortages on firm productivity. We further find negative spillover effects for both skill gaps and skill shortages in related industries and proximate regions. Results are also shown to be heterogeneous with respect to agglomeration levels and industrial sectors. Stronger negative effects are found in industries defined by a knowledge-intensive skill base, pointing to the loss of learning effects in the presence of skill deficiencies. Conversely, agglomeration effects appear to moderate the impact of skill deficiencies through more efficient matching in the local labour market. The findings presented thus suggest that policies aimed at improving productivity and addressing the increasing regional productivity divide cannot be reduced to a simple space-neutral support for higher education and skill levels but need to recognise explicitly the presence and characteristics of place-specific skills gaps and shortages. | Regional skill gaps, skill shortages, firm productivity | https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19889634 |
| Public service value co creation | Petrescu, M | From marketing to public value: towards a theory of public service ecosystems | Public management review | 2019 | This paper applies a service ecosystems perspective on the public service logic to evaluate the benefits and challenges this view brings to the management of public services. First, the article clarifies the concepts of private and public value, as well as co-production and co-creation. Second, the article presents an overview of the service-dominant logic, public service-dominant logic, and public service logic. Third, the paper analyses the potential of merging public service logic with a service ecosystems framework in a technology-based context, cross-fertilising public management and marketing research. This can lead to the development of a theory of public service ecosystems. | Marketing, public value, ecosystems | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1619811 |
| Social Innovation | EFE agency. | Fundación Alas investiga el deterioro cognitivo en personas con discapacidad | 2019 | Deterioro cognitivo, discapacidad | |||
| Digital Transformation | Government Accountability Office. | Human capital: Improving federal recruiting and hiring efforts | 2019 | Human capital, improving federal, hiring efforts | https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/700657.pdf | ||
| Living Labs | Fuglsang, L. & A.V. Hansen. | Literature review on Living labs and experimental co- innovation in public, private and civil sectors | Deliverable 5.1.EU H2020 Co-VAL. Brussels, Belgium: European Union | 2019 | Literature, living labs, experimental co- innovation public, private civil | http://www.co-val.eu/public-deliverables/ | |
| Public Sector Innovation | Arundel, Anthony (ed.). | Mapping and Instruments Providing Data on the Co-Creation of Public Services | Co-VAL Deliverable 2.1 | 2019 | Mapping, instruments, co-creation, public services | ||
| Public Sector Innovation | Bueno, E, V, Weber, T, Bomfim, E, & Kato, HT | Measuring customer experience in service: A systematic review | The service industries journal | 2019 | The aim of this systematic review is to identify how customer experience in the service sector has been measured in relevant publications in the marketing field. A sample of 33 papers was collected from two electronic databases—the Web of Science (Thomson Reuters) and Scopus (Elsevier)—covering a large number of publications. After analyzing the articles and reviewing the customer experience literature, the following are our main contributions: (i) clarification of the concepts that appear in the literature review of customer experience in the service sector; (ii) classification of the variables, scales, and constructs related to customer experience in service; (iii) demonstration of the service experience as the preponderant construct that is used to measure customer experience in service; and (iv) proposal of a new dimension—the concept of ‘pre-experience’—to measure customer experience in service. These contributions can provide a more solid basis for measuring customer experience in service. | Service, customer experience | https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1561873 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Arundel, Anthony, and Nordine Es-Sadki. | Preliminary Survey Results | Co-VAL Deliverable 2.7 | 2019 | Preliminary survey, results | https://www.co-val.eu/blog/2020/01/31/preliminary-survey-results-on-innovation-and-the-use-of-co-creation-methods/ | |
| Public service value co creation | Osimo, David, and Francesco Mureddu. | Progress on the Tallinn Declaration | Co-VAL Internal Report for the Finnish Presidency of the Council of the European Union | 2019 | Progress, tallinn declaration | ||
| Public service value co creation | Strokosch, K | Public Service Management and Asylum: Co-production, Inclusion and Citizenship | New York, NY: Routledge | 2019 | Co-production occurs when citizens actively participate in the design and delivery of public services. The concept and its practice are of increasing interest among policymakers, public service managers and academics alike, with co-production often being described as a revolutionary solution to public service reform. | Public service management, co-production, inclusion, citizenship | https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429446153 |
| Public service value co creation | Bozeman B. | Public values: citizens’ perspective | Public Management Review, 21(6), 817‑838 | 2019 | Drawing data from more than 2,000 US citizens, the current article focuses on empirically derived citizens’ public values. Objectives include: (1) to provide and analyse empirical data on citizens’ specific views about what does and does not constitute a public value, (2) to distinguish between ‘Contested’ and ‘Consensus’ public values; (3) to suggest some implications of citizens’ public value assessment in terms of their theoretical meaning; (4) to compare expressed vs. enacted public values (based on decision vignettes). Findings show widespread agreement about a handful of putative public values, but when enacted in vignettes responses are inconsistent. | Public values, citizens’ perspective | DOI:10.1080/14719037.2018.1529878 |
| Public service value co creation | Jaspers, S, & Steen, T | Realizing public values: enhancement or obstruction? Exploring value tensions and coping strategies in the co-production of social care | Public management review | 2019 | We examine the potential of co-production to enhance or obstruct the realization of public values by analysing what value tensions co-producers experience and what coping strategies they follow. In-depth study of a social care initiative in Flanders shows that co-production enhances the realization of values relating to services delivered, relationships between public servants and citizens, and the democratic quality of the service delivery process. However, public servants and citizen co-producers experience tensions between values, such as efficiency, individual freedom of co-producers, reciprocity, and inclusion. In trying to deal with these value tensions, public servants are found to follow a variety of coping strategies, whereas citizen co-producers tend to escalate tensions or avoid coping with them. The type of coping strategy followed, however, influences if and what values are ultimately represented in the service delivery process and its results. | Public values, value tensions, strategies, co-production, social care | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1508608 |
| Living Labs | Fuglsang, Lars, and Anne Vorre Hansen (eds.). | Report on Cross Country Comparison on Existing Innovation and Living Labs | Co-VAL Deliverable 5.1 | 2019 | Country comparison, innovation, living labs | https://www.co-val.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/D5.1_0921F01_Report_on_cross_country_comparison_on_existing_innovation_and_living_labs.pdf | |
| Living Labs | Fuglsang, L. & A.V. Hansen. | Report on strategic case studies | Deliverable 5.2. EU H2020 Co-VAL. Brussels, Belgium: European Union | 2019 | Strategic, case, studies | http://www.co- val.eu/public-deliverables/ | |
| Public service value co creation | Eriksson, E M | Representative co-production: broadening the scope of the public service logic | Public management review | 2019 | Although the public service logic (PSL) has been an important equipoise to the predominant goods-manufacturing logic, there is potential to broaden its scope. An explicit integration of social context may contribute to an enhanced conceptual understanding of the PSL, at the same time addressing a major challenge in healthcare: disparities among population groups. A ‘representative co-production’ approach is suggested. In such an approach, group representatives’ knowledge and skills are used in evaluating, designing, and delivering services with the purpose of supporting other group members’ value co-creation. A case is provided, demonstrating representative co-production in access to preventive health services. | Co-production, public service | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1487575 |
| Service Design | Strokosch, K. | Research report on case studies | 2019 | Research, case, studies | http://www.co-val.eu/public- deliverables/: | ||
| Public service value co creation | Oprea, Natalia (ed.). | Research Report on Experiments | Co-VAL Deliverable 1.3 | 2019 | Research report, experiments | https://www.co-val.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/1003F01_Research_report_on_the_experiments.pdf | |
| Digital Transformation | EU Science Hub. | The Digital Compentence Fragemwork 2.0 | 2019 | Digital compentence, fragemwork 2.0 | https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/digcomp/digital-competence-framework | ||
| Service Design | Clarke, A., & Craft, J. | The twin faces of public sector design | Governance, 32(1), 5-21 | 2019 | Design thinking has become a popular approach for governments around the world seeking to address complex governance challenges. It offers novel techniques and speaks to broader questions of who governs, how they govern, and the limits of rational instrumentalism in policy making. Juxtaposing design thinking with an older tradition of policy design, this article offers the first critical analysis of the application of design thinking to policy making. It argues that design thinking does not sufficiently account for the political and organizational contexts of policy work. Design thinking also errs in universally privileging one particular policy style over others, and fails to account for the reality of policy mixes. Despite these deficiencies, it is argued that design thinking can inform and enrich governance by helping policy designers produce more adaptable designs, better appreciate the behavioral dynamics of public sector design, and leverage networked approaches to social problem solving. | design thinking, governance, policy, organizations | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/gove.12342 |
| Digital Transformation | Bennett, Andrew, and Chris Yiu. | Transforming Government for the 21st Century | London: Tony Blair Institute for Global Change | 2019 | Transforming government, 21st Century | https://digileaders.com/transforming-government-for-the-21st-century/ | |
| Public service value co creation | Hardyman, W, Kitchener, M, & Daunt, KL | What matters to me! User conceptions of value in specialist cancer care | Public management review | 2019 | This paper is the first to apply the services marketing framework of service-dominant logic (S-D logic) to enhance understanding of patient conceptualizations of value in the context of cancer health services. Using data from a case study, the findings reveal that ‘value’ is a temporal, experiential, and complex concept. Three dominant themes are identified as contributing to value creation; access to resources, quality of interactions, and resource use. Although these findings show a broad degree of support for the S-D logic framework, distinctive variations emerge from this application in a health-care context. | Conceptions of value, specialist cancer care | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1619808 |
| Living Labs | Amin, M., Z. Ghazali, & R. Hassan. | A Conceptual Model: Frontline Employees Behavioral Engagement in Value Co-Creation | Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 8(2): 474-81 | 2020 | Purpose of the study: The main aim of this study is to propose the conceptual model for developing frontline employees' behavioural engagement towards value co-creation. Methodology:This research has useda qualitative approach to explain how service firms' attempt to create value for their frontline employees by facilitating interaction capabilities. Secondly,how facilitation of interaction capabilities help the service firm to engage the frontline employees to co-create the value with the customers, thus,to answer the research questions towardsthe development of a conceptual model through the lens of value co-creation, this studywas conducted(a) in-depth literature review and (b)input from 6 industrial and academic experts. Principal Findings: Through the theoretical support of the SO -R Model and expectancy theory, the studyconcluded that frontline employees'behavioural engagement in value co-creation mainly depends on interaction capabilities and their motivation. Frontline employee's motives are derivedthrough their expectancies, which they perceive from the service interaction. The capabilities are mainlyfacilitated by the service firms, which, in turn, motivate the frontline employees towards their engagement in value co-creation. Applications of this study: The proposed model has practical implications in complex service settings like automotive, Oil and Gas sectors where frontline employees' have regular service interaction with the customers. Novelty/Originalityof this study: The proposed model has been developed by taking the theoretical implications of the SO -R model by focusing on frontline employees'behavioural engagement in value co-creation. However, previous literature on value co-creation has concentrated more on the customer's domain. | Conceptual model, value co-creation | DOI:10.18510/hssr.2020.8254 |
| Public service value co creation | Strokosch, K and Osborne, S P | Co-experience, co-production and co-governance: an ecosystem approach to the analysis of value creation | Policy & Politics | 2020 | This conceptual article explores the interplay between the participation of service users and third sector organisations and the related implications for value creation. It draws on public service logic, which uses value as a lens through which to view public service delivery and presents an ecosystem perspective to understand the interconnectivity and complexity of value creation. To illustrate the conceptual discussion, a contextual case study of the Scottish Social Security Agency and its services is presented. The analysis demonstrates that value creation is enabled and constrained by the congruence of goals among actors, the strategic direction and a participatory approach that combines ‘lived experience’ with expertise. The article adds to theory by understanding value creation from a systemic perspective, emphasising the interplay of participative processes and the wider societal context. For policy and practice, it suggests a change in how value is articulated, promised, created and measured. | Co-experience, co-production, co-governance, ecosystem, value creation | https://doi.org/10.1332/030557320X15857337955214 |
| Public service value co creation | Eriksson, E, Andersson, T, Hellstrom, A, Gadolin, C, & Lifvergren, S | Collaborative public management: coordinated value propositions among public service organizations | Public management review | 2020 | Drawing from collaborative public management, this article seeks to contribute to public service logic by focusing on what precedes the public service user’s realization of value: the value proposition. A new care model for elderly people with multiple chronic diseases shows that coordinators with an inter-organizational mission, vertical and horizontal supporting structures, trust established through relationships, and recognition of service systems’ embeddedness in social systems are pivotal for the ability of public service organizations to develop coordinated value propositions. The contribution to policy and practice is an increased understanding of a coherent, rather than fragmented, welfare system for users/citizens. | Value propositions, public service | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1604793 |
| Public service value co creation | Engen, M, Fransson, M, Quist, J, & Skalen, P | Continuing the development of the public service logic: a study of value co-destruction in public services | Public management review | 2020 | This paper reports on a study of value co-destruction in public services, i.e. diminishment of value by interaction between providers, users, and other actors. The goal is to contribute to the public service logic (PSL) that suggest a shift from linear co-production to dynamic value co-creation. However, PSL has devoted scant attention to value co-destruction. The paper contributes by identifying four dimensions representing causes of value co-destruction in public services. The paper also shows how value may be co-destroyed in the interaction between several types of actors, thus advancing a service ecosystems perspective for understanding value co-destruction. | Value co-destruction, public services | https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2020.1720354 |
| Public service value co creation | Kools, M, & George, B | Debate: The learning organization—a key construct linking strategic planning and strategic management | Public money & management | 2020 | Strategic planning is a widely adopted management approach in contemporary organizations. Underlying its popularity is the assumption that it is a successful practice in public and private organizations that has positive consequences for organizational performance. Nonetheless, strategic planning has been criticized for being overly rational and for inhibiting strategic thinking. This article undertakes a meta-analysis of 87 correlations from 31 empirical studies and asks, Does strategic planning improve organizational performance? A random-effects meta-analysis reveals that strategic planning has a positive, moderate, and significant impact on organizational performance. Meta-regression analysis suggests that the positive impact of strategic planning on organizational performance is strongest when performance is measured as effectiveness and when strategic planning is measured as formal strategic planning. This impact holds across sectors (private and public) and countries (U.S. and non-U.S. contexts). Implications for public administration theory, research, and practice are discussed in the conclusion. | Strategic, management | https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2020.1727112 |
| Public service value co creation | Osborne, S P, Cucciniello, M, Nasi G, & Strokosch, K | New development: Strategic user orientation in public services delivery—the missing link in the strategic trinity? | Public money & management | 2020 | This article explores the application of strategic planning and management to public service organizations (PSOs). It argues that the impact of these approaches has been limited by the absence of an underlying strategic orientation towards value creation that would provide a value base upon which to embed these approaches within PSOs. It argues further for such an orientation to privilege the need for public services to add value to the lives of citizens and service users and not to focus solely upon internal measures of efficiency and performance. This article provides direct guidance to public service policy-makers and managers on the importance of a strategic orientation in order to enhance the impact of public services upon citizens and public service users. It provides advice as to how to enact and take forward such an orientation within public service organizations. | Public services delivery, strategic | https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2020.1758401 |
| Public service value co creation | Osborne, S P | Public Service Logic: Creating Value for Public Service Users, Citizens, and Society Through Public Service Delivery | London: Routledge | 2020 | This book is based upon and extends the theoretical and empirical work of the author over the last decade. It integrates material deriving from his previous conceptual and empirical work in this field, together with new empirical evidence from emerging research. Public Service Logic challenges the product-dominant assumptions of the New Public Management (NPM) about the nature and management of public service delivery. Whilst the NPM has led to some important developments in public management, it has also had significant limitations and weaknesses. The book presents an alternative to this, as a framework for the future delivery and reform of public services globally. It draws upon the extant literature in the field of service management to argue for a Public Service Logic (PSL) for the delivery of public services. This situates public service delivery within the vibrant and influential field of service-dominant research and theory. It argues that effective public service management requires both that these services are understood as services not as products and that, consequently, public service management requires a focus on value creation as its over-arching rationale. The book presents a major new framework of value creation for public service delivery as a basis for public service reform, explores the role of service managers and staff and of citizens and service users in this value creation process, and evaluates the implications of this new framework for both the strategic and operational management of public service delivery, their performance management and the development and innovation of new forms of public services. It will be of interest to researchers and students in the fields of public management and public administration, as well as to policy makers and public service managers. | Public servic, logic, creating, value, users, citizens, society, delivery | DOI:10.4324/9781003009153 |
| Public Sector Innovation | Collins D. | Pretesting survey instruments: an overview of cognitive methods | Quality of Life Research | 2003. | This article puts forward the case that survey questionnaires, which are a type of measuring instrument, can and should be tested to ensure they meet their purpose. Traditionally survey researchers have been pre-occupied with 'standardising' data collection instruments and procedures such as question wording and have assumed that experience in questionnaire design, coupled with pilot testing of questionnaires, will then ensure valid and reliable results. However, implicit in the notion of standardisation are the assumptions that respondents are able to understand the questions being asked, that questions are understood in the same way by all respondents, and that respondents are willing and able to answer such questions. The development of cognitive question testing methods has provided social researchers with a number of theories and tools to test these assumptions, and to develop better survey instruments and questionnaires. This paper describes some of these theories and tools, and argues that cognitive testing should be a standard part of the development process of any survey instrument. | Instruments, cognitive, methods |